2015届高考英语一轮基础语法专项训练：专题十三 《名词》（人教版）

　　专题十三　名词

　　◆名词的考查要点

　　1．可数名词的数

　　这里主要讲其不规则变化。

　　(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。

　　(2)合成名词的复数。如：boy­friend→boy­friends，go­between→go­betweens(中间人)，grown­up→grown­ups。

　　(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

　　(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。

　　2．不可数名词的数

　　(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

　　①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。

　　抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)

　　in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

　　win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

　　win honor赢得荣誉 an honor引起尊敬的人(事)

　　failure失败 a failure失败者

　　by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历

　　with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

　　②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。

　　A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

　　Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?

　　It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

　　She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

　　(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。

　　物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

　　3．名词所有格

　　“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

　　(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

　　(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。

　　4．名词作定语

　　英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

　　(1)分类意义。

　　air pollution 空气污染boy friend男朋友

　　coffee cup咖啡杯

　　body language身体语言

　　road accident交通事故

　　the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

　　(2)时间、地点、称呼等。

　　Doctor Jack杰克医生　Professor Li李教授

　　evening school夜校

　　winter sleep冬眠

　　(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。

　　reception desk接待台

　　sports field田径场

　　stone table石桌

　　color TV彩电

　　5．几组常考名词辨析

　　(1)cause，reason，excuse

　　cause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of; reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for; excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。

　　Carelessness is the cause of the accident.

　　The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.

　　Late again! What’s your excuse of this time?

　　(2)sight，view，scene，scenery

　　①sight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。

　　Come and see the sights of London.

　　②view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。

　　We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.

　　③scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。

　　The sunrise is a beautiful scene.

　　I was touched by the happy scene.

　　④scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。

　　The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.

　　(3)award，reward

　　两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于award sth.to sb.中；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于reward sb.for sth.。

　　He won the first award in the singing contest.

　　He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.

　　(4)habit，custom，customs

　　habit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。

　　题组训练

　　选词填空

　　1．“Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！” the mother shouted，with clearly panic in her voice.

　　2．There’s a tradition in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.

　　3．What’s the point，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?

　　4．The lack of eco­friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.

　　5．Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s reach.

　　6．We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.

　　7．How can I reward you for your help?

　　8．Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

　　◆语法填空

　　A

　　In the clinic，I asked if Michael could be retested，so the specialist tested him again.To my 1.disappointment(disappoint)，it was the same score.

　　Later that evening，I tearfully told Frank 2.what I had learned that day.After talking it over，we agreed that we knew our son much 3.better(good) than the IQ test.We decided that Michael’s score must have been a mistake and we should treat him naturally 4.as usual.

　　We moved to Indiana in 1962，and Michael studied at Concordia High School in the same year.He got good grades in the school，especially 5.in biology and chemistry，which was a great comfort.

　　Michael entered Indiana University in 1965 as a pre­medical student，soon afterwards，his teachers permitted him to take more courses than required.In 1968，he was accepted 6.by the School of Medicine，Yale University.

　　On 7.graduation(graduate) day in 1972，Frank and I attended the ceremony at Yale.After the ceremony，we told Michael about the low IQ score he got when he was six.It was his special way of thanking us for the faith we had in him.

　　8．Interestingly(interest)，Michael then asked for another IQ test.We went to the same clinic，9.where he had received the test eighteen years before.This time Michael scored 126，an increase of 36 points.A result 10.like that was supposed to be impossible.

　　B

　　I still remember when father taught me how to say “I love you”，I would scream back with “I love you，dad.”

　　When I was growing up，I found that I had little in common 1.with my father.Sometimes we often argued about something 2.sharply(sharp) and then the argument changed into a quarrel.I knew there’s a gap 3.between us for the age.The words “I love you” disappeared for a long time.

　　My father needed 4.an operation，but the doctors weren’t sure 5.if/whether my father was able to survive it.Everything in my childhood 6.appeared(appear) in my mind.Then I called him and said，“Dad...I love you！” There was a 7.silence(silent) at the other end and he replied，“Well，I love you，too.”

　　A few weeks later I received my father’s call，“Paul，I love you.” I was so touched that my tears rolled 8.down my cheeks.Both of us realized that this special moment had taken our relationship to a new level.

　　At last，my father narrowly escaped 9.death(dead) following the heart operation.I can’t imagine that 10.if I did not take the first step and Dad did not survive the operation，what kind of life I would have now.