2013政府工作报告全文（双语）

政府工作报告

——2013年3月5日在第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上

国务院总理　温家宝

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT

Delivered at the First Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress on March 5, 2013

Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council

各位代表：

现在，我代表国务院，向大会报告过去五年的政府工作，并对今年工作提出建议，请各位代表审议，并请全国政协委员提出意见。

Fellow Deputies,

On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you the report on the government's work of the past five years and suggestions for its work this year for your deliberation and for comments from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

一、过去五年工作回顾

I. Review of Work in the Past Five Years

第十一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议以来的五年，是我国发展进程中极不平凡的五年。我们有效应对国际金融危机的严重冲击，保持经济平稳较快发展，国内生产总值从26.6万亿元增加到51.9万亿元，跃升到世界第二位；公共财政收入从5.1万亿元增加到11.7万亿元；累计新增城镇就业5870万人，城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入年均分别增长8.8%、9.9%；粮食产量实现“九连增”；重要领域改革取得新进展，开放型经济达到新水平；创新型国家建设取得新成就，载人航天、探月工程、载人深潜、北斗卫星导航系统、超级计算机、高速铁路等实现重大突破，第一艘航母“辽宁舰”入列；成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会和上海世博会；夺取抗击汶川特大地震、玉树强烈地震、舟曲特大山洪泥石流等严重自然灾害和灾后恢复重建重大胜利。我国社会生产力和综合国力显著提高，人民生活水平和社会保障水平显著提高，国际地位和国际影响力显著提高。我们圆满完成“十一五”规划，顺利实施“十二五”规划。社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设取得重大进展，谱写了中国特色社会主义事业新篇章。

The past five years since the First Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress were a truly extraordinary period of time in the course of China's development.

We effectively countered the severe impact of the global financial crisis and maintained steady and fast economic development.

China's GDP increased from 26.6 trillion yuan to 51.9 trillion yuan, and now ranks second in the world.

Government revenue went up from 5.1 trillion yuan to 11.7 trillion yuan.

A total of 58.7 million urban jobs were created.

The per capita disposable income of urban residents rose by an annual average of 8.8%, and the per capita net income of rural residents rose by 9.9%.

Grain output increased for the ninth consecutive year in 2017.

Progress was made in key areas of reform; and the open economy reached a new stage of development.

We made China more innovative. Breakthroughs were made in developing manned spaceflight and the lunar exploration program, building a manned deep-sea submersible, launching the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, developing supercomputers and building high-speed railways. China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, was commissioned.

We successfully hosted the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and the XIII Paralympic Games in Beijing and the World Expo in Shanghai.

We successfully mitigated the impact of the massive Wenchuan earthquake, the strong Yushu earthquake, the huge Zhugqu mudslide and other natural disasters and carried out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

China's productive forces and overall national strength, its living standards and social security, and its international status and influence all improved significantly.

We successfully completed the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and got off to a good start in implementing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.

We made significant socialist economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, and wrote a new chapter in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

五年来的主要工作及特点：

The following are the main work we accomplished over the past five years and its main features:

一是有效应对国际金融危机，促进经济平稳较快发展。过去五年，我们是在持续应对国际金融危机严重冲击中走过来的。这场危机来势之猛、扩散之快、影响之深，百年罕见。我们沉着应对，及时果断调整宏观调控着力点，出台进一步扩大内需、促进经济平稳较快增长的十项措施，全面实施一揽子计划。两年新增4万亿元投资，其中中央财政投资1.26万亿元，主要用于保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、基础设施、社会事业、生态环保、自主创新等方面建设和灾后恢复重建。五年来，新建各类保障性住房1800多万套，棚户区改造住房1200多万套；完成大中型和重点小型水库除险加固1.8万座，治理重点中小河流2.45万公里，新增节水灌溉面积770万公顷；新增铁路里程1.97万公里，其中高速铁路8951公里，京沪、京广、哈大等高铁和一批城际铁路相继投入运营；新增公路60.9万公里，其中高速公路4．2万公里，高速公路总里程达9.56万公里；新建机场31个；新增万吨级港口泊位602个；一批跨江跨海大桥、连岛工程相继建成；西气东输、西电东送、南水北调等重大工程顺利推进或建成；非化石能源快速发展，水电、风电装机位居世界第一；重建后的汶川、玉树、舟曲等灾区发生了翻天覆地的变化。这些举世瞩目的成就，对我们有效应对国际金融危机严重冲击发挥了至关重要的作用，为经济社会长远发展打下了坚实基础，已经并将继续造福亿万人民。

