雅思写作有四项评分标准,分别是Task Achievement或Task Response,Coherence and Cohesion ,Lexical Resource和Grammatical Range and Accuracy。其中,第一项和第二项可以通过考前的集中复习或者培训得以提高,而后两项词汇和语法由于与考生的英语水平直接关联,因此是中国学生公认的难点。本文就中国考生在词汇方面遇到的问题进行分析,并提出一些单词备考方案。
雅思写作词汇的三大要求
一、基础词汇
对于写作单项目标6分的考生,需要5000左右的词汇量。对于离这个目标尚有一定距离的,基础相对比较薄弱的考生,就一定在考前要集中突击背诵单词了。对于总体词汇量偏低的考生来说,直接背诵写作分类词汇是不可取的。因为这些词汇都是建立在一定的基础词汇量基础上的,没有这个基础,所谓的分类词汇只能是空中楼阁。
背诵单词前,一定要注意选择适合自己水平的词汇表,不要盲目求全、求快。收词量如果远远大于考生自身的词汇量,会使考生受挫,从而厌倦背单词,因此要注意循序渐进。建议基础较薄弱的考生从高考词汇表开始背起,高中毕业生可以选择大学英语四、六级词汇。
二、场景词汇
除了上述基础词汇之外,雅思写作的一些话题还需要很多专业的词汇。例如在动物与环境保护类话题中,会出现大量的专门词汇,如生物多样性biodiversity,生态系统ecosystem,生态平衡ecological balance,动物保护animal conservation,全球变暖global warming,温室效应greenhouse effect,一次性产品disposable products,滥伐森林deforestation,水土流失soil erosion等。再例如,某些话题,如很多科技类、健康类、工作类等话题,都能从健康角度去展开论点,这时就能用上很多与疾病相关的词汇。生理上的疾病有近视眼myopia,肥胖症obesity,糖尿病diabetes,高血压hypertension,心血管疾病cardiovascular disease等,心理上的疾病有抑郁症depression,失眠insomnia,健忘症amnesia等。如果能熟练掌握这些常见的场景词汇,那么考生在接触到相关话题的时候就能做到游刃有余。
三、同义词
雅思写作对词汇考查的另一个特点,就是词汇多样性,即同义词,也就是说同一个意思必须要换用多种表达方法。如果考生在写作中大量重复使用同一个单词,那么给考官的印象就会大打折扣。例如,写作中常用的青少年一词,就有children, teenagers, adolescents, youngsters, youth, the young generation, minors等多种表达方法。再比如,提到各种各样的,大多数考生首先会想到单词总是all kinds of,但是这个词就显得非常口语化,而且会让考官感觉考生词汇量较少。因此可以选用以下单词和词组进行替换:various, varied, diverse, a series of, a host of, a large variety of, a wide range of, a great diversity of, a dazzling array of等等。
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