同义转换作为一种核心考察技能,在雅思考试听说读写四门当中都有着举足轻重的位置。口语和写作需要同义转换体现词汇水平及语言的多样性。听力原文和题目之间也必然存在同义转换以考核学员的听力理解能力。本文将就同义转换在雅思阅读中的形式及在雅思阅读考试解题过程中的作用进行探讨。
一、词的转换
词的转换一般指的是只涉及单个单词的转换。单个单词的转换包括词性转换及同义词转换。其中词性转换是比较容易的一种,考生即便遇见不认识的单词,也可以通过词根词缀进行猜测。如剑6中原文出现diabetes,考生并不熟悉糖尿病这个词汇,但是题目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的过程中遇见这样的转换不会出现太大的定位困难。另,在不带选项的Summary题型中,介于其很多题目仍然以细节为主,词性的转换在解题的过程中常常是一个考察的主要技能。如,
原文:Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.
题目要求:Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目:To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.
这个Summary题目中的空格前的conventional 和原文当中的conventions既是一对典型的词性转换形式。考生即使对于conventional这个词不熟悉也可以根据词性转换的原则定位到原文相关的地方,对应到相应的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根据题目要求,答案的词数限定为两个词,因此答案为discourse structure。
同义词就另当别论了。同义转换如果以同义词的形式出现就很考察一个考生的词汇量了。考生如果原文或题目中有任何一个词不明白意思的话,都很有可能造成定位不到的情况或者出现理解上的误差。如,
原文:Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.
题目要求:Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目: Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.
空格要填的内容是并列结构中的一部分。考生在原文中定位到这一句的主题Word order之后,只要找到并列结构中的predicting就很容易筛选出相关答案。但是动词的活跃性比较高。Predicting这个词在原文当中已经进行了同义词转换,变成了anticipation。这个情况下,考生如果不熟悉anticipation的意思,将会比较难得出正确的答案recognizing。另外这一题的空后也涉及到了一个同义词转换,combination和原文的collocation。考生在备考过程中如果做错了这样的题目,应该注意同义词的积累。
二、词组的转换
词组的转换一般情况下是同义词转换的一个衍生。当一个词没有办法用另一个同义词到位的解释时,可能会出现用词组解释的情况。另外如果本身就是词组的形式,那么一般来讲还是会用词组的形式进行解释。如剑5当中的Text 4 Q36题目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates,而原文对应的描述是temperate-zone birds.这种情况在T/F/NG当中也有体现。绝大多数选TRUE的情况,原文和题目一定会经过同义转换,如,
原文:Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
题目:Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文当中的gaining in popularity题目中用more popular than they used to be作为替换。两者在意思上市完全一致的统一转换,所以答案为TRUE。
答案是FALSE的题目也可以通过同义转换的比对来进行判断,
原文:Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
题目:In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文当中的biologically用题目的in biological terms作为替换。Become则由is said to be作为替换。但是原文当中的die在题目中变成了exist,直接相反的意思。介于最后这一处没有实现正确的统一转换,那么考生就可以判断出此题是FALSE。
三、句子的转换
雅思阅读考试里涉及到的句子转换一般是指句子结构或语态的转换或者是对原文的概括,即用一两句话对于原文的多句话进行一个总结概括。语态变化主要是指主动语态被动语态的转变。如,
原文:The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
题目:The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被动语态在题目当中变成了主动的语态。单是因为题目缺少了条件状语in the hands of terrorists,所以题目的正确答案为NOT GIVEN。
句子转换的另一种形式是对原文的总结概括。Summary或者T/F/NG题目当中,有时候会出现原文和句子之间是总结概括关系。如,
原文:It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
题目:A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
这道题目源自一片讲反应速度的文章。原文中的两句话讲述的内容为,如果警察在接到电话后的1-2分钟反应,抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大;如果3-4分钟反应,拘捕的可能性就会降低。这样的意思在题目当中被概括为一句话,即延后反应一到两分钟会降低抓住罪犯的可能性。
Dementia game 'shows lifelong navigational decline' 游戏助失智症研究—“方向感随年龄增长而减弱”
国内英语资讯:China, Myanmar hold consultations on maintaining peace,stability in border areas
宿醉难受?这10种食物让你痛苦更少恢复更快
国内英语资讯:Xinhua News Agency ready to deepen media cooperation with LatAm: Xinhua president
京昆高速“连环相撞”致17人死亡
国内英语资讯:China, EU political, business heavyweights end Hamburg Summit
B计划?但科学显示那是个糟糕的主意
国内英语资讯:Spotlight: Chinese presidents keynote speech at APEC CEO Summit receives broad praise
应对起床气的10大妙招!告别坏脾气!
国内英语资讯:Full text of Chinese presidents condolence message over Fidel Castros death
国内英语资讯:China, Thailand pledge to strengthen anti-drug cooperation
国内英语资讯:China, U.S. pledge to promote tourism
全球年假最多的国家TOP8 排名最末的都比咱多
国内英语资讯:China-S. Africa relations in best period: Chinese vice president
国内英语资讯:Spotlight: Xi wraps up LatAm tour as Chinas regional, global role growing bigger
国内英语资讯:Top political advisor stresses preservation of Tibetan culture
国内英语资讯:Vice Premier stresses understanding geographic conditions
Harry Potter star's books on the Tube 《哈利·波特》女主角在伦敦地铁里藏书
国内英语资讯:Chinese president arrives in Chile for state visit
国内英语资讯:China, Peru agree to promote better, faster growth of ties
如何备战重要考试?
国内英语资讯:China, South Africa to cement cooperation, party-to-party exchanges
国内英语资讯:China, Germany agree on co-op in statistics gathering
国内英语资讯:Chinese-aid primary schools inaugurated in Laos
国内英语资讯:China, U.S. pledge to promote agricultural cooperation
健康:做体检时的常用词汇
国内英语资讯:Chinese president returns from Latin America, APEC tour
《夏洛特的网》第九章(上)
Echo chamber?
国内英语资讯:China, Chile agree to initiate talks on FTA upgrade
| 不限 |
| 英语教案 |
| 英语课件 |
| 英语试题 |
| 不限 |
| 不限 |
| 上册 |
| 下册 |
| 不限 |