三.复合句及多重复合句
复合句中包含有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中,有一个主谓结构充当句子的某一成分,如主语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等。充当一个句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。由于从句在句子中的成分不同,可分为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句和同位语从句等。有时复合句的一个从句可能包含有一个从句,即从句里套着从从句,这种句子称为多重复合句。多重复合句句式复杂,是同学们阅读的难点。对付复合句及多重复合句的方法是,先抓住主干,即抓住主句,然后再识别从句的类型,进而搞懂整句话的意思。大部分题目的答案来自主句,但也有一部分题目的答案来自从句。
1. interests are needs,desires,concerns,fearsthe thngs one cares about or wants
中文译文:利益是需要、渴望、关注、恐惧一个人关心或想要的东东。
结构分析:one cares about or wants 是the things 的定语从句。
2. another interests-based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute,in reaching-agreement
中文译文:另一个基于利益的过程叫作调解,在调解中第三方帮助冲突者,即冲突的双方,达成一致。
结构分析:in which 引出的定语从句in which a third party assists the disputants,the two sides in the dispute,in reaching-agreement 是对mediation 的解释,在定语从句中,the two sides in the dispute 是disputants 的同位语,同时也是插入语结构。
3. it is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute
中文译文:试图决定谁在冲突中是正确的通常很复杂。
结构分析:it 是形式主语,实际主语是不定式短语to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute,宾语从句who is right 是determine 的宾语。
4.although it is usually straight forward where rights are formalized in law,other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior,such as reciprocity,precedent,equality,and seniority
中文译文:虽然当对错在法律中被正式规定时,通常是很直截了当的,但其它的,但其它的对错采取的是非书面的、社会接受大行为标准,例如:互惠、先例、平等和资历。
结构分析:although 引导一个让步状语从句,注意本句的最后有一个such as,是例如的意思,后面的内容往往是举例说明,属于不重要的内容,可不作为阅读的重点,socially accepted 是standards of behavior 的前置定语。
5. research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life
中文译文:研究表明快乐和痛苦能够平等分担的家庭会受益。
结构分析:that there are benefits for families considering a change to fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life 是that 引导的同位语从句做 argument 的同位语。在同位语从句中, considering a change to fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life 是现在分词短语做families 的后置定语。
小窍门
初看起来,引导的同位语从句特别像定语从句。区别一个从句是同位语还是定语从句的方法是:引导的同位语从句中,只是连接词,它不在从句中做任何句子成分,所以同位语都是完整句,而引导的定语从句中,要做句子成分, 所以引导的定语从句都是不完整句。
6. paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded
中文译文:纸张还是可生物降解的,所以当我们把它扔掉的时候,它不会对环境造成很大的威胁。
结构分析:是多重复合句。结果状语从句中套着一个时间状语从句。biodegradable 是一个生词,可以用构词法猜测它的意思,主干部分是grade,意思是级别,degrade 表示降级,able 表示能、可, bio 表示生命的,生物的,所以此词的意思是可生物降解的。
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