同学们在学习雅思听力的过程中,在浩如烟海的参考书和模拟题的分析中,同义转换恐怕是出现频率最高的词之一了。那么,究竟什么是同义转换? 哪些地方会出现同义转换? 同义转换会以什么样的形式出现?
在这里,我们就以剑桥真题上的例题为例,让同学们对同义转换有一个清晰的了解与把握,从而扫除同义转换在雅思听力中给我们造成的障碍。
所谓同义转换,从科学意义解释,是指人的视觉和听觉将事物的信号传递给大脑,大脑将信号处理后,再转换与原信号意义相同的另类信号和指令。而在雅思听力中,原信号就是试卷上我们能够看到的信息,也就是题干,而转换过后的另类信号就是录音中出现的关键词和答案,我们的大脑需要做的,就是将原信号和转换后的另类信号进行识别和匹配,就像做搭配题一样。
在选择题中,同义转换随处可见。题干,正确选项和干扰项都有可能出现同义转换。尤其是选项中,无论是正确选项中还是干扰项中,都常常出现同义转换。
如剑7Test2 Section4中的Question32
题目
32 Anita feels that the findings on handedness will be of value in
A helping sportspeople identify their weaknesses
B aiding sportspeople as they plan tactics for each game
C developing suitable training programmes for sportspeople
原文
I think Matthews findings will be beneficial, not so much in helping sportspeople to work on their weaker side, but more that they can help them identify the most suitable strategies to use in a given game.
在听力原文中,题干里的be of value变成了be beneficial, tactics变成了strategies.
而正确答案B中的aid被替换成了help. 同时,对于干扰项A中的weaknesses这个单词,答案中也出现了一些相关的可互相替换的信息,如weaker side,但A选项的整体意思和听力原文中的表述不符,这也就是A选项的干扰点所在。
如剑7Test2 Section4中的Question31
题目
31 Anita first felt the Matthews article was of value when she realized
A how it would help her difficulties with left-handedness
B the relevance of connections he made with music
C the impressive size of his research project
原文
What Anita soon became struck by was the sheer volume of both observation and investigation he had done in many different sports.
听力原文中,the impressive size被替换成了the sheer volume,而关键词research project也被替换成了observation and investigation.
如剑6Test2 Section2中的Question14
14 The price of a first class ticket includes.
听力原文中,price被替换成了cost,而主动语态includes也被替换成了被动语态are included.
所以说,无论是填空题还是选择题,都会或多或少地遇到同义转换。接下来,我们来看一下贯穿于雅思听力的各个题型中同义转换主要有哪几种常见的表现形式。
1语法角度
A词性的转换
词性的转换主要是几种常见和常用的词性之间的转换,如名词,动词,形容词和副词等。
如剑7Test2 Section3中的Question25
题目
25According to Dr. Merrywhether, Antarctica is very cold because
A of theshape of the continent
B it is surrounded by a frozen sea
C it is an extremely dry continent
原文
Antarctica is a land massshaped like a dome, with the result that the winds blow down the slopes at speeds of up to 150km an hour and thats what makes it so cold.
原文中出现的是is a land mass shaped like a dome . 正确答案在选项中出现的是名词形式shape,而在原文中却以动词的形式shaped出现。所以同学们在准备雅思听力词汇的时候,一定要注意每个单词的各种词性都掌握到位。
B句式的转换
句式的转换主要指某些结构由于短语的替换导致句型结构前后顺序出现颠倒。如某些因果和果因的连接词。
题目
33The pressure on the coastal zoneresulted from
A The population shift
B the deteriorating environment
C the noisy traffic
原文
The population shift contributed a lot to the pressure on the coastal zone.
原文中,果因的连接词resulted from转换成了因果连接词contributed a lot to。所以答案的位置发生了变化。
C语态的转换
语态的转换也就是被动语态和主动语态的转换。这种同义转换的形式难度稍大,因为这需要学生对题干理解得较为透彻,一是题干中不能出现太多生词,一是要准确地预测答案的词性和词义,这样才能够比较准确地在原文中定位到答案。
如剑4Test1 Section2中的Question12
The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by who lived in the area.
原文中变被动为主动:At that time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here, on the bend in the river.
