2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第2部分 专题4 介词和介词短语（新人教版）

　　介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；双重介词，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分词介词，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。

　　1．介词搭配

　　(1)“动词＋介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。

　　①rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)

　　②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)

　　③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)

　　④介词＋the＋部位与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s＋部位，可换用)

　　strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用)

　　catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)

　　hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)

　　⑤prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用)

　　⑥persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与into连用)

　　⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)

　　⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)

　　⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)

　　注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。

　　⑩say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

　　(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

　　reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱/跳，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask for请求，use...for用作，leave for前往，take...for把……误以为，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助/救于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare...to把……比作，send for派人去请/拿……，sail for驶向，起航，set out for动身去，go in for爱好……

　　(3)常见的“形容词＋介词”搭配。

　　worthy of值得的，be far from离……远，be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，be free from没有……/免除……，be proud of/take pride in为……自豪，be satisfied with/by对……满意，be sure of/about确信，be fond of喜欢，be fit for适合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事，be full of充满，be ready for准备，be similar to与……相似

　　(4)“名词＋介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。

　　the absence of water缺水

　　the hope of success成功的希望

　　have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会

　　take pride in them为他们感到骄傲

　　the key to the question问题的答案

　　a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药

　　the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

　　his absence

　　the way

　　2．核心介词用法归纳与辨析

　　(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

　　表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。

　　还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。

　　注意：①at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜间)。

　　②in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意为“在……以后”。

　　(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

　　on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning

　　on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Children’s Day

　　on March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1

　　early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)

　　on a rainy night，on warm winter days

　　(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at，如小时、分钟等。

　　at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six

　　at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)

　　at the age of 15，at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble)

　　注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。

　　next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years

　　one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。

　　(4)till，until的用法。

　　till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。

　　He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

　　He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a．m.

　　注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。

　　Not until 9 a．m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

　　(5)in，later，after的用法。

　　①in＋一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

　　②一段时间＋later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

　　③after＋一段时间：表示“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after，即after＋点时间，用于各种时态。

　　The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

　　She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

　　He received her letter after four weeks.

　　另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下：

　　in a week’s time＝in a week

　　They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

　　My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)

　　I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)

　　(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。

　　①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。

　　②on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。

　　Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

　　Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)

　　Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)

　　The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

　　③across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。

　　They walked across the playground.

　　I walked through the forest.

　　④over，above译作“在……之上”；under，below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。

　　A little boat is now under the bridge.

　　There is a bridge over the river.

　　The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)．

　　The window is well above the tree.

　　(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。

　　①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour)．(按by＋the＋单位名称，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。

　　②表泛指的方式、手段

　　by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope

　　交通工具类

　　by bus/train/car/taxi

　　by bike/bicycle，on horseback/foot

　　by plane/jet/spaceship/air

　　by ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water

　　另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用……方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)。

　　③表方式、手段的其他用法

　　He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/器械)

　　One smells with his nose.(with＋人体器官，但by hand手工，用手)

　　He stood up with pride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)

　　注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。

　　(8)表示“除……之外”的常用词。

　　①besides 除……以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且，更何况”。

　　There will be five of us for dinner，besides John.

　　It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.

　　②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。

　　We all went except John.

　　注意：在否定句中，besides与except可以换用。

　　He has no other hats except/besides this one.

　　③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“except that＋句子”意思相同。

　　He was very clever except for carelessness.

　　④except that...除了……一点以外。

　　He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

　　⑤but与except

　　but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：

　　(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

　　All but one are here.

　　Nobody but I likes making model ships.

　　(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

　　He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)

　　(C)but与一些固定结构连用。

　　have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for...若不是……

　　(9)between与among

　　between通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。

　　Ann is between Tom and Bill.

　　Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.

　　They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

　　She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)

　　A horse can be seen between trees now.

　　among表示三者以上之间。

　　The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

　　He was happy to be among friends again.

　　We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)

　　London is among the largest cities.(＝one of与最高级连用)

　　(10)表原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to。

　　He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

　　The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

　　He was praised for his bravery and courage.

　　The accident is due to your careless driving.

　　(11)不定式复合结构中的for，of。

　　这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

　　It is clever of you to answer it like that.

　　It is quite hard for me to explain why.

　　注意：it is＋adj.＋of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。

　　(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。

　　①after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

　　The children went home at once after school.(介词)

　　They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)

　　②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可兼作副词。

　　He ran down the hill.(介词)

　　Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词)

　　③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

　　All the students got to school before me.(介词)

　　We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

　　Haven’t I seen you before？(副词)

　　(13)介词的省略。

　　某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。

　　Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.

　　She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.

　　(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

　　①要求接to的名词有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。

　　The key to success is preparation.

　　②要求接in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。

　　He is an expert in teaching small children.

　　◆介词与语法填空

　　在语法填空中，介词是必考内容。常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等以及习惯用语中的介词。

　　典题试做1

　　在空白处填入适当的介词

　　1．For those who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away

　　car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　by

　　解析　根据句意可知，这只是驱车一小时的路程。“by＋交通工具名词”为一固定短语。

　　2．When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day：

　　the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　at

　　解析　at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用介词短语。故填at。

　　3．He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby

　　other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015·广东)

　　答案　for

　　解析　本句话中exchange 的意思是“交换”，根据句意可知，Johnson先生用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用了固定短语exchange...for...，故填介词for。

　　4．When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next

　　the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　to

　　解析　考查固定短语中的介词。此处是一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。

　　5．Don’t laugh

　　me.I may look funny.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　at

　　解析　考查固定搭配中的介词。laugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑”。

　　6．I didn’t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged

　　the reservation.(2017·广东)

　　答案　for

　　解析　考查固定搭配中的介词。联系空后的the reservation可以知道，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charged for是固定搭配。