我们始终注重处理好保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，增强宏观政策的前瞻性、科学性、有效性，注意把握好政策的取向、力度和重点。在国际金融危机冲击最严重时，果断实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，综合运用多种财政政策工具，增加政府支出，实行结构性减税；有效运用存款准备金率、利率等货币政策工具，保持货币信贷合理增长。根据宏观经济走势的变化，我们及时调整政策力度，适时退出刺激政策，实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。在财政政策运用上，坚持统筹兼顾，注重综合平衡。财政赤字占国内生产总值的比重从2009年的2.8%降到去年的1.5%左右，赤字率和债务负担率保持在安全水平。加强地方政府性债务全面审计和地方政府融资平台管理，有效控制经济运行中的风险隐患。在货币政策运用上，始终注意把握稳增长、控物价和防风险之间的平衡。金融体系运行稳健，银行业风险抵御能力持续增强，资本充足率从2007年底的8.4%提升到去年底的13.3%，不良贷款率由6.1%下降到0.95%。坚持搞好房地产市场调控不动摇，遏制了房价过快上涨势头。2017年，在世界各大经济体增长全面减速、各种风险不断暴露的情况下，我们合理把握政策力度，保持财政预算支出规模不变，优化支出结构，扭转经济下滑趋势，全面实现年初确定的主要目标，国内生产总值增长7.8%，城镇新增就业1266万人，居民消费价格涨幅回落到2.6%，为今年经济发展打下好的基础。

这五年，我国宏观经济总体上保持增速平稳较快、物价相对稳定、就业持续增加、国际收支趋于平衡的良好态势，国内生产总值年均增长9.3%，显著高于同期全球和新兴经济体的增速，通货膨胀率远低于其他新兴经济体。我国经济稳定，充满活力。

回首这五年，面对国际经济形势复杂多变、持续低迷的严峻挑战，中央科学判断、果断决策，有效避免了我国现代化进程因巨大的外部冲击而出现大的波折，实践证明这些决策部署是完全正确的。

In the past five years, we averted the grievous consequences of the global financial crisis, whose abruptness, rapid spread and profound impact were rarely seen in the past century. We responded to the crisis calmly, made timely and decisive adjustments to the focus of macro-control, adopted ten measures to increase domestic demand and promote steady and rapid economic growth, and implemented a comprehensive package plan. In a two-year period, an additional four trillion yuan of government investment was made, with 1.26 trillion yuan from the central government, mainly for building government-subsidized housing, improving rural people's wellbeing, building infrastructure, developing social programs, improving the environment, promoting innovation, and carrying out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

Over the past five years:

More than 18 million government-subsidized housing units of various types were built, and over 12 million housing units in run-down areas were upgraded.

A total of 18,000 large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs were reinforced, 24,500 kilometers of key small and medium-length rivers were harnessed, and water-saving irrigated farmland was increased by 7.7 million hectares.

A total of 19,700 kilometers of new rail lines were built, 8,951 kilometers of which are high-speed railways.

The high-speed Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou and Harbin-Dalian railways and a number of intercity railways were opened to traffic.

A total of 609,000 kilometers of new roads were built, 42,000 kilometers of which are expressways, increasing the total length of expressways in service to 95,600 kilometers.

Thirty-one airports and 602 shipping berths for 10,000-ton ships were built.

A number of bridges over rivers and bays and linking islands with other islands and the mainland were completed.

Smooth progress was made in major projects such as those for transporting natural gas and electricity from the west to the east and diverting water from the south to the north, and some of the projects have been completed.

Non-fossil energy production developed rapidly, and China now ranks first in the world in the installed capacity of both hydropower and wind power.

Reconstruction of the Wenchuan, Yushu and Zhugqu disaster areas transformed them completely.

These impressive achievements played a vital role in our effective response to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, and laid a solid foundation for sustaining China's economic and social development. They have benefited and will continue to benefit hundreds of millions of people.

