2016届高三（牛津版）英语一轮复习讲义 语法精讲 第十一讲 特殊句式和主谓一致

　　第十一讲　特殊句式和主谓一致

　　一、倒装

　　种 类 倒装条件 例　句

　　全部倒装 (1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语如here等置于句首且主语是名词时。 ①Hearing the dog barking fiercelyaway fled the thief.

　　温馨提示　上述情况中若主语是人称代词则不用倒装。

　　(2)代词such放在句首且在句中作表语时。 Such are the facts；no one can deny them.

　　(3)为平衡句子结构或使上下文衔接紧密常将作表语的形容词、副词、分词或介词短语提到句 ①Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.

　　②Hanging on the wall is a beautiful picture.

　　部分倒装 (1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句且放在句首时。 ①(2017·高考江西)Only when he apologizes for his rudeness will I speak to him again.

　　②Only then did I know the importance of learning.

　　(2)含有否定意义的副词或词组(never等)位于句首时。 Never before has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.

　　部分倒装 (3)hardly... when, (also)．..等引导两个分句时若hardly, 位于句首前一个分句用部分倒装后一个分句不变。 ①Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.Not only was the coat soft，but it was also warm.

　　(4)so/neither/nor置于句首意为“也”或“也不”表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人 ①He is a doctor.So is his wife.

　　②Lily can’t ride，neither/nor can Lucy.

　　(5)so/such...that...句型中当such＋或so＋位于句首时主句部分倒装从句不倒装。 ①So small was the market that I could hardly see it.So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.

　　(6)though/as引导让步状语从句时意为“尽管”通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前；若表语是名词其前不用冠词。常见结构：状语表语动词＋though＋主谓结构。 ①Try as he would, Unsatisfied though he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.

　　(7)当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were或should等时如将if省略则要将had, 或should等移到主语之前。 Had I attended the meeting

　　1．(2017·高考陕西卷)No sooner ________ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. B．Mo Yan had解析：选A。考查倒装句以及时态。句意：莫言一登上舞台观众就发出了雷鸣般的掌声。no sooner...than...“一……就……”是一个固定搭配而且主句通常用过去完成时态；no sooner置于句首时其后用部分倒装所以选择A项。(2017·高考大纲全国卷)________ the nurses want a pay increase解析：选D。考查倒装句。句意：护士们不仅要求提高工资还要求缩短工作时间。not only在句首引起句子时该句用部分倒装其结构为not only do/will/can etc.因此D项正确。(2017·高考湖南卷)Only when you can find peace in your heart ________good relationships with others.解析：选A。考查倒装句。句意：唯有找到内心的宁静方能维持人际关系的和谐。“only＋副词/介词短语/状语从句”置于句首时句子(主句)要用部分倒装语序。本题中时间状语从句when you can find peace in your heart 被only修饰且置于句首故主句用部分倒装结构。二、强调句

　　强调句 (1)It ishat/who可以对除谓语以外的成分进行强调。当强调部分为“人”时可用that或who其他情况下用that。 (2017·高考湖南卷)It’s not doing the things we likethat makes life happy.

　　(2)一般疑问句：Is＋it＋...that？　特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is＋it＋that/who...？ ①The patient looks much better.What is it that has made him what he is today?Was it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down？

　　(3)“not...until...”句型的强调句：It is (2017·高考天津卷)It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.

　　强调谓语动词 do＋动词原形(只用于肯定句并且只有现在时和过去时) ①I do hope you can take my plan into consideration.did write to you last night.

　　1．(2017·高考四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school________ Mr. Smith got angry?解析：选D。考查强调句型。强调句型结构为：It is/ was＋被强调部分＋that＋剩It is/was与that去掉看剩余句子成分是否完整。经判断句子成分完整因此可以断定本句是强调句空格处应用that。另外由“Was it...？”可知本句为强调句型的一般疑问形式。(2017·高考福建卷)It was the culture________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.

　　A．whereB．why

　　C．thatD．what

　　解析：选C。考查强调句型。句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。该题强调主语the culture其中rather than the language为插入语是迷惑部分所以空格处应用that。三、省略

　　状语从句 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句中有be动词时be动词。 ①(2017·芜湖一中高三模拟)Every day after I went home, if not tired from work, .

　　②(2017·高考天津卷)Although small宾语从句 “替代性”省略：not与be afraid, 等连用代替否定的宾语从句代替肯定的宾语从句但表示否定意义时e与be afraid只用I hope的形式而think, 等有两种形式即：I think/believe/suppose not和I don’t think/believe/suppose so。 ①—Do you think it will rain？I hope not/so.

　　②—Do they mind you smoking there？

　　I don’t think so/I think not.

　　动词不定式 不定式符号to的省略 (1)感官动词或使役动词(如feel, 等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略to但在被动语态中不能省略(let除外)。 ①I heard someone

　　in the next room.

　　②My mother wouldn’t

　　let me go to see the film.

　　(2)在do nothing but do, ..等句型中省略to。 I would prefer to swim rather than play football.

　　不定式的省略 (1)使用不定式符号to来代替不定式后被省略的动词常在be afraid, seem, try, want，wish等的后边。 I asked him to see the film, want to.

