雅思阅读精选：超越货物与人的通货膨胀

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　　2013年6月6日雅思阅读精选：

　　From：TheEconomics,Jun 5th 2013

　　Inflation

　　Beyond goods and people

　　THE datasphere is bursting with inflation indexes . The Bureau of Labour Statistics provides consumer and producer prices while the Bureau of Economic Analysis gives us all manner of deflators. There are headline and core series . One can look at price indexes for personal consumption expenditures , core PCE, market-based PCE, and core market-based PCE. There are chained indexes. The Cleveland Fed computes up median and 16% trimmed-mean CPI.

　　These different indexes provide a check on each other, and are often good at highlighting particular sorts of trends in the data. And new research by economists at the New York Fed suggests another way of chopping up inflation figures that looks especially informative. As it turns out, goods prices and services prices tend to behave very differently, with important implications for macroeconomic policy.

　　A post at the New York Feds Liberty Street blog discusses the issue. You can see the divergence in core goods inflation and core services inflation in the chart below:

　　A few things stand out. One is how remarkably different the series are; goods and services prices occasionally move in opposite directions. Another is how very low goods inflation has been for more than a decade, only rarely straying anywhere close to 2%. And third, ones eyes are drawn to the contrasting and unusual moves from 2008 on. Those contrasting moves are important, the researchers say, because goods and services prices seem to react to different economic impulses:

　　We find a strong relationship between core services inflation and long-term inflation expectations. There is also an important nonlinear relationship between core services inflation and the unemployment gap, indicating that the impact of changes in labor market slack on core services inflation depends on the level of slack itself.For the core goods inflation model, the results suggest a very different set of factors influencing the behavior of the series. We find persistence in the series, that is, core goods inflation depends on its own past value. Relative import price inflationgrowth in import prices less core goods inflationalso matters, suggesting goods prices act as the linkage between supply shocks and core inflation. There is also evidence of a relationship between core goods inflation and expected inflation, but that the relevant inflation expectations are associated with a short-term horizon. Last, we find no meaningful effect of the unemployment gap on core goods inflation, consistent with commentators who contend that it is global economic slack that impacts core goods inflation.More simply, services inflation is about expectations and unemployment, while goods inflation is about global capacity utilisation. That makes sense; to a first approximation services are people. Goods are also people, a little bit. But they are more energy, materials, and supply chains. Goods prices rise faster when one of those three factors bumps up against constraints. Service prices rise faster when there arent enough people to go around.

　　It isnt surprising, then, that services inflation tumbled when the crisis struck and millions of Americans became unemployed. What is interesting is that the resulting impact on inflation was masked a bit by movements in goods prices. They were rising; perhaps in part due to the lagged effect of commodity-price increases but maybe more because Chinas government was stoking its economys engine to red hot levels. Disaggregating the CPI into these components helps illustrate how the Fed might have underestimated Americas economic duress.

　　Interestingly, services inflation has trended upward over the past two years and was 2.3% in the year to April. Some might take that as evidence that the labour market is closer to full employment now than other gauges suggest. Alternatively, it could be long-run expectations reasserting themselves. But the new more-or-less stabilised rate of services inflation represents a marked downshift from the pre-crisis levels . That means that services prices are moving farther away from the pre-crisis trend, rather than catching back up.

　　I like this way of digging into CPI data. But I also think it mostly reinforces the point that what monetary policy is really interested in is the labour-market output gap and its relation to wage growth. The prices for stuff dont matter, and we dont care if factories or stores close so long as everyone who wants to work can. The goods-services distinction is useful in that it shows us once again that on that basis the Fed has done far too little.