2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第1部分 专题1 动词的时态和语态（新人教版）

　　◆动词时态的核心考点

　　1．一般现在时考点分析

　　(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。

　　Time and tide wait for no man.

　　(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。

　　They always care for each other and help each other.

　　(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。

　　Smith owns a car and a house.

　　All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

　　(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。

　　If you will accept my invitation and come to our party，my family will be pleased.

　　(5)少数用于表示起止或转移的动词如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。

　　The shop closes at 11：00 p．m.every day.

　　Tomorrow is Wednesday.

　　2．一般过去时考点分析

　　(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。

　　We met her in the street yesterday.

　　When he was young，he took cold baths regularly.

　　(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。

　　He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

　　(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。

　　He bought a watch but lost it.

　　The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her.

　　(4)常用一般过去时的句型。

　　Why didn’t you think of that?

　　I didn’t notice it.

　　I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

　　I didn’t recognize him.

　　3．一般将来时考点分析

　　(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow，next week等。

　　We will have a meeting tomorrow.

　　(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作。

　　We’ll die without air or water.

　　(3)表示趋向行为的动词如come，go，start，begin，leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。

　　The students are leaving on Sunday.

　　(4)be going to do，will/shall do，be to do，be about to do的用法及区别：

　　be going to do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。

　　be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。

　　If it is fine，we’ll go fishing.[√]

　　If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.[×]

　　be to do表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。

　　A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o’clock this afternoon.

　　be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。

　　Autumn harvest is about to start.

　　4．现在进行时考点分析

　　(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时正在进行的动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always，often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩。

　　She is teaching English and learning Chinese.

　　He is working on a paper.

　　I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.

　　We are leaving on Friday.

　　The girl is always talking loud in public.

　　(2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。

　　①表示心理状态、情感的动词：like，love，hate，care，remember，believe，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。

　　②表存在状态的动词：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。

　　③表示行为结果的动词：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。

　　④表示感官的动词：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。

　　5．过去完成时考点分析

　　(1)常用过去完成时的几种情况。

　　①在by，by the end，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。

　　By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cars.

　　The train had left before we reached the station.

　　②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned...＋to have done。

　　③“时间名词＋before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词＋ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。

　　He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.

　　Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.

　　④在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。

　　We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.＝No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.

　　(2)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

　　After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.

　　We arrived home before it snowed.

　　6．过去将来时考点分析

　　过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。

　　He always said that he would study hard at that time.

　　7．过去进行时考点分析

　　过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

　　He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.

　　8．现在完成时考点分析

　　(1)现在完成时除可以和for，since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。

　　(2)下列句型中常用现在完成时。

　　It is(has been)＋一段时间＋since从句

　　This(That/It) is the first(second...) time that＋现在完成时

　　This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting...＋that＋现在完成时

　　(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。

　　I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.

　　If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better.

　　Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

　　9．注意几组时态的区别

　　(1)一般过去时与现在完成时：

　　①时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时，如含有ago，last year，just now，the other day等。

　　②结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。

　　(2)过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。

　　◆动词被动语态的核心考点

　　动词的被动语态的构成方式：be＋过去分词，口语中也用“get/become＋过去分词”表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。

　　1．使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。

　　(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。

　　My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

　　An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.

　　I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.

　　(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。

　　The boss made him work all day long.

　　He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．

　　(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。

　　The children were taken good care of (by her)．

　　Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

　　(4)情态动词，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be＋过去分词。

　　(5)当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。

　　类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that...

　　2．不能用被动语态的几种情况。

　　(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。

　　(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。

　　(3)表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。

　　(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。

　　(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。

　　(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。

　　3．主动形式表被动意义。

　　(1)当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write等带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。

　　The fish smells good.

　　This kind of cloth washes easily.

　　These novels won’t sell well.

　　My pen writes smoothly.

　　The door won’t lock.

　　(2)当break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。

　　The plan worked out successfully.

　　The lamps on the wall turned off.

　　(3)want，require，need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。

　　(4)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

　　(5)在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。

　　This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.

　　The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

　　注意：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。

　　4．被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。

　　be seated坐着；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿着

　　5．被动语态与系表结构的区别。

　　此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：

　　被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。

　　The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)

　　The book is well sold.(系表结构)

　　◆谓语动词与语法填空

　　在语法填空中，动词的时态是必考内容。其中，最常考的是一般过去时或者主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时态，以及现在进行时、过去进行时和一般将来时。

　　被动语态是常考的内容，会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态。

　　典题试做1

　　用所给动词的正确形式填空

　　1．It was raining lightly when I

　　(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn’t care.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　arrived

　　解析　主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时was raining，后一句中用了一般过去时didn’t care，根据语境此处要用一般过去时态。

　　2．This cycle

　　(go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　goes

　　解析　此处指这种循环不断地持续下去，由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情况是客观事实，故用一般现在时态。

　　3．He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what

　　(leave)．(2015·广东)