We always strove to maintain a balance between ensuring steady and rapid economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations. We made government macro policies more forward-looking, scientific and effective and implemented them with proper orientation, force and focus.

When the impact of the global financial crisis was at its worst, we resolutely implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, employed a full range of financial policy tools, increased government spending and made structural tax reductions. We effectively employed monetary policy instruments such as adjusting required reserve ratios and interest rates to maintain proper growth in the money and credit supply.

In response to changing macroeconomic trends, we promptly adjusted the intensity of policy implementation, reduced the force of stimulus policies at an appropriate time, and implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy.

We took a holistic and balanced approach in employing fiscal policy. As a result, the government deficit dropped from 2.8% of GDP in 2009 to about 1.5% last year, and both deficit-to-GDP and debt-to-GDP ratios remained at a safe level. We strengthened comprehensive auditing of local governments' debt and management of their financing platforms, thus effectively controlling latent economic risks.

In employing monetary policy, we maintained a balance between ensuring steady growth, maintaining price stability and warding off risks. The financial system functioned soundly. The banking sector became better able to avert risks. Its capital adequacy rate increased from 8.4% at the end of 2007 to 13.3% by the end of last year, and its non-performing loans dropped from 6.1% to 0.95%.

We kept a firm grip on the real estate market and kept housing prices from rising too quickly.

In 2017, when other major economies in the world were experiencing a slowdown in growth and constantly encountered new risks, we maintained a proper intensity in policy implementation, kept budgetary spending unchanged, improved the spending mix, and reversed the decline in economic growth. As a result, we attained all the main targets set at the beginning of the year: GDP grew by 7.8%, 12.66 million urban jobs were created, and the rise in the CPI fell to 2.6%. All this laid a good foundation for China's economic development this year.

Over the past five years:

China's economy as a whole maintained steady and rapid growth.

Prices remained fairly stable.

Employment steadily increased.

The balance of payments moved toward equilibrium.

GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.3%, considerably higher than the average global rate and the average rate of other emerging economies for the same period.

China's inflation rate was also much lower than that of other emerging economies.

The Chinese economy is stable and full of vitality.

In the last five years, faced with severe challenges posed by a complex and volatile international economic environment and a sluggish global economy, the central leadership, on the basis of a scientific judgment of the situation, made resolute decisions that steered China's modernization drive clear of major pitfalls created by huge external shocks. Experience fully proves these decisions and implementing steps were entirely correct.

二是加快经济结构调整，提高经济发展的质量和效益。坚持实施扩大内需战略，内需对经济增长的贡献率明显提高，经常项目顺差占国内生产总值的比重从10.1%下降到2.6%。居民消费结构加快升级。2017年底，城镇和农村人均住房面积32.9平方米、37.1平方米，分别比2007年增加2.8平方米和5.5平方米；城镇居民每百户拥有家用汽车21.5辆，比2007年增加15.5辆；旅游、文化消费大幅增加。坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，大力推进产业转型升级。我国制造业规模跃居全球首位，高技术制造业增加值年均增长13.4%，成为国民经济重要先导性、支柱性产业；清洁能源、节能环保、新一代信息技术、生物医药、高端装备制造等一批战略性新兴产业快速发展。产品质量整体水平不断提高。服务业增加值占国内生产总值比重提高2.7个百分点，成为吸纳就业最多的产业。扎实推进节能减排和生态环境保护。五年累计，共淘汰落后炼铁产能1.17亿吨、炼钢产能7800万吨、水泥产能7.75亿吨；新增城市污水日处理能力4600万吨；单位国内生产总值能耗下降17.2%，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放总量分别下降15.7%和17.5%。修订环境空气质量标准，增加细颗粒物PM2.5等监测指标。推进天然林保护、退耕还林、防沙治沙等重点生态工程建设，五年累计完成造林2953万公顷，治理沙漠化、石漠化土地1196万公顷，综合治理水土流失面积24.6万平方公里，整治国土面积18万平方公里。深入实施区域发展总体战略，颁布实施全国主体功能区规划，制定西部大开发新十年指导意见和一系列区域发展规划，加快推进西藏、新疆等地区跨越式发展，制定实施新十年农村扶贫开发纲要，将扶贫标准提高到2300元（2010年不变价），加强集中连片特殊困难地区扶贫攻坚。中西部和东北地区主要发展指标增速高于全国平均水平，东部地区产业转型升级步伐加快，各具特色、良性互动的区域发展格局正在形成。积极稳妥推进城镇化，五年转移农村人口8463万人，城镇化率由45.9%提高到52.6%，城乡结构发生了历史性变化。城乡、区域发展的协调性明显增强。

