2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第3部分 专题1 定语从句（新人教版）

　　1．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。

　　2．位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。

　　Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.

　　3．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。

　　先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some­，any­，every­，no­ 与 ­body，­thing的合成词；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。

　　4．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。

　　关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。

　　关系副词：when，where，why等。

　　5．确定关系词的步骤：

　　(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。

　　(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。

　　注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。

　　(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。

　　This is the place which is worth visiting.

　　(2)关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。

　　There are many places we can visit (them) in China.

　　6．在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：

　　(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。

　　(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。

　　(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。

　　(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。

　　He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.

　　(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。

　　The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

　　(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。

　　Which are the books that you bought for me?

　　7．宜用which而不用that的情况：

　　(1)在非限制性定语从句中。

　　(2)在关系词前有介词时。

　　(3)当先行词本身是that时。

　　(4)关系词后有插入语时。

　　8．关系词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。

　　(1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。

　　(2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。

　　(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。

　　Who is that girl that is standing by the window?

　　(4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。

　　9．whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。

　　Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving?

　　There is a room，whose window faces the river.

　　10．关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。

　　(1)先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many(much)中，从句都用as 引导。

　　Such books as you bought are useful.

　　The school is just the same as it was 10 years ago.

　　注意：①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much。②the same...that...引导定语从句。如：I want to use the same tool that you used just now.

　　(2)先行词为句子的定语从句用as和which引导。

　　区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。which引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。

　　He didn’t pass the exam，as we had expected.

　　There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out.

　　As is known，the earth is round.

　　11．关系副词when与where，why，that

　　when 指时间＝in/at/on/during which

　　where指地点＝in/at/from which

　　why指原因＝for which

　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为the way，the time，the day，the place等，在口语中that常被省略。

　　I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks.

　　This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.

　　12．必须注意的问题：

　　(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。

　　(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。

　　①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。

　　②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词。

　　③去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。

　　It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句)

　　It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)

　　(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

　　①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。

　　②同位语从句的引导词被叫做连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。

　　Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)

　　We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)

　　(4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。

　　①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。

　　②关系词作表语。

　　(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。

　　(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：

　　①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one为先行词)

　　He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students为先行词)

　　②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?

　　Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday?

　　③He stood at the window，from where he could see what was happening.

　　④It may rain，in which case the match will be put off.

　　◆定语从句与语法填空

　　定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确定用何关系词。

　　典题试做1

　　在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词

　　1．When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market

　　people from the towns met regularly.(2015·广东)

　　答案　where

　　解析　根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词the market，故填where。

　　2．Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit

　　is driving your family crazy.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　that/which

　　解析　考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词为前面的habit，而该定语从句缺少主语，因此要用that或which引导。

　　3．People should not do things

　　will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.(2017·湖南)

　　答案　which/that

　　解析　本句中含有定语从句，先行词是things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，可以使用which或that引导定语从句。

　　4．Nick’s guests，

　　had heard their conversation，asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.(2017·广东)

　　答案　who

　　解析　该空需填一个定语从句的引导词，先行词为Nick’s guests，指人，故引导词用who。

　　5．Of course whenever they turned to look at him，they had to look at Mary，

　　made her feel like a star.(2017·广东)

　　答案　which

　　解析　由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容，故用which引导。

　　6．Behind him were other people to

　　he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.(2011·广东)

　　答案　whom

　　解析　此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为other people，指的是人，而且与介词to连用，所以填whom。

　　应对策略1

　　一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语和宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。

　　◆定语从句与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　that→which

　　2．Third，we should find ways to reuse the water used in washing，especially bath water for which is quite a lot，and that will save much water.(2017·大纲全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　去掉for

　　解析　此处考查which引导的定语从句，which在从句中作主语，从句是主系表结构，句子成分齐全，for在此处多余，故去掉。

　　3．There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of who has been to China several times.I just can’t wait.(2011·重庆)