　　(2)在某些形容词如glad等后面使用不定式符号to来代替省略的动词。 —Will you join in the game？glad to.

　　(3)如果不定式中含有通常保留be, 和have been。—Are you a sailor？

　　—No, but I used to be.

　　1．(2017·高考湖南卷)Children________by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.

　　A．to be accompanied B．to accompany

　　C．accompanyingD．accompanied

　　解析：选D。考查省略。when引导时间状语从句逻辑主语是题干的主语children把该时间状语从句补充完整为when children are accompanied by their parents。根据状语从句省略的条件可以省去主语和系动词故选D。(2017·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police ________解析：选B。考查动词不定式符号to的保留、不定式符号to后面的省略以及不定式的否定形式。句意：那个司机想把他的小汽车停在路边但是警察让他不要把车停在路边。通过分析题干再结合句意可知动词不定式符号to后面省略了“park his car near the roadside”全句补充完整是“The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside.”。在此种用法中可以只在句中保留不定式符号to从而把与前面重复的内容省略；动词不定式的否定形式是直接在不定式符号to的前面加上否定副词not/never故答案选B项。四、其他句式祈使句的固定句式(1) 祈使句＋and＋简单句可译为“如果……就……”。(2) 祈使句＋or/otherwise＋简单句可译为“……否则……”。(3) 名词词组(多含有more)＋and＋简单句可译为“如果再……就……”。(2017·高考大纲全国卷)Call me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the lab result.明天给我打电话2．感叹句的固定句式(1) What＋a/an＋形容词＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！＝How＋形容词＋a/an＋单词名词＋主语＋谓语！(2)What＋(形容词)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！ (3) How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！ (4) How＋主语＋谓语！what terrible problems we would face. 这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。反意疑问句(1)祈使句的反意疑问句肯定的祈使句简短问句用will you/won’t you。否定的祈使句简短问句用will you。(2)主从复合句的反意疑问句与主句的主谓语保持一致。但当陈述部分是I/We think/believe/expect/suppose加从句时疑问句应和从句的人称There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent，is there?

　　毫无疑问你认为他是无辜的。难道不是吗？温馨提示　当陈述部分为否定式反意疑问部分为肯定式时其回答往往与汉语不一致要特别注意！汤姆不知道这事对吧？对他不知道。/不他知道。

　　(2017·高考重庆卷)—I spent two weeks in London last summer.ing your stay，________ you?

　　A．mustn’tB．haven’t

　　C．didn’tD．hadn’t

　　解析：选C。考查反意疑问句。句意：——去年夏天我在伦敦度过了两个星期。——那么在此期间你肯定参观了英国博物馆是不是？must have done结构在句中表示对过去事情的推测当句末有反意疑问的语气时可分为两种情况： (1)句中没有明确的过去时间状语时反意疑问句结构为“haven’t/hasn’t...”；(2)句中有明确的过去时间状语时反意疑问句结构为“didn’t...？”。根据题干中的过去时间状语last summer以及during your stay可五、主谓一致

　　含all等的名词词组作主语所指的内容是复数意义时谓语动词用复数；反之用单数。 All of my classmates work hard.

　　②All of the water is up now.

　　在主谓倒装句中谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。 Between the two windows hangs a picture.

　　用and或both...and连接并列主语其内容是复数的谓语动词用复数。若and连接的两个单数主语指同一人、同一物或同一概念谓语动词用单数。 ①The teacher and writer has already come to the meeting.Both my brother and my sister are workers.

　　主语后面接连接性短语时谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well asas，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。 ①Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me.like you and Betty，is very clever.

　　以or等连接的名词或代词作主 ①Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.

　　②Are not only you but also he wrong？lots of，plenty of，a great/large number of等以及分数、百分数表示“许多”后接可数名词时谓语动词用复数。(large) quantities of修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词一般用复数；a(large)quantity of作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词。 ①There are large quantities of food in the shop.A number of students like English very much.

　　the number of＋复数名词＋不可数名词等构成的短语作主语时谓语动词用单数。 The amount of money spent on the project is great.

　　many a＋名词单数＋名词单数and＋no/each/every/many a＋名词单数”作主语谓语动词用单数。 ①Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.More than one question was raised.

　　当其他名词性从句或动名词短语作主语时谓语动词通 What he said leaves much for us to think about.

　　1．(2017·高考湖南卷)All we need ________a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.解析：选C。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：我们所需要的就是一小块地而已在那里我们可以在整个作物生长期内栽种各种各样的果树。当all及“百分数或分数＋of”等后接名词作主语时句子谓语动词形式根据其后的名词而定。而根据句中的All we need可知这里说的是现在的2．(2017·高考江苏卷)Generally________essential to their development.