2. Accelerating adjustment of the economic structure and improving the quality and performance of economic development

We adhered to the strategy of expanding domestic demand. As a result, the contribution of domestic demand to economic growth increased significantly, and the share of current account surplus in the GDP dropped from 10.1% to 2.6%.

The upgrading in the mix of private consumption accelerated.

-- At the end of 2017, the per capita living area of urban and rural residents was 32.9 square meters and 37.1 square meters respectively, an increase of 2.8 and 5.5 over 2007.

-- Car ownership stood at 21.5 cars per 100 urban households, an increase of 15.5 over 2007.

-- Travel- and entertainment-related spending has risen substantially.

We adhered to the new path of industrialization with distinctive Chinese features and promoted transformation and upgrading of industrial sectors.

-- China's manufacturing industry became the largest in the world. With added-value growing at an average annual rate of 13.4% during the past five years, high-tech manufacturing has become a leading pillar of the economy.

-- Strategic emerging industries grew rapidly, including clean energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, next-generation information and communication technology, biomedicines, and high-end equipment manufacturing.

-- The overall quality of manufactured goods steadily improved.

-- The share of value-added of the service sector in the GDP increased by 2.7 percentage points, and it now creates more jobs than any other sector.

We made steady progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions, and protecting the environment. Over the past five years, the following backward production facilities were closed:

-- Iron works with a total output capacity of 117 million tons.

-- Steel mills with a capacity of 78 million tons.

-- Cement plants with a capacity of 775 million tons.

Moreover, in the past five years:

-- Daily urban sewage treatment capacity increased by 46 million tons.

-- Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 17.2%.

-- Total chemical oxygen demand fell by 15.7%.

-- Total sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 17.5%.

-- Environmental air quality standards were revised.

-- The air quality index for monitoring fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was added.

Progress was made in major ecological projects to protect virgin forests, afforest marginal farmland, and prevent and control desertification. Over the past five years:

-- An additional 29.53 million hectares of land were planted with trees.

-- Desertification was halted on 11.96 million hectares of land.

-- Soil erosion on 246,000 square kilometers of land was brought under control.

-- A total of 180,000 square kilometers of land were improved.

We implemented the master strategy for regional development, promulgated and implemented the national plan for developing functional zones, formulated new ten-year guidelines for the large-scale development of the western region and a number of regional development plans, and accelerated leapfrog development of Tibet and Xinjiang. We formulated and implemented a new ten-year program for rural poverty alleviation and development, raised the poverty line to 2,300 yuan at 2010 prices, and intensified efforts to alleviate poverty in contiguous areas with acute difficulties. Major economic indicators rose faster in the central and western regions and northeast China than the national average. Transformation and upgrading of the industrial sector in the eastern region accelerated, and a pattern of regional development is taking shape in which each region both has its distinctive strengths and draws on the strengths of other regions.

We advanced urbanization actively yet prudently. Over the past five years:

-- A total of 84.63 million rural residents migrated to urban areas.

-- The urbanization level rose from 45.9% to 52.6%, marking a historic turning point in China's urban-rural population structure.

Development between urban and rural areas and between regions became more balanced.