　　答案　was left

　　解析　除去卖掉的和换其他食物的牛奶，剩下的他就用来制作奶酪和黄油。分析句子结构可知，这里是what引导的一个宾语从句，根据句意可知用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was left。

　　4．In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland，Ohio.It

　　(be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　was

　　解析　事情发生在1969年，是一个过去的时间，故此处要用一般过去时。故填was。

　　5．Be patient！Tai Chi

　　(call) “shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water：...(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　is called

　　解析　根据后一句可知用一般现在时，且Tai Chi与call之间是被动关系，所以要用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is called。

　　6．James has just arrived，but I didn’t know he

　　(come) until yesterday.(2017·重庆)

　　答案　was coming

　　解析　know后面为宾语从句，从句动词相对于know而言指将要发生的动作，而come，leave等瞬间动词可用进行时态表示将来的动作。根据didn’t可知此处应该用过去进行时态表示过去将来的动作。故填was coming。

　　应对策略1

　　1．句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。

　　2．句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意只有及物动词才有被动语态。

　　3．在确定谓语动词的时态和语态时，我们可从四个方面来进行判断：

　　(1)看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句。

　　(2)看上下文的谓语动词的形式。

　　(3)看是否是特殊的句型。如：

　　①was/were about to do...when...did ...

　　②It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句(一般过去时)

　　③It/This/That is the first time that...have/has done...或It/This/That was the first time that...had done...

　　④It’s (high time) that...did/should do...

　　⑤Hardly had＋主语＋done...when...did...或No sooner had＋主语＋done...than...did...

　　这样的句型还有很多，平时要注意积累。

　　(4)看与主语存在主动关系还是被动关系。若是被动，还需看所给词是否为及物动词，是否考查主动表被动等。

　　(5)注意主谓是否一致。

　　◆谓语动词与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于谓语动词的考查点常会涉及到考查上下文时态不一致、被动语态漏掉be或过去分词拼写错误。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．When I was a child，I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　think→thought

　　解析　整个语境讲的都是过去的事情，所以think也是当时的想法，故应该用一般过去时，故think改为thought。

　　2．In the mornings，it was full of students exercising.The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees...(2015·浙江)

　　答案　is→was

　　解析　从前一句中的it was到后面一句的there was可以判断整个语境应该是一般过去时，所以将is改为was。

　　3．A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　telling→told

　　解析　句子的主语为A woman，谓语为saw，crying为宾补，and连接的是两个谓语，而不是两个宾补，所以telling改为told。

　　4．Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　去掉been

　　解析　studies与show之间为主动关系，所以去掉been。

　　5．Tony was scared and begun to cry.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　begun→began

　　解析　was scared 与 begun是由and连接的两个并列谓语，由was scared可知应用一般过去时，begin的过去式是began，begun是其过去分词，所以begun改为began。

　　6．The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　have→has

　　解析　本句主语为The early morning barking，barking为不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数第三人称形式，故谓语动词have改为has。

　　7．My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass...(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　look→looks

　　解析　由下文可知，语境为一般现在时，而且主语为第三人称单数My dream school，因此谓语动词应用第三人称单数，故look改为looks。

　　8．Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　drank→drunk

　　解析　tea与drink之间为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，动词drink的过去分词为drunk。故drank改为drunk。

　　应对策略2

　　做动词类改错题时，需注意以下几个方面：

　　(1)判断一般现在时与一般过去时是否错用；

　　(2)and，but，so，or等并列连词前后的时态是否一致；

　　(3)除了时态，还要注意主谓是否一致；

　　(4)看是否考查虚拟语气；

　　(5)看谓语部分是否缺少动词，特别是be动词；

　　(6)看动词的形式是否正确，尤其是第三人称单数形式是否错用；

　　(7)看主动语态和被动语态是否错用。

　　◆书面表达中谓语动词易错点聚焦

　　1．中式英语比比皆是。

　　(误)I very like listen music and every day I also will see some newspapers.

　　(正)I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well.(习惯性动作用一般现在时)

　　(误)I don’t know I should do what.

　　(正)I don’t know what I should do.

　　2．句子没有谓语动词或一个句子中出现多个谓语。

　　(误)The windows broken.

　　(正)The windows broke.

　　(正)The windows are (were) broken.

　　(误)Today，the largest number of people speak English may be in China.

　　(正)Today，the largest number of people who speak English may be in China.

　　(正)Today，the largest number of people speaking English may be in China.

　　3．动词的时态、语态及系动词be随意乱用。

　　(误)Recently，the CCTV and some TVs began to take some measures.

　　(正)Recently，the CCTV and some TVs have begun to take some measures.

　　(误)She liked it very much and reads it to the class.

　　(正)She liked it very much and read it to the class.

　　(误)People were used to believe that the earth was flat.

　　(正)People used to believe that the earth was flat.

　　(误)Our village has taken place great changes.

　　(误)Great changes have been taken place in our village.

　　(正)Great changes have taken place in our village.

