莲文化探秘

荷花学名为Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn，荷花属睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）莲属（Nelumbo）。

The scientific name of lotus is Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, which belongs to Nelumbo of Nymphaeaceae.

莲属（Nelumbo Adans。）植物是被子植物中起源最早的种属之一。据古植物学家研究化石证实，一亿三千五百万年以前，在北半球的许多水域地方都有莲属植物的分布。那时候，正植巨型爬行动物恐龙急剧减少的后期，它在地球上生长的时间比人类祖先的出现（200万年前）早得多。前苏联A。H。克里斯托弗维奇《古植物学》（1965）称，莲属化石发现于北美北极地区和亚洲阿穆尔河流（即黑龙江）的白垩纪及欧洲和东亚（库页岛）、日本的渐新世和中新世地层中。那年月，地球上气温比现在温暖，莲属植物约有10~12种，五大洲均有分布。后冰期（IceAge）来临，全球气温下降，使得不少植物灭绝，另一些植物被迫漂迁，完全打破了原来的地理分布状况。遭此劫难，莲属植物幸存2种，分布范围缩小了。分布在亚洲、大洋州北部者为中国莲（Nelumbonucifera），漂迁至北美洲的为美洲莲（N。lutea）古植物学家还研究指出，在日本北海道、京都发掘的更新世至全新世（200万年前）的莲化石，和现代的中国莲相似；在中国柴达木盆地发掘的1000万年前荷叶化石，和现代中国莲相似。70年代中国石油化学工业部石油勘探开发规划研究院与中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所《渤海沿海地区早第三纪孢粉》一书记载：在辽宁省盘山、天津北大港、山东省垦利、广饶及河北省沧州等地发现有两种莲的孢粉化石。第三纪热带植物地理区内的我国海南岛琼山长昌盆地地层中，也发现有莲属植物的化石。现我国黑龙江省扶远、虎林、同江、尚志等县的湖沼地，仍有原始野生莲分布。以上说明莲是冰期以前的古老植物，它和水杉（melasequoiaglyplostroboides）、银杏(Ginkgobiloba)、中国鹅掌楸(Liriodendronchinese)、北美红杉(Sequoiasempervirens)等同属未被冰期的冰川噬吞而幸存的孑遗植物代表。

Nelumbo Adans Plants are one of the earliest genera and species of angiosperms. According to paleobotanists' research on fossils, about 135 million years ago, lotus plants were distributed in many water areas of the northern hemisphere. At that time, in the late period of the sharp decline of the giant reptile dinosaur, it grew on the earth much earlier than the emergence of human ancestors (2 million years ago). Former Soviet a. H. According to paleobotany (1965) by Christopher VICH, lotus fossils were found in the Cretaceous of the Amur River (Heilongjiang) in North America and Asia, and in the Oligocene and Miocene strata of Europe and East Asia (Sakhalin Island), Japan. In that month, the temperature on the earth was warmer than it is now. There were about 10 to 12 species of lotus plants, which were distributed on five continents. With the advent of the ice age, the global temperature dropped, which made many plants extinct, and some plants were forced to drift away, completely breaking the original geographical distribution. By this disaster, two species of liana survived and their distribution scope was reduced. Nelumbonucifera is distributed in the north of Asia and Oceania, and N is migrated to North America. Lutea) paleobotanists also pointed out that the Pleistocene to Holocene (2 million years ago) lotus fossils excavated in Hokkaido and Kyoto, Japan, are similar to those in modern China; the lotus leaf fossils excavated 10 million years ago in Qaidam Basin, China, are similar to those in modern China. In the 1970s, according to the book "palynology of the early Tertiary in the coastal area of Bohai Sea" published by the petroleum exploration and Development Planning Institute of the Ministry of petrochemical industry of China and Nanjing Institute of Geology and palaeontology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, two kinds of palynological fossils of lotus were found in Panshan, Liaoning Province, Beidagang, Tianjin, Kenli, Guangrao, Shandong Province and Cangzhou, Hebei Province. The fossils of liana are also found in the strata of Changchang basin, Qiongshan, Hainan Island, China. At present, in Fuyuan, Hulin, Tongjiang, Shangzhi and other counties of Heilongjiang Province, there are still primitive wild lotus. The above shows that lotus is an ancient plant before the ice age, and it is the same as the Metasequoia glyplostroides, Ginkgobiloba, Liriodendron Chinese and Sequoia sempervirens, which are the representatives of the surviving relict plants not swallowed by the ice age glaciers.

二莲叶防水和自洁之谜

The mystery of two lotus leaves' waterproof and self-cleaning

荷叶的表面附着着无数个微米级的蜡质乳突结构。用电子显微镜观察这些乳突时，可以看到在每个微米级乳突的表面又附着着许许多多与其结构相似的纳米级颗粒，科学家将其称为荷叶的微米－纳米双重结构。正是具有这些微小的双重结构，使荷叶表面与水珠儿或尘埃的接触面积非常有限，因此便产生了水珠在叶面上滚动并能带走灰尘的现象。而且水不留在荷叶表面。

The surface of lotus leaf is attached with numerous micron scale wax papillae. When observing these papillae with electron microscope, we can see that there are many nano particles on the surface of each micro papilla, which are similar to their structures. Scientists call them the micro nano double structure of lotus leaf. It is these tiny double structures that make the contact area between the lotus leaf surface and water droplets or dust very limited, so that water droplets roll on the leaf surface and can take away dust. And water doesn't stay on the surface of lotus leaves.