三是毫不放松地抓好“三农”工作，巩固和加强农业基础地位。我们坚持在工业化、信息化、城镇化深入发展中同步推进农业现代化，集中力量办成了一些关系农业农村长远发展、关系农民切身利益的大事。加大财政投入，中央财政“三农”累计支出4.47万亿元，年均增长23.5％。建立健全种粮农民补贴制度和主产区利益补偿机制，补贴标准逐年提高，覆盖范围不断扩大，补贴资金从2007年的639亿元增加到2017年的1923亿元。加强农村金融服务，涉农贷款余额从2007年末的6.12万亿元增加到2017年末的17.63万亿元。实行粮食最低收购价政策，小麦、稻谷最低收购价累计提高41.7%到86.7%。加强耕地保护，维护农民权益，为完善农村集体土地征收补偿制度做了大量准备工作。加快推进农业科技进步和现代农业建设，加大对良种繁育、动植物疫病防控、基层农技推广的支持力度。大力兴修水利，开展农村土地整治，建设高标准农田，耕地面积保持在18.2亿亩以上。粮食综合生产能力跃上新台阶，粮食总产量连续6年稳定在万亿斤以上并逐年增加。加强农村水电路气等基础设施建设，新建改建农村公路146.5万公里，改造农村危房1033万户，解决了3亿多农村人口的饮水安全和无电区445万人的用电问题，农村生产生活条件不断改善。积极引导农村富余劳动力转向非农产业，农民人均纯收入持续较快增长，2010年以来城乡居民相对收入差距逐步缩小。深化农村综合改革。集体林权制度主体改革基本完成，全面推进农村集体土地确权颁证工作，开展农村土地承包经营权登记试点。农业农村发展的好形势，为应对国际金融危机和各种自然灾害严重冲击、稳定经济社会发展大局提供了重要支撑。

3. Unremittingly doing our work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers well, and consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy

We carried out agricultural modernization while deepening industrialization, application of information and communication technologies (ICT), and urbanization, and we pooled resources to accomplish a number of major tasks that are important to the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas and to the vital interests of farmers.

-- We increased central government spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which totaled 4.47 trillion yuan for the past five years and rose by an average annual rate of 23.5%.

-- We established a sound system for subsidizing grain farmers and a sound mechanism for subsidizing major grain-producing areas, broadened the coverage of the subsidies, and raised them every year, from 63.9 billion yuan in 2007 to 192.3 billion yuan in 2017.

-- We provided more rural financial services, and the outstanding balance of bank loans to agriculture, rural areas and farmers increased from 6.12 trillion yuan at the end of 2007 to 17.63 trillion yuan at the end of 2017.

-- We carried out the policy of minimum grain purchase prices and raised the floor prices for wheat and rice between 41.7% and 86.7%.

-- We intensified protection of farmland and farmers' rights and interests, and made a lot of preparations to improve the system of compensating for expropriation of rural collective land.

-- We made greater progress in agricultural science and technology and the development of modern agriculture, and we increased support for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and spreading agricultural technology in villages.

-- We built more water conservancy projects, improved rural land, developed high-grade farmland, and kept the country's total area of farmland over 121.3 million hectares.

-- Thanks to these efforts, China's overall grain production capacity reached a new level, and its grain output in each of the past six years increased and exceeded 500 million tons.

-- We strengthened rural infrastructure such as roads and water, power and methane supply capacity. We built or upgraded 1.465 million kilometers of rural roads, renovated run-down houses for 10.33 million rural households, provided safe drinking water for an additional 300 million plus rural residents, and delivered electricity to 4.45 million people in areas without power supply. This led to steady improvement in rural productivity and quality of life.

-- We encouraged surplus rural workers to find nonagricultural employment. The per capita net income of rural residents grew rapidly, and the relative income gap between urban and rural residents has progressively narrowed since 2010.

-- We deepened overall rural reform.

-- We basically completed the main tasks for reforming the collective forest tenure system, made comprehensive progress in determining, registering and certifying collective land ownership, and carried out trials for registering contracted rural land-use rights.

Sound agricultural and rural development provided important support for China to counter the severe impact of the global financial crisis and natural disasters and maintain overall stability in economic and social development.

