1. 根据定义猜测词义
一些词在阅读文章中属于专业词汇类,虽然它不会在题目的判断中成为核心考点,但如果出现在题目中还是会令考生担忧,影响发挥的。此时若能借助文中的释义做合理推断,就会在判断中起到积极正面的影响。如下面的原文:
Last week scientists from the University of Manchester revealed that loud music stimulates a part of the inner ear called the sacculus, which is connected to the hypothalamus, the brains pleasure centre.
虽然初看到sacculus 不明白其意义,但通过解释至少知道是内耳的一个部分,对于解题已经清除了障碍。
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如: anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是研究人类的科学。
In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是困境。 定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
2. 根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是词、短语或是从句。
同位语 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为对词意义进行研究的学科。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指语义学。
Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。
考生们需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。
定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出 SAD含义,即季节性情绪紊乱症。
又如原文:The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. 对于dominant 词义的猜测可以通过后面复述的64% 猜出,为:多数的,起到控制作用的。
3. 根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,例如:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
句中战争和重大科学发现是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义重要的,这与其确切含义划时代的十分接近。
再比如下列原文:She also claims that those who think the more intense the exercise the better are wrong. Many benefits of exercise reducing the risk of hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancers can be achieved form any level of activity.
借助同时并列出现的cancers 的意思,可以猜测到上述hypertension 和diabetes也是和疾病相关的单词,虽然不一定能借助cancer 猜到两个单词的意思分别为高血压和糖尿病,但对于解题已经足矣。
4. 根据单词结构猜测词义
英文的单词结构本身极具特点,细心观察单词,有望通过其本身结构破解词义。如:These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.
对于文中multifaceted 词义的猜测就可以借助其本身的构词特点来完成。籍由multi- 和 faceted ,可知该词的意思为:多面的。
那么,作为教师而言,怎样能将猜词技巧贯穿于教学中,真正起到优化考生成绩的作用呢?做到下列三方面,能达成这样的目标。
首先, 培养良好习惯。 养成做真题时脱离字典的习惯。课堂上学员随时使用词典已经越来越普遍,虽然这样做快速解答了学生在单词方面的疑惑,但长期使用抹杀了我们大脑本身具备的猜词能力,而缺乏了大脑在猜测过程中的struggle, 即便日后进行了单词的记忆,也没有在当时第一时间进行struggle 后来得更加记忆深刻。
其次,设定针对性的单词练习。取一些与真题文章极为接近的题源文章的相关片段,进行专门的词汇练习,相似程度高且简便易行。
最后,贯穿于教学中。教师在授课中也可以经常有意识地创造一些机会,加强练习,使学生形成强烈的意识,主动地参与练习。
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