三藕断丝连的科学解释

The scientific explanation of three lotus roots' disconnection

谈到荷，自然就要提到藕。荷属睡莲科，是多年生草本植物，种植在浅水塘中。其茎生于淤泥中，变态为根状茎，即是藕，也称莲藕。藕横长在泥中，靠基茎节上的须状根吸取养分。由于藕肉质肥厚，脆嫩微甜，含有大量的淀粉，营养丰富，所以自古以来就是人们喜爱的食品。

When it comes to lotus, it is natural to mention lotus root. Lotus is a kind of perennial herb, which is planted in shallow water pond. Its stem is born in silt, metamorphosis is root like stem, namely lotus root, also known as lotus root. Lotus root grows horizontally in the mud and absorbs nutrients by the whisker root on the basal stem node. Lotus root has been a favorite food since ancient times because of its thick meat, crisp, tender and sweet taste, abundant starch and rich nutrition.

当我们折断藕时，可以观察到无数条长长的白色藕丝在断藕之间连系着。为什么会有这种藕断丝连的现象呢？

When we break the lotus root, we can see that countless long white lotus roots are connected between the broken lotus roots. Why is there such a phenomenon?

这就要观察一下藕的结构了。原来植物要生长，运输水和养料的组织，叫导管和管胞。这些组织在植物体内四通八达，在叶、茎、花、果等器官中宛如血管在动物体内一样畅通无阻。

This is to observe the structure of lotus root. The tissue from which plants grow and transport water and nutrients is called a conduit and tracheid. These tissues can be found in all directions in plants, and in leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and other organs, they are as smooth as blood vessels in animals.

植物的导管内壁在一定的部位会特别增厚，成各种纹理，有的呈环状，有的呈梯形，有的呈网形。而藕的导管壁增厚部却连续成螺旋状的，特称螺旋形导管。在折断藕时，导管内壁增厚的螺旋部脱离，成为螺旋状的细丝，直径仅为3～5微米。这些细丝很像被拉长后的弹簧，在弹性限度内不会被拉断，一般可拉长至10厘米左右。

The inner wall of the plant's conduit will be especially thickened in certain parts, forming various textures, some of which are annular, some are trapezoid, some are net shaped. However, the thickened part of the wall of the lotus root's conduit is continuously spiral, which is specially called spiral conduit. When the lotus root is broken, the thickened spiral part of the inner wall of the conduit breaks away and becomes a spiral filament with a diameter of only 3-5 microns. These filaments are very similar to the stretched spring. They will not be broken within the elastic limit. They can be stretched to about 10 cm in general.

藕丝不仅存在于藕内，在荷梗、莲蓬中都有，不过更纤细罢了。如果你采来一根荷梗，尽可能把它折成一段一段的，提起来就像一长串连接着的小绿“灯笼”，连接这些小绿“灯笼”的，便是这种细丝。这种细丝看上去是一根，如放在显微镜下观察，会发现其实是由3～8根更细的丝组成，宛如一条棉纱是由无数棉纤维组成一样。

Lotus root silk not only exists in lotus root, but also in Lotus stem and lotus canopy, but it's more slender. If you pick a lotus stem, fold it into sections as much as possible, and lift it up like a long string of small green "lanterns", which are connected by this kind of filaments. This kind of filament looks like one. If it is observed under a microscope, it will be found that it is actually composed of 3-8 finer filaments, just like a cotton yarn is composed of countless cotton fibers.

细密缠绵的藕丝，很早就引起了古人的注意。唐朝孟郊的《去妇》诗中就有“妾心藕中丝，虽断犹连牵”之句。后来，人们就用“藕断丝连”的成语来比喻关系虽断，情丝犹连。

The delicate lotus root silk has attracted the attention of the ancients for a long time. There is a saying in Meng Jiao's poem "go to the woman" in the Tang Dynasty that "although the heart of my concubine is in the lotus root, the silk is still in the lead". Later, people use the idiom "lotus root is broken and connected" to describe that although the relationship is broken, the love is still connected.

四千年古莲发芽之谜

The mystery of four thousand year old lotus sprouting

申女士是美国加州洛杉矶大学的植物学家，她的实验室里培育着各种各样的植物，但是她最珍爱的却是两棵古莲--它们的年龄都在500年左右。

Ms. Shen is a botanist at the University of Los Angeles, California. Her laboratory has grown a variety of plants, but her favorite is two ancient lotus trees -- both about 500 years old.

“普通的花卉只能存活几年。”申女士介绍说，“这两棵古莲却大不相同，它们的种子经历了几百年的时间洗礼，现在居然发芽开花了。”

"Ordinary flowers can only survive for a few years." "The two ancient lotus plants are very different. Their seeds have been baptized for hundreds of years, and now they have sprouted and blossomed," Ms. Shen said

沉睡千年的古莲醒了

The ancient lotus that has been sleeping for thousands of years woke up

数年前，申女士到北京访问中国植物研究所；临回美国时，北京的同事送给她7粒莲花种子。“据说这些种子是从东北的湖底泥士中挖掘出来的，我知道它们的年龄很老，但是不知道确切的数字。”申女士说，“当时它们没有引起我足够的重视，倒是我的实验室同事约翰·萨森发现了它们的价值。”

Several years ago, Ms. Shen visited the Chinese Institute of Botany in Beijing. When she returned to the United States, her colleagues in Beijing gave her seven lotus seeds. "It's said that these seeds were dug from the bottom of the lake in the northeast. I know they are very old, but I don't know the exact number." "I didn't pay enough attention to them at that time, but my lab colleague John Sasson found their value," Ms. Shen said

约翰·萨森利用碳同位素测试仪，对古莲种子的年龄进行鉴定，发现它们竟然是1200年前遗留下来的！更令人惊奇的是，当申女士用刀片切去种子的外壳并把它们浸泡在培养液中后，没过多久它们居然发芽了！

John Sassen used the carbon isotope tester to identify the age of ancient lotus seeds, and found that they were left 1200 years ago! What's more amazing is that after Ms. Shen cut off the shell of the seeds with a blade and soaked them in the culture medium, they sprouted not long ago!

遗憾的是，这些种子发芽后存活的时间很短，但是它们已经被列为目前世界上最古老的能够发芽的种子。

Unfortunately, these seeds have a very short survival time after germination, but they have been listed as the oldest seeds that can germinate in the world.

千年的种子能够发芽？！这激起了申女士极大的兴趣，她决定再次返回中国寻找这些神秘的生命。当时申女士已经是国际植物学界的知名学者，许多科学家愿意协助她完成此项研究工作。

Thousands of years of seed can sprout?! This aroused great interest of Ms. Shen, who decided to return to China again to search for these mysterious lives. At that time, Ms. Shen was already a well-known scholar in the international botany field, and many scientists were willing to help her complete the research work.

科学的道路并不平坦

The road to science is not smooth

申女士带到美国的第二批古莲种子有21粒，年龄都在200岁到500岁之间。1997年，申女士在德国研究莲花培育技术，通过实施“小手术”，第一粒种子发芽了，但是它只存活了不到3个月。

The second batch of ancient lotus seeds that Ms. Shen brought to the United States included 21, all between the ages of 200 and 500. In 1997, Ms. Shen studied lotus cultivation technology in Germany. Through "small operation", the first seed germinated, but it only survived for less than three months.

“随后三年中，我在美国加州植物研究所培育了另外三粒种子，但是它们都没有开花--很明显，我使用的方法不当。”申女士回忆往事说，“后来好像很幸运，这两粒种子都开花了，就是现在你们看到的这两棵，其中一棵的年龄是408岁，另一棵则是466岁。”

"Over the next three years, I grew three more seeds at the California Institute of Botany, but they didn't bloom - obviously, I didn't use the right method." "Later, it seemed very lucky," Ms. Shen recalled, "that these two seeds have blossomed, which are the two you see now. One is 408 years old, the other is 466 years old."

尽管古莲开花了，但是它们与现代的莲花有许多不同，不能完全适应现代的环境。“我正在想尽一切办法，使它们能够茁壮成长。”

Although the ancient lotus flowers, they are different from the modern lotus and can not fully adapt to the modern environment. "I'm doing everything I can to make them thrive."

据申女士介绍，莲花能够如此长寿，应该有其特别的原因；如果能发现莲花长寿的内在机制，人类将会受益匪浅，例如可以解决粮食储存问题，减少世界饥饿人口，还有可能延长人类的寿命。

According to Ms. Shen, there should be a special reason why Lotus can live such a long life. If we can find the internal mechanism of lotus's longevity, human beings will benefit a lot, such as solving the problem of food storage, reducing the world's hungry population, and possibly extending human life.

关键问题是：莲花长寿的秘密是什么呢？申女士称，可能与土壤的辐射有关。

The key question is: what is the secret of lotus longevity? Ms. Shen said it may be related to radiation from the soil.

盖曼·哈伯特是一名化学家，他是申女士的工作同事。哈伯特发现，古莲种子周围的土壤能够发出轻微的辐射。“尽管辐射的强度很低，但是数百年之后其产生的效果也是相当惊人的。”申女士解释说，“这或许是古莲种子为何能够存活至今的原因。”

Gaiman Hubbert is a chemist. He works with Ms. Shen. Herbert found that the soil around the seeds of ancient lotus can emit light radiation. "Although the intensity of radiation is very low, its effect is quite amazing hundreds of years later." "This may be the reason why the seeds of ancient lotus can survive to this day," Ms. Shen explained

据悉，申女士目前还剩下15粒古莲种子，她准备提供给其他科学家，使得该科研项目能在世界范围内进行。“莲花出淤泥而不染，所以它在佛教中它代表着特殊的意义。”申女士说，“现在我们要找出莲花长寿的秘密，造福于全人类。”

It is reported that Ms. Shen still has 15 ancient lotus seeds left, and she is ready to provide them to other scientists so that the scientific research project can be carried out worldwide. "The lotus comes out of the mud without being stained, so it represents a special significance in Buddhism." "Now we need to find out the secret of lotus's longevity for the benefit of all mankind," Ms. Shen said

在地下沉睡了千年的古莲怎么还会开花呢？

How can ancient lotus blossom after sleeping for thousands of years?

这与莲子的结构有关。莲子的外种皮坚硬致密，像个小小“密封包”，把种子密闭在里面，可防止外面的水分和空气的渗入，也可以防止种子内的水分和空气散失，因此莲子的生命活动极为微弱，相当于休眠状态。这是古莲子还有生命力的重要原因。

This is related to the structure of lotus seeds. The outer seed coat of lotus seed is hard and dense, like a small "sealed package". The seeds are sealed inside, which can prevent the infiltration of water and air outside, and also prevent the loss of water and air inside the seeds. Therefore, the life activity of lotus seed is extremely weak, which is equivalent to the dormancy state. This is an important reason for the vitality of ancient lotus seeds.

此外，与古莲子所埋藏的环境也有关。这些古莲子是被埋在深约30-60厘米的泥炭层中，而泥炭的吸水防潮性能良好；再加上泥炭层的上面又有很厚的泥土覆盖，因此古莲子几乎处于一个密闭的环境中。在这样的环境中，古莲子不具有生根发芽的条件，因此而得以保存了生命力。

In addition, it is also related to the burial environment of ancient lotus seeds. These ancient lotus seeds are buried in a peat layer about 30-60 cm deep, and the peat has good water absorption and moisture-proof performance; in addition, the peat layer is covered with a thick soil, so the ancient lotus seeds are almost in a closed environment. In such an environment, the ancient lotus seeds do not have the conditions for rooting and germination, so they can preserve their vitality.

五莲生长繁殖特别快的原因

The reason for the rapid growth and reproduction of Wulian

六、由莲而来的科技发明

6、 Technological invention from Lotus

从20世纪70年代起，从事植物分类研究的德国波恩大学植物研究所所长威廉·巴特洛特及其领导的小组，通过电子显微镜对一万多种植物的表面结构进行了研究。这项研究终于揭示了一个有趣的现象：在莲花叶面上倒几滴胶水，胶水不会粘连在叶面上，而是滚落下去并且不留痕迹。表面覆盖着一层极薄蜡晶体的叶子干干净净，这正是防水叶面的特点。这一现象引起巴特洛特的好奇心，并作出这样的假设：在防水性和抗污性之间存在着因果关系。经过努力，他发明了一项新技术，生产出表面完全防水并且具备自洁功能的材料。这是一项用途广泛的新技术，它使人们不再为建筑物顶部和表面的清洁问题发愁，也不必再为汽车、飞机和各种运输工具的清洁问题大伤脑筋。

Since the 1970s, William Bartlett, director of the Institute of Botany, University of Bonn, Germany, who is engaged in the study of plant classification, and his leading group have studied the surface structure of more than 10000 plants by means of electron microscope. This research finally revealed an interesting phenomenon: pour a few drops of glue on the lotus leaf, the glue will not stick on the leaf, but roll down without leaving any trace. The leaves covered with a very thin layer of wax crystal are clean, which is the characteristic of waterproof leaves. This phenomenon aroused Bartlett's curiosity and made the assumption that there was a causal relationship between water resistance and pollution resistance. After hard work, he invented a new technology to produce materials with completely waterproof surface and self-cleaning function. This is a widely used new technology, which makes people no longer worry about the cleaning of the top and surface of buildings, and no longer worry about the cleaning of cars, airplanes and various means of transportation.

莲，又称荷，睡莲科，属多年生水生宿根草本植物，其地下茎称藕，能食用，叶入药，莲子为上乘补品，花可供观赏。古人称荷花为鞭蓉、水芙蓉、水芝、水芸、水旦、水华等，溪客、玉环是其雅称，未开的花蕾称菡萏，已开的花朵称鞭蕖，乃我国十大名花之一。

Lotus, also known as lotus, water lily family, is a perennial aquatic perennial herb. Its underground stem is called lotus root. It can be eaten and its leaves can be used as medicine. Lotus seed is a top-grade supplement and its flowers can be viewed. The ancients called lotus as Verbena, shuifurong, Shuizhi, Shuiyun, Shuidan, Shuihua and so on. Xike and Yuhuan are their elegant names. The flower bud that hasn't opened is called Hanhan, and the flower that has opened is called Verbena, which is one of the ten famous flowers in China.

依据《中国荷花品种图志》的描述，碗莲是指在口径26厘米以内的花盆中能正常开花，同时必须具备以下三项指标：平均花直径不超过12厘米，立叶平均高度不超过33厘米，立叶叶片的平均直径不超过24厘米。

According to the description of the Chinese lotus variety atlas, the term "Wanlian" refers to a flower that can bloom normally in a flowerpot with a diameter of less than 26cm. At the same time, it must have the following three indicators: the average flower diameter is not more than 12cm, the average height of the vertical leaf is not more than 33cm, and the average diameter of the vertical leaf is not more than 24cm.

碗莲是以藕身做种藕栽培的，在一个生长周期要经过萌芽、展叶、开花、结实、长藕和休眠等过程。从种藕萌发开始至立夏、小满期间为萌芽出土阶段。春分以后，当气温升到10摄氏度以上时，种藕上的藕芽开始萌动，清明以后，气温达15摄氏度以上时，开始长出浮时，并抽生藕鞭；当气温达20摄氏度以上时，主鞭抽生立叶，并已有较强的根系，吸肥能力增强。

In a growth cycle, the process of germination, leaf development, flowering, fruiting, lotus root growth and dormancy is required. The period from germination to Lixia and Xiaoman is the stage of germination. After the vernal equinox, when the temperature rises to more than 10 ℃, the lotus buds on the lotus root begin to sprout. After the Qingming Festival, when the temperature reaches 15 ℃, the lotus root will start to float, and the lotus root whip will be produced. When the temperature reaches 20 ℃, the main whip will produce leaves, and have strong root system, so the ability of absorbing fertilizer will be enhanced.

从立叶长出到出现后为旺盛生长阶段。6月下旬，进入梅雨季节，雨水较多，湿度大，气温高，最适宜于藕的生长，此时即进入旺盛生长期。以后，大约每隔5—7天长出一片立叶，而且一片高于一片；主鞭、侧鞭也很快生长，同时新的侧鞭不断出生，并现蕾开花。此阶段要严防大风侵袭，避免折叶伤根。

The stage of vigorous growth is from the emergence of erect leaves to the emergence. In the last ten days of June, in the plum rain season, there is more rain, high humidity and high temperature, which is most suitable for the growth of lotus root. At this time, it enters the vigorous growth period. After that, about every 5-7 days, a vertical leaf grows, and one is higher than the other; the main whip and the lateral whip also grow rapidly, and new lateral whip is born continuously, and buds bloom. At this stage, the strong wind should be strictly prevented to avoid damaging the roots by folding leaves.

栽培容器

Cultivation container

现在许多碗莲品种种植株仍嫌高大，因而仅有少数品种可种植于市场出售的菜碗、汤碗之中。目前市场上还没有专供种植碗莲的花盆，而常见的素烧花盆(即泥盆、瓦盆)易渗水，所以不宜作为碗莲栽培容器。釉盆、瓷盆、紫砂盆，不易渗水，可选作碗莲栽培用盆。但这类盆一般都留有底洞，选用时可用水泥和砂堵死，或用橡胶垫片堵塞。花盆的形状、色彩要与碗莲相协调，使之浑然一体。可选用方形、圆形盆。花盆的口径在20厘米左右，深为15厘米左右。初种碗莲者可适当放大些，这样易于开花。

At present, many kinds of cultivated plants are still too big, so only a few varieties can be planted in the dishes and soup bowls on the market. At present, there is no flower pot specially for the cultivation of water lilies in the market, and the common vegetable burning flower pot (i.e. clay pot and tile pot) is easy to seep water, so it is not suitable to be used as the cultivation container of water lilies. Glaze basin, porcelain basin and purple sand basin are not easy to seep water, so they can be used as the basin for cultivation of Hualien. But this kind of basin generally has a bottom hole, which can be blocked with cement and sand or rubber gasket. The shape and color of the flowerpot should be coordinated with that of the water lily so as to make it integrated. Square and round basins are available. The diameter of the flowerpot is about 20 cm, and the depth is about 15 cm. For the first time, the size of the flower can be enlarged properly, so that it is easy to bloom.

栽培场地

Cultivation site

每天接受7—8小时的光照，能促进其花蕾多，开花不断。碗莲最忌在阴处养护，更不能像室内观叶植物一样，放在室内培养。光线不足，荷叶徒长减绿，不能孕蕾。在院落中栽培碗莲，花盆一定要放在光照充足或南向阳台的外沿上。开花季节，需要放入室内观赏的，可采取早进晚出，或晚进早出，每天仍应保持一定光照。碗莲需要有较充足的光照，但也忌雨后暴晴。

Receiving 7-8 hours of light every day can promote the flower bud to be more and bloom continuously. The most taboo in the shade conservation, not to be like indoor foliage plants, put in the indoor culture. Lack of light, lotus leaves grow green, can not pregnant buds. In the courtyard, the flower pot must be placed on the outer edge of the balcony with sufficient light or south direction. In the flowering season, if you need to put it into the room for viewing, you can take early in and late out, or late in and early out, and still keep a certain amount of light every day. The water lily needs enough light, but it should not be sunny after rain.

碗莲系水生花卉，生长过程中需要大量的水分，但又怕大水浸沉叶片，故场地应取水、排水方便。碗莲惧大风，场地因尽量选择背风处。

The water lily is a kind of aquatic flower. It needs a lot of water in the growing process, but it is afraid of sinking the leaves in the big water, so the site should be convenient for water intake and drainage. Wan Lian is afraid of strong wind. The venue should be leeward as much as possible.

栽培土壤

Cultivated soil

碗莲要求含腐殖质较丰富的塘泥或稻田泥作栽培土，切忌用工业污染土。黄泥粘度大，使用量要适当，过粘会影响藕鞭的伸长和藕的膨大；沙质土疏松，粘性不够，容易遭风害而折损，有碍于根系的生长，一般以黄泥、沙质土按7：3的比例混合使用为宜。如无沙质土，可加黄沙，但比例要略小些。城市郊区，可直接选用蔬菜地的园土；城市中还可用春季盆花换盆的宿土加一半的黄泥作栽培土。

The pond mud or paddy field mud with rich humus is required to be used as cultivation soil, and industrial pollution soil should not be used. Yellow mud has a large viscosity and should be used properly. Excessive viscosity will affect the elongation of lotus rhizome and the expansion of lotus root. Sandy soil is loose and not sticky enough, which is easy to be damaged by wind and hinders the growth of root system. Generally, it is suitable to use yellow mud and sandy soil in a ratio of 7:3. If there is no sandy soil, yellow sand can be added, but the proportion is slightly smaller. In the suburb of the city, garden soil of vegetable field can be directly selected; in the city, the old soil of potted flower changing basin in spring and half of yellow mud can be used as cultivation soil.

每盆用20克左右的腐熟干鸡粪或其他肥料，与盆土充分拌匀作基肥，拣去其中的杂质和石砾，清除土中的小虫和蚯蚓，然后放入盆中。土层一般占全盆容积的3/5左右。

Use about 20 grams of rotten dried chicken manure or other fertilizers in each basin, mix them with the basin soil well as the base fertilizer, remove the impurities and gravel, remove the worms and earthworms in the soil, and then put them into the basin. The soil layer generally accounts for about 3 / 5 of the whole basin volume.

中国科学院武汉植物研究所赵家荣试验表明，用干塘泥100份，豆饼水2份，草木灰水6份，猪、牛蹄水2份，烂头发水2份，骨粉1份的配方种植碗莲能收到良好的效果。

Zhao Jiarong, Wuhan Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, showed that the formula of 100 dried tangmud, 2 bean cake water, 6 grass and wood ash water, 2 pig and cattle hoof water, 2 rotten hair water and 1 bone powder can achieve good results.

栽培温度

Cultivation temperature

碗莲是喜温植物，对温度要求较严，一般8-10摄氏度开始萌芽，14摄氏度藕鞭开始伸长。早期播种时，也要求温度15摄氏度以上，否则幼苗生长缓慢造成烂苗下游地区，4月中旬以前一般不采用露地播种育苗，主要是因为温度这不到种子萌发和幼苗生长的需要。随着温度升高，持续烈日高温(40摄氏度以上)，也不利于碗莲的生长发育。22—35摄氏度是碗莲生长发育的最适宜温度。18—21摄氏度时，开始抽生立叶，开花则需要22摄氏度以上，25摄氏度生长新藕，这时需要日温较同，夜温稍低的气候。大多数栽培种在立秋前后气温下降时转入长藕阶段，表现为盆土明显上涨。

As a thermophile, the temperature requirement is strict. Generally, 8-10 ℃ begins to sprout and 14 ℃ lotus rhizome begins to stretch. At the early stage of sowing, the temperature is also required to be above 15 ℃, otherwise, the growth of seedlings will be slow, resulting in the downstream area of rotten seedlings. Before the middle of April, it is generally not used to sow seedlings in the open field, mainly because the temperature is not enough for seed germination and seedling growth. With the increase of temperature, the continuous hot sun (above 40 ℃) is not conducive to the growth and development of water lily. 22-35 ℃ is the most suitable temperature for the growth and development of water lily. When the temperature is 18-21 ℃, it is necessary to plant and erect leaves. When the temperature is above 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, it is necessary to grow new lotus roots. At this time, it is necessary to have a lower temperature in the day and a lower temperature in the night. Most of the cultivated species turn to the stage of long lotus root when the temperature drops before and after the beginning of autumn, which shows that the pot soil increases obviously.

莲与佛教的关系十分密切，可以说“莲”就是“佛”的象征。

Lotus has a very close relationship with Buddhism. It can be said that "Lotus" is the symbol of "Buddha".

当我们走进佛教寺庙时，便可到处看到莲花的形象。大雄宝殿中的佛祖释迦牟尼，端坐在莲花宝座之上，慈眉善目，莲眼低垂；称为“西方三圣”之首的阿弥陀佛和大慈大悲观世音菩萨，也都是坐在莲花之上。其余的菩萨，有的手执莲花，有的脚踏莲花，或作莲花手势，或向人间抛洒莲花（如天女）。寺庙墙壁、藻井、栏杆、神账、桌围、香袋、拜垫之上，也到处雕刻、绘制或缝绣各种各色的莲花图案。可见莲花与佛教的关系何等的密切。

When we walk into Buddhist temples, we can see the image of lotus everywhere. Sakyamuni, the Buddha in the Mahavira hall, sits upright on the lotus throne. He is kind-hearted and has low eyes. Amitabha and Avalokitesvara, the first of the "three saints of the west", are also sitting on the lotus. Some of the other Bodhisattvas hold the lotus in their hands, some pedal the lotus, or make a lotus gesture, or throw the lotus (such as the heavenly daughter) to the world. On the walls, caissons, railings, divine accounts, table walls, sachets, and worship mats of temples, various kinds of lotus patterns are also carved, drawn, or sewed everywhere. It can be seen how close the relationship between lotus and Buddhism is.

莲花与佛教的密切关系，还表现在佛教将许多美好圣洁的事物，以莲花作比喻，以莲花为代表。在佛教故事中，佛祖释迦牟尼的母亲，长着一双莲花般的美丽清亮的大眼睛。佛祖降生时，皇宫御苑中出现了八种瑞相，其中最主要的一种瑞相，便是池中突然长出大如车轮的白莲花。佛祖降生时，在他的舌根上放射出千道金光，每一道金光化作一朵千叶白莲，每朵莲花之中坐着一位盘足交叉，足心向上的小菩萨。

The close relationship between lotus and Buddhism is also reflected in the fact that Buddhism compares many beautiful and holy things with lotus as a metaphor and lotus as a representative. In the Buddhist story, Sakyamuni's mother has a pair of beautiful and bright big eyes like lotus. When the Buddha was born, there were eight auspicious forms in the Imperial Palace, the most important of which was the white lotus which suddenly grew up like a wheel in the pool. When Buddha was born, he radiated thousands of golden lights on the root of his tongue. Each golden light turned into a thousand leaves white lotus. In each lotus, there was a little bodhisattva with crossed feet and upward feet.

佛教以莲为喻的词语，更是数不胜数。佛座称为“莲花座”或“莲台”；结跏跌坐的姿势，即两腿交叉、双脚放在相对的大腿上，足心向上的姿势，称为莲花坐势；佛教宣传的西方极乐世界，比作清净不染的莲花境界，故称“莲邦”；《阿弥陀经》描写的西方极乐世界的情景是：“极乐国土有七宝池，八功德水……池中莲花大如车轮。”故称佛国为“莲花国”；佛教庙宇称为“莲刹”。“刹”为梵语，即西方净土，以莲花为往生之所托，故称“莲刹”；念佛之人称“莲胎”，比喻住在莲花之内，如在母胎之中；佛眼称为“莲眼”，以青莲花比喻佛眼之好妙；胸中之八叶心莲花称为“莲宫”，即心中的莲花般的境界；释迦牟尼的手称为“莲花手”；僧尼受戒称“莲花戒”；僧尼之袈裟称“莲花衣，谓清净无杂之义；五智中的妙观察智称为”“莲花智”；称善于说法者为“舌上生莲”；谓苦行而得乐为“归宅生莲”；佛经《妙法莲花经》简称《法华经》，都是以莲花为喻，象征教义的纯洁高雅；东晋东林寺慧远大师创立的我国最早的佛教结社称为“莲社”；佛教净土宗主张以修行来达到西方的莲花净土，故又称“莲宗”。总之，莲与佛教结了不解之缘，佛教在很多地方都是以莲为代表，可以说莲即是佛，佛即是莲。

In Buddhism, lotus is used as a metaphor. The Buddha's seat is called "lotus seat" or "Lotus platform"; the posture of the initial position of the joint, i.e. the position of two legs crossed, feet on the opposite thighs, feet and hearts upward, is called lotus sitting posture; the Western Paradise publicized by Buddhism is compared to the pure lotus realm, so it is called "Lotus state"; the scene of the Western Paradise described in the Amitabha Sutra is: "there are seven treasure pools in the land of bliss, BA Gongde water The lotus in the pool is as big as a wheel. " Therefore, the Buddhist kingdom is called "Lotus kingdom"; the Buddhist temple is called "Lotus Temple". "Cha" is Sanskrit, that is, the pure land in the West. It is called "Lotus Temple" because it is entrusted by the lotus for the past life. The chanting Buddha is called "Lotus foetus", which means living in the lotus, as in the mother's foetus. The Buddha's eye is called "Lotus eye", and the green lotus is compared with the beauty of the Buddha's eye. The eight leaf heart lotus in the chest is called "Lotus Palace", which is the lotus like realm in the heart. The hand of Sakyamuni is called "Lotus hand" "Lotus ring" refers to monks and nuns receiving the precepts; cassock of monks and nuns is called "Lotus clothes, which means pure and free from miscellaneous meanings; wisdom of wonderful observation in the five wisdom is called" Lotus wisdom "; those who are good at saying are called" lotus on the tongue "; those who are happy through hard work are called" Lotus returning to the house "; Lotus Sutra of wonderful method is short for" fahua Sutra ", which is a metaphor of lotus and symbolizes the purity and elegance of doctrines; Donglin temple in the Eastern Jin Dynasty The earliest Buddhist Association founded by master Huiyuan in China is called "Lotus Society"; the Buddhist Pure Land patriarch advocates to reach the pure land of lotus in the west through practice, so it is also called "Lotus clan". In a word, lotus has an indissoluble relationship with Buddhism. Buddhism is represented by lotus in many places. It can be said that lotus is Buddha and Buddha is lotus.

佛教为什么如此推崇莲花呢？这主要有两方面的原因：一、佛教产生于印度，印度地方气候炎热。荷花盛开于夏，给人们带来凉爽和美的享受。人们对于这种夏季暑热时盛开的美艳之花，自然十分喜爱，因此在印度的文学作品特别是民间流传的民间文学作品中，莲花都是美好、善良、圣洁、宽容大度的象征。这类故事非常之多，影响很深，如《莲花王子的故事》，便将道德高尚、善良、正直、奉行为王十法（布施、持戒、慷慨、正直、和蔼、自制、忌怒、忌杀、宽容和大度）的好国花比作莲花。《莲花王的故事》说莲花王为了拯救百姓的饥荒，他跳进恒河之中，变成一条大赤鱼，告诉百姓割他的肉吃，他的肉割了以后又生起来，这样坚持了十二年，他用自己的肉供养全国百姓，度过长达十二年之久的灾荒。《鹿母莲花夫人》的故事，说鹿母莲花夫人每走一步，脚后立即现出一朵美丽的莲花，她一胎生下五百个童男，个个都是俊美的大力士，均是保卫国家的英雄，因此鹿母莲花夫人成了能多生美男的象征。

Why does Buddhism respect lotus so much? There are two main reasons for this: first, Buddhism originated in India, where the climate is hot. Lotus blooms in summer, bringing people cool and beautiful enjoyment. People are very fond of the beautiful flowers blooming in the summer heat, so in Indian literature, especially in folk literature, lotus is a symbol of beauty, kindness, holiness and tolerance. There are so many such stories with profound influence. For example, the story of the prince of lotus, compares the flower of the United States with the flower of the United States, which has high morality, kindness, integrity and pursues the ten laws of being the king (giving, keeping precepts, generosity, integrity, kindness, self-control, avoiding anger, killing, tolerance and magnanimity). "The story of the lotus king" says that in order to save the people's famine, the lotus King jumped into the Ganges River and became a big red fish. He told the people to cut his meat and eat it. After cutting his meat, he was born again. This lasted for 12 years. He used his meat to feed the people of the whole country and spent 12 years of famine. The story of "the lady of the lotus of the deer mother" says that every step the lady of the lotus of the deer mother takes, a beautiful lotus appears immediately after her feet. She gives birth to five hundred boys, each of whom is a handsome Hercules and a hero defending the country. Therefore, the lady of the lotus of the deer mother has become a symbol of being able to give birth to more beautiful men.