这道题学生做得正确率普遍较低。原因一是原文中出现了语态的同义转换,答案在整句话的一开头就出现了,很多同学一下子还没有反应过来,答案就过去了。所以,尤其是当题干中出现被动语态的时候,一定要注意可能会出现语态的转换,并对答案的词性和词义进行准确地预测。这道题说难也并不难的原因就是通过题干我们可以比较容易地预测出答案应该是一类人,而录音中除了正确答案之外并没有其他表示一类人的词语出现,也就是没有干扰项。
2语义角度
A同义词的转换
这是最常见也是最简单的一种同义转换。如上文选择题中关键词的同义转换时提到的be of value被替换成了be beneficial,提到的tactics被替换成了strategies,这都是同义词的转换。这需要同学们在平时的单词学习时可以适当地利用归类记忆法,把能表示同类意思的单词放在一起记忆,这样对适应雅思听力中的同义转换有较大帮助。
B解释型的同义转换
解释型的转换是指题干中出现一个较大的或者较抽象的概念,而听力原文中把这一概念具体化,用一个通俗易懂的例子来代替它。如上面讲语态时提到的例子里,题干中的metal industry在原文中被an iron forge取代。iron属于metal,是metal的一种。而forge在这里是铁匠铺的意思,是industry的具体化。
再如剑4Test2 Section1中的Question 3里,正确答案的选项an American man被替换成了a tourist from New York.这里用美国的一个城市纽约为例,代替了美国这个整体的概念。
还有在剑8Test42Section4中的Question 35中也出现了一个难度较大的同义转换。
题目
35Shona needs to do further research in order to
A present the government with her findings.
B decide the level of extra funding needed.
C identify the preferences of the public.
原文
I will need to do more far-reaching research than I had anticipated in order to establish if people want extra medical staff invested in the community, or if they want care to revert to fewer, but larger, key medical units.
题目中的正确选项是identify the preferences of the public. 而原文中并没有直接说,而是将其与一个公众具体的需求作对比:in order to establish if , or if.这就对学生平时词汇量的积累和练习提出更高的要求和标准。
综上所述,同义转换在雅思听力中可以说是无处不在,无论是填空题还是选择题,同义转换都会对我们的理解和作答产生很大影响。这就需要我们对同义转换不仅有详尽的认知和了解,更要增加相关的练习。做题的时候要注意哪里出现了同义转换,是怎样进行转换的,不仅能扩充自己的词汇量,也有助于了解出题者的思路和常见的陷阱,做到知己知彼,百战不殆。
体坛英语资讯:British cyclist Yates wins third stage of Volta de Catalonya
特朗普签署总统备忘录打击网络售假
国内英语资讯:Spotlight: Inclusion of Chinas bonds in global index to promote its financial integration
体坛英语资讯:Morata scores double as Spain win 2-0 in Malta
体坛英语资讯:Chelsea see off PSG, move into Womens Champions League semifinals
To Spend the “Golden Week” On The Road 在路上度过黄金周
国际英语资讯:More Brexit talks between political foes as rage, anger continues at Westminster
国际英语资讯:British PM, opposition leader to continue talks on Brexit deadlock
京东联合谷歌寻找国内消费领域AR创新应用
权游最终季:痛快追剧怎么少得了权游周边!有吃有喝还有面儿
国际英语资讯:Japan lodges protest with Russia over military drills near disputed island
国内英语资讯:China to further pilot medicine procurement program
体坛英语资讯:PSC denies underfunding claim by Olympic silver medalist Hidilyn Diaz
国际英语资讯:Nigerian movie industry expects foreign investments
体坛英语资讯:Firmino, Jesus fire Brazil to victory over Czech Republic
国际英语资讯:British PM offers to talk with opposition leader on Brexit deadlock
国内英语资讯:Chinas top legislator holds talks with Egypts parliament speaker
体坛英语资讯:Chinas Zhang pairs with Stosur to reach Miami Open womens doubles semis
是否要关美墨边界?特朗普发出含混信号
国内英语资讯:Xi urges civil affairs authorities to better fulfill duties
国家远程医疗自闭症注册登记平台今日向社会开放
国内英语资讯:Xi calls for closer cultural exchanges between China, Pacific island countries
国内英语资讯:Chinese president meets The Elders delegation
国际英语资讯:S. Koreas military says UN Command positive about DMZ peace trails
世界自闭症关注日:一起来关注“来自星星的孩子”
Love and Flu 爱与流感
Dose Mistress Deserves Privacy? 情妇享有隐私权么?
美国参议员支持停止向土耳其交付F-35战机
体坛英语资讯:Matthews wins slow motion sprint in stage 2 of Tour of Catalonia
国际英语资讯:Philippines tightens security after blast in southern town
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |