2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第2部分 专题5 形容词和副词（新人教版）

　　1．形容词和副词的作用与位置

　　形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：

　　(1)形容词短语作定语，须后置。

　　a task difficult to finish

　　(2)表语形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well，faint，ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体或精神上“不适的”“不健康的”“有病的”等，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思，则通常只作定语。

　　He’s been ill since then.

　　By ill luck，my flight had been cancelled.

　　(3)形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。

　　I have something important to tell you.

　　(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

　　(5)enough修饰名词前置或后置；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。

　　(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。

　　We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

　　(7)频度副词如often，always，usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。

　　(8)副词作定语，须后置。

　　The person there is waiting for you.

　　(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)＋观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)＋形状或样式词＋大小、长短或高低词＋年龄或新旧词＋颜色词＋产地或来源词＋材料或种类词＋用途词＋名词。

　　a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella

　　(10)以­ly结尾的词性辨析。

　　①下列单词以­ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely等。

　　②表原意(无­ly)和引申意(有­ly)的副词：

　　③有无­ly意义大不相同的副词：

　　2．形容词和副词的比较等级

　　(1)原级的构成和用法。

　　构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。

　　用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数＋as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构。

　　Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.

　　This building looks not so(as) high as that one.

　　Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.

　　This room is three times as large as that one.

　　(2)比较级和最高级的构成。

　　掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。

　　(3)比较级的用法。

　　①表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级＋than”的结构表示。

　　This picture is more beautiful than that one.

　　②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示。

　　This room is less beautiful than that one.

　　③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰。

　　He works even harder than before.

　　注意：(A)英语的比较级前如无even，still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”。

　　She is better than she was yesterday.

　　Please come earlier tomorrow.

　　(B)by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。

　　He is taller by far than his brother.

　　He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

　　④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the＋比较级(主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(主语＋谓语)”的结构(意为“越……越……”)。

　　The harder he works，the happier he feels.

　　⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”的结构。

　　The weather is getting colder and colder.

　　⑥某些以­ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于……)，junior(资历较浅的)，senior(资格较老的)，prior(在……之前)等。

　　He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

　　⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。

　　The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one) on the desk.

　　A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.

　　⑧倍数表达法。

　　(A)A is three(four，etc.) times the size(height，length，etc.) of B.

　　The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.

　　(B)A is three(four，etc.) times as big(high，long，etc.) as B.

　　Asia is four times as large as Europe.

　　(C)A is three(four，etc.) times bigger(higher，longer，etc.) than B.

　　Your school is three times bigger than ours.

　　注意：用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double。

　　(4)最高级的用法。

　　①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。

　　Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.

　　He works (the) hardest in his class.

　　②最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really，nothing like等词语所修饰。

　　This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not really/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.

　　③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

　　④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。

　　He is the tallest (boy) in his class.

　　⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。

　　Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.

　　⑥否定词＋比较级＝最高级

　　He has never spent a more worrying day.

　　(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。

　　①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。

　　②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。

　　He is a most clever young policeman.(a most＝very)

　　The film is most interesting.(most＝very)

　　③表示两者间“较……的一个”，比较级前加the。

　　Who is the older of the two boys?

　　④在“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构中，可用省略形式。

　　The more，the better.

　　(6)由as组成的形容词或副词短语。

　　①as much as＋不可数名词　数量多达……

　　Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.

　　She could earn as much as 100 dollars a week.

　　②as many as＋可数名词　数量多达……

　　I have as many as sixteen reference books.

　　③as early as早在

　　As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.

　　④as far as远到；就……而知(论)

　　We might go as far as(走到) the church and back.

　　As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.

　　⑤may(might，could) as well不妨，不如

　　Then you might as well stay with us here.

　　⑥as...as one can尽某人所能的……

　　They are as unreliable as they can be.

　　He began to run，as fast as he could.

　　⑦as...as possible尽可能……的

　　Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.

　　3．几组重要的词语辨析

　　(1)very和much的区别。

　　①可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。

　　②表示状态的分词形容词前用very。如a very frightened boy，a very tired child，a very complicated problem。一般情况下，以­ing，­ed结尾的分词形容词多用much，very much/greatly等修饰。

　　We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.

　　I was much amused by Jack’s attitude.

　　③已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting/worrying/exciting。

　　④too前用much，a lot或far，不用very。如：You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外，在too many/much，too few/little前可用far。

　　There’s far too little opportunity for adventure these days.

　　We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.

　　⑤关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：(A)修饰“绝对”意义的形容词，一般不用very，而用quite，completely，well，entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken，sure)，completely dead，quite impossible，quite perfect等。(B)修饰以a­开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone，very much alone，wide awake，fast asleep，very much afraid。(C)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth，much the same，freezing cold，quite different，terribly cold/frightening。

　　(2)so...that...与such...that...的区别。

　　注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such，当名词前有many，much，little，few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如so much progress，so many people，so little food，so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列短语中so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem，so difficult problems，so hot weather。

　　(3)其他几组词的辨析。

　　①ago，before：ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。

　　②already，yet，still：already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。

　　③too，also，either：too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语；either用于否定句。

　　④good，well：与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”；well还可作副词修饰动词。

　　⑤quick，fast：作形容词皆表示“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。

　　⑥real，true：作形容词皆表示“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。

　　⑦hard，difficult：均表示“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。

　　◆形容词和副词与语法填空

　　在语法填空中，形容词和副词相关的词类变换以及形容词和副词的比较等级考查较为频繁。

　　典题试做1

　　用括号内所给词的正确形式填空

　　1．Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it

　　(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　regularly

　　解析　该词修饰谓语动词arrange，故要用其副词形式。故填regularly。

　　2．

　　(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(2015·广东)

　　答案　Luckily

　　解析　用副词形式修饰整个句子且位于句首。故填Luckily。

　　3．As

　　(nature) architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　natural

　　解析　修饰名词architects，故要用形容词形式。

　　4．While there are

　　(amaze) stories of instant transformation，...(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　amazing

　　解析　此处用形容词修饰名词stories。amaze的形容词有两个，一个是amazing，另一个是amazed。修饰物(stories)当然用amazing。

　　5．There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and

　　(disappoint)．(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　disappointed

　　解析　本句的主语是some of them，此处and连接两个并列成分，再结合前面的形容词anxious可知，此处也应该填一个形容词。故此处用disappointed表示“他们中有些人感到失望”。

　　6．Finally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is

　　(clean) than ever.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　cleaner

　　解析　从后面的than可知此处要用比较级，因此要用cleaner。

　　7．After our plane landed，we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months

　　(early)，but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.(2017·广东)

　　答案　earlier

　　解析　由had made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前，故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了，故用比较级earlier。

　　8．The

　　(hard) you try to beat him，the more likely you will get hit.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　harder

　　解析　考查固定句式。这里是“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”句式，表示“越……就越……”。故填harder。

　　应对策略1

　　1．作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。注意常考动词分词的形容词化，其形容词的形式有：­ing结尾的和­ed结尾的两种。

　　2．若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较等级或最高级；注意than或比较级的修饰词等标志性词或上下文中暗含的比较；其次还要注意一些特殊句式，如：the＋比较级，the＋比较级，“否定词(can’t/couldn’t)＋比较级”表示最高级等。

　　◆形容词和副词与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于形容词和副词的考查主要涉及词性混乱或错用(含­ed形容词与­ing形容词)、修饰词错用或多余以及比较等级的误用等方面。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　seriously→serious

　　解析　名词前应该用形容词作定语。故seriously应改为serious。

　　2．Dad and I were terrible worried.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　terrible→terribly

　　解析　worried为形容词化了的过去分词，修饰形容词应该用副词，所以将terrible改为terribly。

　　3．On the left­hand side of the class，I could easy see the football field.(2015·浙江)

　　答案　easy→easily

　　解析　考查形容词和副词的错用。修饰动词see要用副词形式。

　　4．I thought the biscuits were really well.(2015·陕西)

　　答案　well→good

　　解析　本句句意为：我当时认为饼干真的很好。good作形容词，意为“好的”，而well作形容词意为“身体健康的”。由句意可知此处应用good。

　　5．My mum makes the better biscuits in the world，so I decided to ask her for help.(2015·陕西)

　　答案　better→best

　　解析　后面有表示范围的in the world，所以应该用形容词的最高级。故better改为best。

　　6．Much rare animals are dying out.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　Much→Many

　　解析　animals为可数名词复数形式，所以用many修饰；much只能修饰不可数名词。故Much改为Many。

　　7．He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　去掉very

　　解析　此处为so...that...句式，所以much前用副词so修饰。故去掉very。

　　8．The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　taste→tasty

　　解析　句中的small，juicy与taste并列，所以应该都用形容词，故将taste改为tasty。

　　9．Nearly five years before，and with the help of our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　before→ago

　　解析　相对于说话时以前用ago；相对于过去的某个时间或动作之前才用before。故before改为ago。

　　10．As a result，the plants are growing somewhere.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　somewhere→everywhere

　　解析　somewhere意为“某处”，而句意为“植物到处生长”，故somewhere应改为everywhere。

　　应对策略2

　　对于形容词和副词的考查，注意以下几点：

　　(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词。

　　(2)作状语，修饰动词、形容词、全句，用副词。

　　(3)注意比较级与最高级的比较对象或范围；单音节形容词的比较级前，不可再加more。

　　(4)注意many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修饰词的用法。

　　◆书面表达中形容词和副词易错点聚焦

　　1．搭配错误，如：

　　2．汉语干扰，词性混乱

　　(1)形容词误作动词

　　(误)He eager to know everything about China.

　　(正)He is eager to know everything about China.

　　(2)形容词与名词混淆

　　(误)The sport teaches us the important of obedience.

　　(正)The sport teaches us the importance of obedience.

　　(3)形容词与副词混淆

　　(误)Unfortunate，many people are ignorant of it.

　　(正)Unfortunately，many people are ignorant of it.

　　3．比较级的错误表达，如：

　　(误)The sea level is rising more and more high.

　　(误)The sea level is rising more and more higher.

　　(正)The sea level is rising higher and higher.

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was

　　(health)．

　　答案　healthy

　　解析　句中缺表语，根据空后提示词及语意可知，此处应填health的形容词形式healthy。

　　2．It might have made it a little

　　(hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.

　　答案　harder

　　解析　设题处为it的宾语补足语，故判定为形容词，又结合a little可以修饰形容词比较级及句意可知，填harder。

　　3．Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a

　　(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggar’s cheek，and left a 100­dollar bill to him.

　　答案　homeless

　　解析　此处需要形容词修饰名词beggar。由句意“……他突然发现一个无家可归的乞丐躺在人行道中间……”可知所填形容词意为“无家可归的”，故填homeless。

　　4．The more we do for the people，the

　　(happy) we’ll be.

　　答案　happier

　　解析　考查“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，由句意“我们为人民做得越多，就越幸福。”可知填happier。

　　5．The lyrics of the songs make rap music

　　(true) unique.

　　答案　truly

　　解析　这里用副词修饰形容词unique。

　　6．Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple

　　(violence) action.

　　答案　violent

　　解析　修饰名词action且表示“由暴力引起的”应用violence的形容词形式。

　　7．They were

　　(clear) long­standing customers，and I suppose they must have stayed

　　(faith) to him because he had promised to sell fruit of good quality.

　　答案　clearly；faithful

　　解析　第一空用副词修饰整个句子。第二空用形容词形式在句子中作stayed的表语。

　　8．The conclusions are contained in the agency’s

　　(late) report.

　　答案　latest

　　解析　考查形容词。修饰名词应用形容词，再根据句意可知空格处意为“最新的”，故填latest。

　　9．The teacher replied，“You tasted the water.I tasted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be

　　(sweet)．”

　　答案　sweeter

　　解析　考查比较句型。Nothing could be sweeter.没有比这更甜的东西了。用sweet的比较级和否定代词nothing搭配，表示最高级的意义。

　　10．For some reason he sat beside Mary.Mary felt

　　(please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.

　　答案　pleased

　　解析　根据系动词felt可判定后面跟形容词，又因主语为人，故用加­ed的形容词，填pleased(高兴的)。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．That is too much for us，considering how closely the houses are.

　　答案　closely→close

　　2．Don’t panic or get out of line，and try to remain quiet and calmly.

　　答案　calmly→calm

　　3．Beside，Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day.

　　答案　Beside→Besides

　　4．No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket­owner before.

　　答案　previous→previously

　　5．My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.

　　答案　immediate→immediately

　　6．I remember my grandfather very much.

　　答案　much→well/clearly

　　7．To make matters bad，now I have to share a room with my younger sister，Maggie.

　　答案　bad→worse

　　8．I am awfully tiring，but I know I’ll never fall asleep.

　　答案　tiring→tired

　　9．Today we had a chemistry test.I found the test difficulty，but I tried hard to do it.

　　答案　difficulty→difficult

　　10．After waiting for about half an hour，I was beginning to get impatiently.

　　答案　impatiently→impatient

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(形容词和副词专练)

　　I don’t think there is much 1.difficulty(difficult) in learning English well，because as long as you master the method and work hard，you can make progress 2.rapidly(rapid)．I believe that the 3.harder(hard) you work at your study，the better you can learn it.For example，Li Ping，a friend of mine，is the 4.most hardworking student in our class，and he gets 5.higher(high) marks than any other student in our class in every English test.

　　Led by him，all the students in our class are studying English harder 6.than before.As a result，in the 7.latest(late) English test，our class was the 8.better(good) of the two key classes in our school，and the number of students who got excellent marks is twice 9.larger(large) than that of the other.10.Therefore，all of us should study hard no matter what we learn.

　　B

　　A：What kind of music do you like listening to?

　　B：I like music 11.that/which has a fast beat and is lively，like dance music.You know，I go to a disco almost every week.Sometimes it’s too loud though.You prefer classical music，don’t you?

　　A：Yes，I do.I find 12.it very relaxing.I often listen to Mozart or Bach in the evening after 13.a hard day at work.

　　B：I must admit that I like several pieces of classical music.It’s certainly more complex 14.than modern dance music.

　　A：Classical music is supposed to be good for your brain.Research suggests that it 15.makes(make) your brain more active.Students who listen to classical music while 16.studying(study) perform better.

　　B：Really? Perhaps I should listen to classical music more often.I heard that listening to classical music is 17.helpful(help) in reducing stress.

　　A：Yes.That’s 18.why I listen to it in the evenings.I 19.usually(usual) play it as background music while I’m doing some housework.

　　B：That’s a good idea.Classical music might make you clever，but dance might make you livelier and happier.

　　A：That’s true.There’s clear 20.evidence(evident) that people who listen to lively music are lively people.Music can influence a person’s feeling and character.

　　B：Exactly.