释迦牟尼创立佛教，主张废除古印度等级森严的制度，实行种姓平等，以慈悲为怀，普度众生。为了弘扬佛法，使广大群众能够理解和接受佛教教义，便以俗语传道。又迎合民众的爱莲心理，将莲喻佛，使得佛教能够迅速传播开来，信众广泛。

Sakyamuni founded Buddhism and advocated the abolition of the hierarchical system of ancient India, the implementation of caste equality, compassion for the mind, and universal living. In order to carry forward Buddhism and enable the masses to understand and accept Buddhist doctrines, it is easy to preach by common sayings. It also caters to the people's love for lotus and compares lotus with Buddha, which enables Buddhism to spread quickly and widely.

佛教以莲喻佛的另一方面原因也是最主要的原因，是因为莲花的品格和特性与佛教教义相吻合。佛教是着重寻求解脱人生苦难的宗教，将人生视作苦海，希望人们能从苦海中摆脱出来，其解脱的途径是：此岸（人生苦海）——济渡（学佛修行）——彼岸（极乐净土）。即从尘世到净界，从诸恶到尽善，从凡俗到成佛。这和莲花生长在污泥浊水中而超凡脱俗，不为污泥所染，最后开出无比鲜美的花朵一样。

On the other hand, the most important reason why Buddhism compares lotus with Buddhism is that the character and characteristics of lotus are consistent with Buddhist doctrines. Buddhism is a religion that focuses on seeking relief from the suffering of life. It regards life as a sea of bitterness and hopes that people can get rid of it. The way to get rid of it is this shore (sea of bitterness in life) - Jidu (study Buddhism and practice) - the other shore (blissful pure land). That is, from the earth to the pure world, from all evils to the best, from the common to the Buddha. This is the same as the lotus growing in the muddy water, which is extraordinary and refined, not stained by the mud, and finally blooms incomparably delicious flowers.

佛教的重要信条之一，是广爱博施。施予一切有生命者以慈悲。所谓慈悲，是指希望和帮助他人解脱苦难，获得快乐。慈心是希望他人得到快乐，慈行是帮助他人得到快乐；悲心是希望他人解除痛苦，悲行是帮助他人解除痛苦。佛教要求对于有生命者，不计善恶，不分人畜，都应施予慈悲。对种种恶行，都要容忍和宽宥，用慈悲心去帮助他们，感化他们，使之向善，成为善良之辈，结出善果。但严戒同流合污，要身处污浊的尘世而不为其污染，保持自己的洁净清芬。用来表达这种思想观念的最好不过的是莲花。

One of the important tenets of Buddhism is to love and give. Give mercy to all who have life. The so-called compassion refers to the hope and help others to get rid of suffering and happiness. Compassion is to hope others to be happy, compassion is to help others to be happy; compassion is to hope others to relieve pain, compassion is to help others to relieve pain. Buddhism requires that all living people should be merciful regardless of good or evil, human or animal. We should tolerate and forgive all kinds of evil deeds, help them with compassion, influence them, make them good, become good people, and bear good results. However, we should strictly guard against the confluence of pollution, live in a dirty world without pollution, and keep ourselves clean and pure. The best way to express this idea is lotus.

莲生在污泥之中，犹如人生在浊尘的世界，这自然要与污浊相处在一起，受许多邪恶污秽事物的侵扰，佛教称这些邪恶力量为“魔”。佛教要求人们不要受世间邪恶污秽（即魔）的侵扰和影响。莲花“出污泥而不染”，开出洁美的鲜花，确是最好的象征，因此佛经常常将莲性比佛性。《大智度论·释初品中户罗波罗蜜下》说：“比如莲花，出自污泥，色虽鲜好，出处不净。”《从四十二章经》说：“我为沙门，处于浊世，当如莲花，不为污染。”所以拯救世界的梵天王是坐在千叶金色妙宝莲花上出生的。释迦牟尼佛、阿弥陀佛、观世音菩萨都是坐在莲花之上，或手执莲花，表示佛是出自尘世而洁净不染的境界。

Lotus grows in the mud, just like life in the world of muddy dust, which naturally needs to get along with the filth and be disturbed by many evil and filthy things. Buddhism calls these evil forces "demons". Buddhism requires people not to be disturbed and influenced by the evil and filthy (that is, the devil) in the world. Lotus is the best symbol of "out of mud but not dyed", and out of clean and beautiful flowers, so the Buddhist scriptures often compare lotus nature to Buddha nature. "The great wisdom theory · the first product of the interpretation under the toropolo honey" said: "for example, lotus comes from the mud, although the color is fresh and good, the source is not clean." "From the forty second chapter of the book," said: "I am a Salmonella, in the turbid world, when like a lotus, not for pollution So the Vatican king who saved the world was born on the golden lotus of thousand leaves. Sakyamuni Buddha, Amitabha Buddha and Avalokitesvara all sit on the lotus or hold the lotus in their hands, indicating that the Buddha comes from the world and is clean.