雅思阅读：平行并列结构解析

　　一、前言

　　阅读分为四个层次：词、句、段、章。同学们一般习惯于以词为单位阅读，所以遇到存在生词的句子就无从下手了。其实阅读的真正障碍并不在于生词，而在于难句，因为难句即使每个单词都认识，只要结构复杂，可能也读不懂。反之，一旦能够把握结构，就可以忽略生词，掌握大意，从而实现无词阅读的境界。为此，本人特意为广大同学制作了这一套难句随身卡。

　　二、难句的构成

　　英语的难句=主句+从句+短语，不同于汉语的句子全是简单句，没有复杂句。如果把英语的难句比喻成大树，那么主句相当于树干，从句相当于树枝，而短语相当于叶子。只要把握主句，就可理解大意。相比之下，汉语的句子就好比是竹子，一节一节的。

　　因此，我们在理解英语难句的时候要学会拆把复杂句拆成简单句来理解。也就是说，要学会抓住树干，拆掉枝叶。

　　三、如何拆

　　任何句子都必须有谓语动词，所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此，理解难句的基本步骤是：1)识别出有哪几个谓语动词；2)找出主句的谓语动词，先理解主句；3)再去理解从句和短语。

　　四、符号说明

　　1.谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示，例如：Everyone should know 。

　　2.从句的引导词用方框表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located。

　　3.从句用横线表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引导的从句。

　　4.插入语成分用括号表示，例如：Keeping your head， ， may make the difference between

　　第一章 平行并列结构

　　本章难句列表：

　　1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits， fire escapes， and fire doors are.

　　2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy， to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.

　　3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her， and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.

　　4.Keeping your head， instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit， may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.

　　5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless， that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday， and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.

　　6.Millions of people travel about the country by rail， by bus， or by automobile， or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.

　　7.Here we have a little child， without knowledge or experience； there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.

　　8. There are relay races in running and swimming in summer， and relay in skiing in winter.

　　9.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered， that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.

　　10.This is not an easy lesson to learn， especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command， that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours.

　　11.More than three million people live in inner London， and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area， which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.

　　12.The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work， and are of short-term and temporary nature， and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.

　　13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

　　14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality， and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.

　　15.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals， and in doing so ensured their survival， by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

　　本期难句分析：

　　1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits， fire escapes， and fire doors are.

　　结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为should know，其余两个都是由where引导的并列宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) Everyone should know.

　　2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located.

　　3) Where exits， fire escapes， and fire doors are.

　　翻译：每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火门位于何处。

　　2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy， to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.

　　结构：本句有2个谓语动词，其中第二个is influenced是主句的谓语动词，主干是The way is culturally influenced。第一个is used是定语从句的谓语动词，但是该定语从句省略了引导词。定语从句中三个并列的不定式短语动词to achieve privacy， to build homes or to design cities共同作为is used的目的状语。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) The way is culturally influenced.

　　2) Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy， to build homes or to design cities.

　　翻译：怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影响。

　　3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her， and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.

　　结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为wanted。was和thought分别属于两个由that引导的并列宾语从句。而owed和was going为两个并列的谓语动词，共同主语为England。England这句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词that，实际上是thought的宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) I wanted her to know.

　　2) That my heart was with her.

　　3) That I thought.

　　4) England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.

　　翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就会想念她。

　　4.Keeping your head， ， may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.

　　结构：本句有两个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为may make，其主语是动名词短语keeping your head。breaks out是when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词。插入语中的crowding和pushing两个动名词是平行并列结构。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) Keeping your head may make the difference between life and death.

　　2) When fire breaks out.

　　翻译：当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死的不同结果。

　　5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless， that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday， and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.

　　结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为can convince，其主语为Neither friends nor family。其余三个谓语动词全是convince的宾语从句的谓语动词，其中最后一个从句前面省略了that。拆分为：

　　1) Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people.

　　2) That most animals are harmless.

　　3) That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday.

　　4) millions of people ride each day.

　　翻译：朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信大多数动物都无害，无数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天都多次安全地乘坐电梯