四是坚持实施科教兴国战略，增强经济社会发展的核心支撑能力。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要，制定实施国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要、国家中长期人才发展规划纲要和国家知识产权战略，推动科技、教育、文化事业全面发展，为国家长远发展奠定了坚实基础。

优先发展教育事业。国家财政性教育经费支出五年累计7.79万亿元，年均增长21.58%，2017年占国内生产总值比例达到4%。教育资源重点向农村、边远、民族、贫困地区倾斜，教育公平取得明显进步。全面实现城乡九年免费义务教育，惠及1.6亿学生。实施学前教育三年行动计划，“入园难”问题有所缓解。国家助学制度不断完善，建立了家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生教育各个阶段全覆盖，每年资助金额近1000亿元，资助学生近8000万人次。实施中等职业教育免学费政策，覆盖范围包括所有农村学生、城市涉农专业学生和家庭经济困难学生。初步解决进城务工人员随迁子女在城市接受义务教育问题，现有1260万农村户籍孩子在城市接受义务教育。实施惠及3000多万农村义务教育阶段学生营养改善计划。完成中小学校舍安全工程。加快职业教育基础能力和特殊教育基础设施建设。义务教育学校实施绩效工资，在教育部直属师范大学实行师范生免费教育，加强了农村教师队伍建设。全面提高教育质量和水平，高等教育毛入学率提高到30%。国民受教育程度大幅提升，15岁以上人口平均受教育年限达到9年以上。

大力推动自主创新。中央财政用于科技的投入五年累计8729亿元，年均增长超过18%。全社会研究与试验发展经费支出占国内生产总值的比重由2007年的1.4%提高到2017年的1.97%，企业研发活动支出占比超过74%。出台深化科技体制改革加快国家创新体系建设的意见。深入实施国家技术创新工程和知识创新工程，扎实推进国家科技重大专项，新建一批国家工程中心、重点实验室和企业技术中心。加强基础研究和前沿探索，突破一批关键核心技术，填补了多项重大产品和装备的空白。

深入实施人才强国战略。以高层次、高技能人才为重点，加强各类人才队伍建设，专业技术人才、高技能人才分别增加860万人和880万人，留学回国人员达到54万人。

大力加强文化建设。覆盖城乡的公共文化设施网络体系初步建成，博物馆、图书馆、文化馆（站）实现免费开放。国有经营性文化单位转企改制任务基本完成，公益性文化事业单位内部机制改革不断深化。哲学社会科学、资讯出版、广播影视、文学艺术等更加繁荣，文化产业快速发展。文物保护、非物质文化遗产保护和传承取得重要进展。对外文化交流更加活跃。全民健身和竞技体育取得新成绩。

4. Steadfastly implementing the strategy for making China strong through the development of science and education, and boosting the country's core ability to sustain economic and social development

We accelerated implementation of the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development; formulated and implemented the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Education Reform and Development, the National Plan for Long- and Medium-Term Development of Competent Personnel and the national strategy on intellectual property rights. This gave impetus to all-around progress in science and technology, education, and culture and laid a solid foundation for ensuring China's long-term development.

We gave high priority to developing education. Government spending on education totaled 7.79 trillion yuan over the past five years, increasing at an average annual rate of 21.58% to reach 4% of GDP in 2017. We allocated educational resources, giving priority to rural, remote, poor and ethnic minority areas and made notable progress in improving fairness in education. We made free nine-year compulsory education universal across the country, benefiting 160 million students. A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the shortage of preschools was eased. We improved the system of state financial aid to students, and established a system for giving students from poor families financial aid from preschool through graduate school. We spent approximately 100 billion yuan annually for this purpose and assisted nearly 80 million students. We implemented the policy of tuition-free secondary vocational education for all rural students and all urban students who study agriculture-related majors or are from poor families. The problem of providing compulsory education to children of rural migrants working in cities was basically solved, and 12.6 million children with rural residence status are now receiving compulsory education in cities. We implemented the plan for improving nutrition of rural students receiving compulsory education to the benefit of over 30 million students. We completed the project to improve the safety of primary and secondary school buildings. We sped up development of infrastructure for vocational and special education. The pay of teachers in compulsory education is now linked to their performance. Students majoring in education at teachers universities directly under the Ministry of Education were exempted from paying tuition, and the ranks of rural teachers were strengthened. The quality and level of education in China was comprehensively raised, and the gross college enrollment rate rose to 30%. The education level of the people was raised significantly, and the average length of schooling of people over the age of 15 now exceeds nine years.