　　A．is B．are

　　C．was

　　D．were

　　解析：选A。句意：一般说来别人对其期望值高的学生他们的内students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others，中心词inner motivation显然为第三人称单数。再根据generally(一般说来)判断该句话讲的是通常情况所以用一般现在时。解答该类题目的关键在于找准中心词。

　　1．(2017·合肥质量检测)—________you got Wang Feng’s autograph photo?？See？Easy!B．When it was that解析：选C。考查强调句型的特殊疑问句。句意：——你怎么会有汪峰亲笔签名的照片的？——难道你不知道我去他的现场演唱会了吗？看到了吗？很简单！根据答句可知此处解释了答话人是如何拥有汪峰亲笔签名的照片的故用引导词how。结合句中的时态可知应用一般过去时。由强调句型的特殊疑问句形式“特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋从句”可知项正确。(2017·安徽合肥名校实验部高三模拟)It was not the word you said________angered Mr. Zhang________ you said it.

　　A．that；howB．which；what；thatD．which；why解析：选A。考查强调句和名词性从句。句意：不是你说的话激怒了张老师而是你说话的方式(激怒了他)。第一空填“that”与It was构成强调句型；第二空填how表方式在此引(2017·湖南部分重点中学联考)When we________a mistake解析：选A。考查强调句。句意：当我们的确犯错误时我们必须尽快地、公开地并完全地do，表示强调。(2017·湖南湘潭模拟)Only after the teacher explained it to me a second time ________ the question.解析：选B。考查倒装句。句意：只有在老师向我再次解释以后我才明白这个问题。“only＋状语”位于句首时句子要用部分倒装且根据explained可知用一般过去时故选B项。________trembling in wet clothes.

　　A．stood a girlB．a girl stood

　　C．did a girl standD．had a girl stood

　　解析：选A。考查倒装句。句意：让我很吃惊的是门口站着一个正在颤抖的女孩衣服湿透了。介词短语置于句首且句子主语为名词时句子要用全部倒装即“介词短语＋谓语＋主语”结构。故选A项。(2017·天津六校联考)________C．As they tried hardD．They tried as hard解析：选A。考查倒装句。句意：尽管他们尽力了但他们还是没能让她改变主意。as引导让步状语从句时可以把状语或者表语放于句子的前面采用部分倒装的形式故选A项。(2017·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)The director was fully convinced that this moving storyfor television，would be a hit.

　　A．adaptedB．being adapted

　　C．to be adapted D．having been adapted

　　解析：选A。考查省略。此处为条件状语从句中的省略省略了主语及系动词补全后为if it was adapted for television因此选择A。(2017·陕西长安一中、高新一中等五校模拟)Hey；you must have stayed up late last night________？解析：选D。考查反意疑问句。句意：嘿看看你苍白的脸色你昨天晚上肯定熬夜了是不是？由句中的“must have stayed up late last night”可知此处是对过去情况didn’t you。Each of the students who________coming to the party ________ bringing a gift.

　　A．is；areB．are；is；isD．are；have been解析：选B。考查主谓一致。句意：来参加聚会的每个学生都会带来一份礼物。先行词“the students”在定语从句中作主语表示复数概念所以定语从句中的谓语动词用复数；主语“Each of the students”作整个主句的主语表示单数概念所以主句中的谓语动词用单数。故选B项。(2017·湖南五市十校联合检测)You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all________plenty of drinking water with you.

　　A．to bringB．brought

　　C．bringingD．bring解析：选D。考查祈使句。句意：去山里散步之前你应该做好充分的准备。最重要的是要带足够多的饮用水。分析句子结构及语境可知后一句缺少谓语故选D项。此处为祈使句结构。________？don’t I

　　C．can youD．can’t you

　　解析：选C。考查反意疑问句。在反意疑问句中当陈述部分是“I don’t think/suppose/expect/believe等＋宾语从句”结构时附加问句应与从句一致同时要注意陈述部分的否定转移现象。分析本题的句子结构可知应选C。the cat out of the bag.

　　A．did the silence comeB．came the silence

　　C．the silence comingD．the silence came

　　解析：选B。考查倒装句。在题干中副词“Then”位于句首时句子应使用全部倒装结构由此可排除未使用倒装的C、D两项；A项为部分倒装形式也可B项为全部倒装结构。________that she has won her first Australian Open title in Melbourne.

　　A．was Li Na performedB．Li Na has performed

　　C．did Li Na performD．Li Na is performing

　　解析：选C。考查倒装和时态。句意：李娜的表现如此好她已在so...that...引导的状语从句强调的部分位于句首时其后的主句部分要用部分倒装形式故排除B、D两项；李娜和perform是主动关系并且此处表示发生在过去的事情故排除A项而选C项。(2017·成都第一次诊断)Don’t press the red button________you will set off the alarm.

　　A．butB．or

　　C．soD．and

　　解析：选B。考查祈使句。句意：不要按红色按钮不然警报就会拉响。在固定句式“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中祈使句相当于一个条件符合该条件就会有后面的结果就用连词and；不符合该条件就不会有后面的结果就用连词or。故B项正确。！Here is a message on my cellphone！It’s a trick.Many a person________by such tricks.解析：选A。考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：——嘿我手机上有一个短信告诉我已获得巴黎周末双人游的大奖。——删掉吧那是个many a＋单数名词”作主语谓语动词用单数形式表示复数的含义根据句意可知许多人已经被骗过故用现在完成时的被动语态。