　　应对策略1

　　如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。

　　◆介词与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、缺少介词或介词多余的情况。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　on→with

　　解析　with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。故on改为with。

　　2．One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　on→in

　　解析　玩具应该是在“在橱窗内”，用介词in。故on改为in。

　　3．Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015·四川)

　　答案　去掉with

　　解析　动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故去掉with。

　　4．My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.(2015·浙江)

　　答案　from→of

　　解析　考查固定表达。此处表示的是“教室的三面是由玻璃制成的”，从制成品中可以看出原材料，应用be made of结构，所以应将from改为of。

　　5．My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015·陕西)

　　答案　去掉in

　　解析　last week上个星期，在此句中作状语，前面无需加冠词。

　　6．If you hear the alarm，stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.(2017·四川)

　　答案　wait后加for

　　解析　wait为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词for。

　　7．The more friends we have，the more we can learn for one another，and the more pleasure we can share together.(2017·大纲全国)

　　答案　for→from

　　解析　learn from sb.向某人学习，为固定搭配。

　　8．My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird.(2017·陕西)

　　答案　on→at

　　解析　shoot...at...把……瞄准……，为固定搭配。

　　9．If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.(2017·浙江)

　　答案　on→in

　　解析　in need需要，为固定搭配。

　　10．We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening music.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　listening后加to

　　解析　listen为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。

　　应对策略2

　　(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是缺少介词。

　　(2)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。

　　(3)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如 next year常写成in the next year。

　　(4)某些及物动词短语中介词缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。

　　(5)有些及物动词多加了介词，如 enter the room常写成enter into the room，return my book常写成return back/to my book等。

　　(6)注意分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。

　　◆书面表达中介词易错点聚焦

　　1．句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少

　　2．因不熟悉介词及介词短语语法功能和不同搭配而造成语句混乱，搭配不当等错误。

　　(误)I often come to school take bus，but sometimes I come by my father’s car.

　　(正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my father’s car.

　　3．英汉差异造成的介词错用

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．It has no religious significance；the founders

　　the movement adopted it in honor of Switzerland.

　　答案　of

　　解析　考查介词。这里表示的是这项活动的创办者，用of表示所属关系。

　　2．“If you see us，” Velez tells them，“don’t hide！We have come to rescue you.” Velez gives his presentations

　　English and Spanish.

　　答案　in

　　解析　表示“使用”某种语言要用介词in。

　　3．He spent all day helping others，handing out charity to the poor，and looking after abandoned animals.Very seldom did he ever do that

　　anything.

　　答案　for

　　解析　for表示“为了”，指他很少会为了得到什么而这样做。

　　4．Many of my friends met

　　Wednesday in the early morning to go to a specific parking lot sale held at a store.

　　答案　on

　　解析　表示“具体在某一天”要用on。

　　5．The global journey is led by an expedition leader，Steve Moore，

　　memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.

　　答案　in

　　解析　in memory of sb.是固定短语，表示“为了纪念某人”。

　　6．With a sound data basis，this study explains the difference

　　the widespread belief that children bring happiness and the fact that most researches find either a negative or no significant relationship between parenthood and well­being.

　　答案　between

　　解析　本句比较了“the widespread belief that children bring happiness”和“the fact that...”两者之间的差异，故用between。

　　7．Are you tired of being lonely because of not having any friends？There are many ways to make friends now

　　even leaving your home.Thanks to the Internet，anything is possible if you know where to find friends online.

　　答案　without

　　解析　根据语境可知第二句句意为：现今有很多即使不离开家也可以交朋友的办法。

　　8．An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are

　　it.

　　答案　against

　　解析　考查介词的基本用法。句意为：达成一致意见看来是不可能了，因为委员会中大多数成员都表示反对。be against反对。

　　9．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients

　　name，not case number.

　　答案　by

　　解析　句意为：如今一些医院以名字来叫病人，而不是以病例号。by name 是固定短语，意为“凭名字”。

　　10．Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek

　　food safety problems.

　　答案　to

　　解析　句意为：有时候，解决食品安全问题的好办法并不难找到。answer后需与to连用，意为“……的答案；……的解决办法”。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．When the teacher asks us very difficult questions，I’ll think quickly and stand to answer.

　　答案　stand后加up

　　2．The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.

　　答案　去掉of

　　3．Mr.Johnson is a hardworking teacher.Every day，he spends too much time with his work.

　　答案　with→on

　　4．Gradually，I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.

　　答案　去掉into

　　5．There had been a terrible accident on the highway and，for a result，there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.

　　答案　第一个for→as

　　6．But on today，at this special time，I just want to tell you loudly：I love you，Mom!

　　答案　去掉on

　　7．To begin with，all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only when we have a real need.

　　答案　去掉第二个to

　　8．When I tore apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That’s it.No more toys to you.”

　　答案　to→for

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(介词专练)

　　I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1.with a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.for them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.on their own，without any children or friends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.to me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechless when told a total stranger had paid 5.for them.All of us were nearly 6.in tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me.

　　Two months later I got a call 7.from a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasn’t expecting anything 8.in return，but I became famous 9.for that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.to us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers?

　　B

　　Just as I began a new job in New York，I had to learn another important job：father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 11.projects(project)，and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 12.needed(need) me.I was puzzled and didn’t know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day，during my business trip in Chicago，I came 13.across an old family friend Dan,14.who was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.15.It was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression，he was very upset and wanted 16.to give(give) up，but my father，his doctor，encouraged him to go on 17.fighting(fight) against depression.My father said to him，“You have 18.a wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.It’s family that we live for—not just ourselves.Think of that 19.and you will know life’s worth the fight.” His words touched me，and I 20.suddenly(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them.