雅思阅读非谓语动词的主要类型总结

　　Ⅰ动词不定式：

　　动词不定式的时态和语态

　　1)构成：

　　主动态：一般式to do;完成式to have done;进行式to be doing;完成进行式to have been doing

　　被动态：一般式to be done;完成式 to have been done

　　否定式：not+不定式

　　2)不定式的时态：

　　①不定式的一般式表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。

　　He seems to know her address.

　　I hope to see you again.

　　②不定式的进行体表示的动作正在进行，与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。其用法主要有以下几种情况：

　　a 常用在appear，happen，pretend，seem，hope，promise之后。

　　She pretended to be listening attentively.

　　Tom appeared to be living in this area.

　　I hope to be earning my living in a years time.

　　I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out.

　　b 常用在believe，consider，suppose，think，know，report，say，understand等动词的被动式之后。

　　He is thought/known/believed/said/supposed to be living in this area = People think/know/ believe/ say/suppose that she is living abroad.

　　be supposed to通常含有应该意思，表示一定的责任和义务。

　　You are supposed to know how to use a computer=You should know how to use a computer.

　　Students are not supposed to cook in their dormitory=Students shouldnt cook in their dormitory.

　　3)不定式的完成体：

　　I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

　　Were leaving at five oclock in the morning，and hope to have done most of the journey by lunchtime.

　　②不定式完成进行体主要用于appear，seem，happen，pretend等之后，也可用于believe，know，report，say，understand等动词的被动式之后。

　　He appears to have been waiting for a long time.

　　He is believed to have been waiting for a message.

　　不定式的完成进行体与不定式的完成体略有不同，试比较：

　　He seems to have eaten the apples.

　　He seems to have been eating the apples.

　　③不定式的完成体还可以表达本该发生却未发生的事情常带这种不定式的谓语动词有：pretend，intend， appear，seem，should like，expect等。

　　I meant to have telephoned you，but I forgot.

　　4)不定式的语态：

　　①在不定式之前能找到不定式所表达的动作的执行者时，此不定式用主动态;反之则用被动态试比较：

　　②有时动作执行者不出现，也要用主动态。It is easy to do.

　　类似的还有：It is impossible to get there.

　　③在there be结构中，不定式既可以用主动态，又可以用被动态。

　　There is no time to lose/to be lost.

　　There b nothing to do/to be done.

　　④习惯上用to let，to blame的主动形式表示被动意义。

　　Nobody was to blame for the accident.

Tom asked her if she had any rooms to let.

　　Ⅱ.分词

　　主动态：一般式;完成式

　　被动态：一般式being done;完成式

　　否定式：一般式;完成式

　　V-ing分词的被动态结构表示它的逻辑主语是V-ing分词所表示的动作的承受者。

　　The problem being discussed is of importance.

　　Having been invited to speak.Ill start making preparations this evening.

　　②过去分词的构成：

　　只有一种形式，表示被动意义已完成了的动作或状态。1

　　Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.

　　My taxes having been paid the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning.

　　2)时态：

　　①现在分词的一般式表示动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

　　②现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用作状语。

　　Having finished her homework，she went to bed.

　　Having worked in the fields for two hours.they had a rest.

　　Ⅲ.动名词

　　3)动名词的被动语态：

　　①动名词的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者。

　　He dislikes being interrupted during his study.

　　Several of the customers complain of having been treated very rudely.

　　②动名词的被动态有自己的逻辑主语。

　　He was so surprised at being discovered that he didnt even try to run away.

　　The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buyers.