We vigorously promoted innovation. The central government spent 872.9 billion yuan to develop science and technology in the past five years, with an average annual increase of over 18%. China's R&D spending accounted for 1.97% of GDP in 2017, up from 1.4% in 2007, and over 74% of this spending was made by companies. The Guidelines on Deepening Reform of the Management System for Science and Technology and Accelerating Development of a National Innovation System were adopted. We carried out a national technology innovation project and a knowledge innovation project, made solid progress in implementing major national R&D projects, and set up a number of national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers. We boosted basic research and research in frontier areas, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in gaps in many important products and equipment.

We implemented the strategy for making China strong through training competent personnel. We trained more personnel of all types, with the focus on high-level and highly skilled personnel. As a result, the number of personnel with special expertise and highly skilled personnel increased by 8.6 million and 8.8 million respectively. A total of 540,000 overseas students returned.

We put greater effort into developing the cultural sector. A network of public cultural facilities covering both urban and rural areas is taking shape, and all museums, libraries and cultural centers in China are open to the public free of charge. We basically transformed state-owned for-profit cultural institutions into business enterprises, and deepened reform of internal operating mechanisms of nonprofit cultural institutions. Philosophy and the social sciences, the press and publishing, radio, television and film, and literature and art are flourishing, and cultural industries developed rapidly. We made major progress in protecting cultural relics and preserving and passing on intangible cultural heritage. Cultural exchanges with other countries increased. New progress was made in nationwide fitness activities and competitive sports.

五是坚持把人民利益放在第一位，着力保障和改善民生。我们把就业作为保障和改善民生的头等大事，实施积极的就业政策。加强重点人群就业工作，提高职业培训和就业服务水平，五年累计投入就业专项资金1973亿元，实现高校毕业生就业2800万人，城镇就业困难人员就业830万人，保持了就业形势总体稳定。全面推进社会保障体系建设，建立新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险制度，城乡居民基本养老保险实现了制度全覆盖，各项养老保险参保达到7.9亿人。企业退休人员基本养老金从2004年人均每月700元提高到现在的1721元。妥善解决关闭破产企业退休人员、困难企业职工、国有企业老工伤人员、未参保集体企业退休人员社会保险等问题。深化医药卫生体制改革，建立新型农村合作医疗制度和城镇居民基本医疗保险制度，全民基本医保体系初步形成，各项医疗保险参保超过13亿人，加强城乡基层医疗卫生服务体系建设，建立基本药物制度并在基层医疗机构实施，公立医院改革试点稳步推进。国民健康水平进一步提高，人均预期寿命达到75岁。健全城乡居民低保、医疗、教育、法律等救助制度，改革完善孤儿保障、流浪儿童救助保护、农村五保供养制度。颁布实施新的中国妇女、儿童发展纲要，依法保障妇女儿童合法权益。建立健全城镇保障性住房制度，覆盖面逐步扩大，2017年底已达到12.5%。社会保障制度建设取得历史性的巨大成就。不断加强和创新社会管理，建立健全应急管理体系，发挥城乡社区自治和服务功能，社会保持和谐稳定。

5. Putting the people's interests first and striving to ensure and improve their wellbeing

We made expanding employment the top priority in ensuring and improving people's wellbeing and pursued a proactive employment policy. Over the past five years, we allocated 197.3 billion yuan of employment funds to help targeted groups obtain employment and to improve vocational training and employment services. As a result, 28 million university graduates and 8.3 million urban residents having difficulty finding jobs found employment. All this kept the overall employment situation stable.

We made comprehensive progress in developing the social security system: A new old-age insurance system for rural residents and an old-age insurance system for non-working urban residents were established, and the basic old-age insurance system now covers both urban and rural residents. A total of 790 million people are now covered by different old-age insurance schemes. Basic pensions for enterprise retirees rose from an average of 700 yuan per month in 2004 to 1,721 yuan at present. We extended social security coverage to retirees of closed or bankrupt enterprises, employees of enterprises with operating difficulties, employees of state-owned enterprises who suffered work-related injuries in the past, and uninsured retirees of collectively owned enterprises.

We deepened reform of the medical and health care systems, established a new type of rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance scheme for non-working urban residents. A basic medical insurance system that covers the whole population is taking shape, and over 1.3 billion people are now covered by different medical insurance schemes. We improved community-level medical and health care services, and established a system for using basic drugs and implemented it in community-level medical institutions. Steady progress was made in the trial reform of public hospitals. People's health further improved, and the average life expectancy reached 75 years.