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course.Being too anxious to help an event develop often

　　(result) in the contrary to our intention.

　　答案　results

　　解析　动名词短语作主语是第三人称单数，空格处作谓语，又根据语境分析，这个谚语所说明的道理是个客观真理，故用一般现在时态第三人称单数results。

　　2．If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌词)

　　(speak) in the background of the songs.

　　答案　are spoken

　　解析　notice后是一个由how引导的宾语从句，该从句中缺谓语，而且the lyrics与动词speak之间是动宾关系，因此用被动语态。根据语境可知这里讲的是一般情况，故用一般现在时。

　　3．By the time you have finished this book，your meal

　　(get) cold.

　　答案　will get

　　解析　by the time引导时间状语从句，从句中用现在完成时代替将来完成时，故主句应该用一般将来时。

　　4．They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house

　　(rebuild)．

　　答案　is being rebuilt

　　解析　句意为：目前，他们正和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建中。房子和重建之间为被动关系，根据句意可知，“房子正在重建之中”，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。

　　5．I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I

　　(do)．

　　答案　am doing

　　解析　根据题干所提供的信息可知，设空处表示现在正在进行的动作，应用现在进行时。

　　6．Did you predict that many students

　　(sign) up for the dance competition?

　　答案　would sign

　　解析　考查动词的时态。that引导宾语从句，由主句中的Did可知表过去；根据predict可知从句的动作应该发生在将来，故用过去将来时。

　　7．In order to find the missing child，villagers

　　(do) all they can over the past five hours.

　　答案　have been doing

　　解析　句意为：为了找到那个失踪的孩子，在过去的五个小时里，村民们一直在竭尽全力(寻找)。根据over the past five hours可知用现在完成进行时，表示动作开始于过去，持续到现在，且现在还在进行。

　　8．Don’t worry.The hard work that you do now

　　(repay) later in life.

　　答案　will be repaid

　　解析　考查动词的时态和语态。根据later in life可知，设空处用一般将来时，又因为主语the hard work与动词(repay)为被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。

　　9．After school we went to the reading­room to do some reading，only to be told that it

　　(decorate)．

　　答案　was being decorated

　　解析　考查动词的时态及语态。根据句中的went可知，空格处也应该用过去的某种时态；又根据句意可知空格处叙述正在发生的情况；根据it(the reading­room)与decorate之间的关系可知用被动语态，所以用过去进行时的被动语态。

　　10．This is the first time we

　　(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.

　　答案　have seen

　　解析　“It is the＋序数词＋time＋that从句”为固定句型，that从句需用现在完成时。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．As I tell you last time，I made three new friends here.

　　答案　tell→told

　　2．My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party.My mum makes the best biscuits in the world，so I decide to ask her for help.

　　答案　decide→decided

　　3．I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station.I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.

　　答案　去掉had

　　4．Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain!

　　答案　去掉were/looked

　　5．Suddenly Mary，my best friend，asking me to let her copy my answers.

　　答案　asking→asked

　　6．Here I am in the middle of a city,350 miles away from our farmhouse.Do you want to know why we move last week?

　　答案　move→moved

　　7．I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.

　　答案　will→would

　　8．Thank you for all you had done for me.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you.

　　答案　had→have

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(时态和语态专练)

　　A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent” woman 1.is seeking(seek) professional help after being convicted of (证明有……罪) shoplifting for the second time in six months.

　　Aha Luz，recently studying for PhD 2.has been told(tell) she could end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops.

　　Luz，who 3.lives(live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road，Cambridge,4.admitted(admit) stealing clothes worth 9.95 pounds from Lewis in Oxford Street，London，on March 9.

　　Philip Lomoyne，prosecuting(起诉)，said Luz 5.selected(select) some clothes from display and 6.took(take) them to the ladies toilet in the store.When she came out again she 7.was wearing(wear) one of the skirts she 8.had selected(select)，having taken off the anti­security alarm.

　　She 9.was stopped(stop) and caught after leaving the store without paying，Mr.Lomoyne said.

　　He added that she was upset on her arrest and 10.apologized(apologize) for her actions.

　　B

　　As an old English saying goes，“Honesty is the best policy.” It is more than an old cliché(陈词滥调)，but 11.a good way to live your life.

　　First，honesty is the 12.easiest(easy) choice that we can make.When people get caught in lies，it always costs them something.Many relationships are destroyed by lies.

　　Second，honesty gives us much 13.freedom(free)．Many people believe that being honest limits them in life，but that is not true.Sooner or later those dishonest people 14.will pay(pay) a price for their acts；on the contrary，when we are honest，we are 15.truly(true) free.

　　If there were two people 16.standing(stand) before you，a person with a record of being honest and a person 17.who/that is known to be dishonest，who would you be more likely 18.to believe(believe)？I’m sure most people would side with the honest person.19.Either we live in the truth or we live in lies.Truth sets us free and lies leave us in nothing but more troubles.Honesty is a choice that we make each day.The choice is 20.yours(you)．What will you choose?