三.否定转移
英语“否定转移”现象不仅是一种常见的语言现象,也是英语语言的一种惯用法,同时也体现了英汉两种语言在表达否定方面存在一定的差异。因此也是翻译中的一大难点,以下是几种常见的否定转移句式:
not …because/by 形式上否定的是主句部分,意义上否定的却是because之后的内容,译为“并不是/并非因为…”。
He didn’t wear an overcoat because the weather was cold.
并不是因为天气冷他才穿大衣。
We didn’t deny the person merely because he was not qualified.
我们并非因为这个人不够条件才拒绝他的。
He wasn’t arrested by lack of necessary information.
他并不是因为缺乏必要的信息而被捕的。
试比较:
①He did not go to school because he was sick.他没去学校,因为他生病了。
②He doesn’t do exercise because he likes to.他不是因为喜欢才去锻炼的。
一般来说,判断否定是否转移要根据上下文来定,第①句如果译为“他不是因为生病才去学校的”就不符合常理了。
否定主句转译为否定从句
(1)当主句的谓语为表示看法的动词时,宾语从句的否定词往往移到主句,这类动词有:believe, think, suppose, expect, imagine, reckon等。
I don’t believe that he can do it.
我相信他不会做此事。
We don't expect candidates to be paragons of virtue.
我们不指望候选人在道德上尽善尽美。
We don’t think that he is suitable for the job.
我们觉得他不适合做这工作。
但是,若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定则不会发生转移。
如:I hope you weren’t ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
(2)当主句的谓语为表示感觉的动词时,宾语从句中的否定词往往转移到主句。这类动词有:appear, seem, feel as if, look as if, sound as if 等。
It doesn’t seem that he’s telling the truth.
看来他没有讲真话。
(=It seems that he isn`t telling the truth.)
The project doesn't sound feasible.
听起来不切实(=It sounds infeasible)
It doesn't seem to be a very good plan, but I think we should have an open mind about it for the time being.
这个计划看上去不太好, 但我认为我们应该暂时多听听对它的意见.
(=It seems to be not a good plan, but ….)
It doesn't look as if it's going to rain tomorrow.
明天不见得会下雨.
(=It looks as if it isn’t going to rain tomorrow.)
以nothing none等否定代词或no + 名词做主语的句子,一般将否定转移到谓语
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.
能量不能创造,也不能消灭。
Nothing in the world can come between us.
世界上没有任何事情可以将我们分开。
其他形式的否定转移
Rome is not build in one day.
冰冻三尺非一日之寒。(形式上否定的是谓语部分,实际上否定的是状语部分)
部分否定本质上也是一种否定转移,形式上否定的是谓语,实际上否定了其他部分。
All students in my class are not clever.
并不是我们班上的所有学生都很聪明。(否定主语)
I don’t know all of them.
我对他们并不都认识。(否定宾语)
四,形肯意否的表达
英语中还有一种否定,即不使用not、hardly、impossible等否定词,而借助于一些单独使用时没有否定意思的词构成的词组成固定搭配来表达否定的含义。翻译时也要译为否定,
too结构
too…to do:太…不能…
The news is too good to be true.
这消息太好了,不可能是真的。
too +a/ad +for+逻辑主语+to do:
This problem is too difficult for us to solve.
这道题太难了我们解不出来。
than的结构
more than 这个结构我们之前在形容词的比较级部分已经做了讲解,more than的意思有很多,当more than 拆开用时,常译为译为“与其说…倒不如说” “是…而不是”
The change in government is more for show than for real.
政府的转变更多的是装装样子,而不是真的。
He is more knave than fool.
与其说他蠢,不如说他坏。
more than one can也是常见的译为否定的句式。
The problems of urban areas are far more than can be handled any short - term efforts.
城市地区的问题是不可能短期内解决的。
rather than结构
rather than(是…而不是)
The effect is soft and pretty rather than drop-dead sexy.
给人的印象是柔和俏丽而不是吸人眼球的性感。
would rather…than…(宁愿…也不)
He would rather shoot himself than compromise his principles.
他宁愿一枪打死自己也不愿违背自己的原则。
other than(绝非,绝不;除了)
与…不同,不同于
She is quite other than what people described.
她这个人完全不象你所说的那样。
除了
The book is intended for the readers other than professional.
这本书是供非专业人员阅读的。
nothing less/else than/nothing short of 等表示“完全是,简直是”
It was nothing less than a miracle.
那完全是个奇迹。
no less than表示“简直是”
It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
要价这么高简直是抢劫。
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