The systems for aiding needy rural and urban residents with subsistence allowances, medical care, education and legal assistance were improved. We reformed and improved systems for providing social security to orphans, helping and protecting homeless children, and giving childless and infirm rural residents assistance in the form of food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses.

We promulgated and implemented new programs for the development of Chinese women and children, and protected their legitimate rights and interests in accordance with the law.

We established a sound government-subsidized urban housing system and extended it to cover 12.5% of the country's urban households by the end of 2017.

Historic achievements were made in developing the social security system. We strengthened and made innovations in social management, put in place a sound emergency response system, encouraged urban and rural communities to fully play their self-governance and service roles, and maintained social harmony and stability.

六是深化重要领域改革，增强经济社会发展的内在活力。我们不失时机地推进改革，在一些重要领域取得重大进展。大力推进财税体制改革，完善转移支付制度，全面建立县级基本财力保障机制，基层政府提供基本公共服务的能力有所提高；由公共财政预算、政府性基金预算、国有资本经营预算、社会保险基金预算组成的预算体系框架基本形成，预算外资金全部纳入预算管理；统一内外资企业税制，实现增值税转型，实施成品油价格和税费改革，开展营业税改征增值税试点，改革资源税制度，财税体制对加快转变经济发展方式的促进作用增强。全面深化金融体制改革，国有大型商业银行股份制改革顺利完成，政策性金融机构改革有序推进，农村信用社改革成效明显，银行业新监管标准实施，创业板、股指期货和融资融券业务相继推出，保险业改革开放深入推进，人民币汇率形成机制不断完善，利率市场化和资本项目可兑换改革稳步推进，建立宏观审慎政策框架，扩大人民币在跨境贸易和投资中的使用。我国银行、证券、保险业的抗风险能力和国际竞争力显著提升，为成功应对国际金融危机冲击奠定了坚实基础。国有企业改革不断深化，素质提高，竞争力明显增强。制定鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的指导意见和实施细则，非公有制经济发展环境不断改善。建立生态补偿制度，开展排污权和碳排放权交易试点。事业单位分类改革积极推进。

6. Deepening reform in key areas and enhancing the vitality of economic and social development

We lost no opportunity to carry out reform and achieved great progress in a number of key areas.

We vigorously reformed the fiscal and taxation systems, improved the system of transfer payments and established a mechanism for ensuring basic funding for county-level governments across the country. County- and township-level governments became more capable of providing basic public services. We put in place the basic framework of a system of budgets for public finances, government-managed funds, state capital operations and social security funds, and all extrabudgetary funds were placed under budgetary management. We unified the corporate tax systems for domestic and overseas-funded enterprises, implemented VAT reform, reformed pricing of refined oil products and related taxes and fees, carried out pilot projects to replace business tax with VAT, and reformed the resource tax system. This strengthened the role of the fiscal and taxation systems in accelerating the change of the growth model.

We comprehensively deepened reform of the financial system. Specifically, we smoothly completed the transformation of large state-owned commercial banks into joint-stock companies and carried out reform of policy-based financial institutions in an orderly way. We made notable achievements in reforming rural credit cooperatives, implemented new oversight and supervision standards in the banking industry, launched the ChiNext stock market, and introduced stock index futures and securities margin trading. We deepened reform of the insurance industry and opened it wider. We improved the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate, made steady progress in making interest rates more market-based and promoting the RMB's convertibility under capital accounts, established a macroprudential policy framework, and expanded the use of the RMB in cross-border trade and investment. China's banking, securities and insurance industries became significantly more resilient to risks and internationally competitive, and they underpinned our successful response to the global financial crisis.

Reform of state-owned enterprises deepened, their performance improved and their competitiveness was significantly enhanced. We formulated the Guidelines on Encouraging and Guiding the Sound Development of Nongovernmental Investment and rules for their implementation, and the environment for the development of the non-public sector of the economy improved. We adopted a system for compensating for ecological damage and carried out trials for trading pollution discharge and carbon emission rights. We carried out function-based reform of public institutions.