　　答案　who→whom

　　解析　非限制性定语从句中“介词of＋whom”，不能用who。

　　4．It turned out to be her own cup，that she’d left on the shelf by mistake.(2010·陕西)

　　答案　that→which

　　解析　逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 her own cup，故应用which引导，不能用that。

　　5．One day I saw a second­hand bicycle，that was only one hundred yuan.(2009·辽宁)

　　答案　that→which

　　解析　逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a second­hand bicycle，故应用which引导。

　　应对策略2

　　确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：

　　1．找出先行词；

　　2．看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分(作主语、宾语还是状语)；

　　3．选择合适的关系词。

　　◆书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦

　　(一)定语从句意识缺失

　　1．关系代词被普通代词取代

　　(误)I have many collections of stamps，some of them are my favorite.

　　(正)I have many collections of stamps，some of which are my favorite.

　　2．关系代词遗漏

　　(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.

　　(正)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows.

　　第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。

　　(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句

　　1．有从无主式

　　(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.

　　(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.

　　(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，has a variety of hobbies.

　　第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。

　　2．从句成分残缺式

　　(误)Those who against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.

　　(正)Those who are against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.

　　第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。

　　3．画蛇添足式

　　(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.

　　(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.

　　(误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.

　　第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。

　　第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。

　　第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．According to Dr.Lance Workman，these people may develop a temporary moral code in their minds

　　justifies their actions：there are rich people who have things I don’t have so it’s right that I take it.

　　答案　which/that

　　解析　which/that引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。

　　2．This is the very factory

　　they visited last summer holiday.

　　答案　that

　　解析　先行词为factory，其前有very修饰，定语从句只能用that引导。

　　3．When facing hardships，only those

　　are confident will achieve success.

　　答案　who

　　解析　关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰前面的those(那些人)。

　　4．That evening，

　　I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

　　答案　which

　　解析　本题考查定语从句。先行词为that evening，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I will tell you more about that evening later，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作about的宾语，且表示“物”，故用which引导。

　　5．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without

　　help I would never have got this far.

　　答案　whose

　　解析　分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的引导词，先行词为Professor Smith，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Without Professor Smith’s help I would never have got this far，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作help的定语，故答案为whose。

　　6．After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，

　　urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.

　　答案　who

　　解析　本题考查非限制性定语从句。将先行词people代入定语从句后为：people urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive，可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以用who。

　　7．We live in an age

　　more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

　　答案　when

　　解析　本题考查定语从句。先行词是age，因为关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。

　　8．The next day，my brother and I went to the beach

　　we watched some people play volleyball.

　　答案　where

　　解析　考查定语从句的引导词。分析结构可知，关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。

　　9．He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of

　　were published in the 1990s.

　　答案　which

　　解析　根据句子结构可知此处考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，代指前面的先行词books，故应填which。

　　10．We’ll reach the sales targets in a month

　　we set at the beginning of the year.

　　答案　which/that

　　解析　考查分割式定语从句，先行词the sales targets与关系代词which/that被in a month隔开，先行词在定语从句中充当动词set的宾语，故填which/that。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．I’ve never heard of the people and things which you talked about just now.

　　答案　which→that

　　2．This is the only question which has been answered.

　　答案　which→that

　　3．This is the museum where we visited last Sunday.

　　答案　where→which/that或去掉where

　　4．We have made the same mistake which you made last time.

　　答案　which→as

　　5．I shall never forget the years I spent in the country with the farmers，that has a great effect on my life.

　　答案　that→which

　　6．A young man had a new girlfriend，who he wanted to impress.

　　答案　who→whom

　　7．I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together.

　　答案　when→which/that或去掉when

　　8．The visitors saw rows of houses，the roofs of whose are red.

　　答案　whose→which

　　9．Please tell me the way which you did the job.

　　答案　which→that或去掉which或which前加in

　　10．Little has been done what is helpful to our work.

　　答案　what→that

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(定语从句专练)

　　Yangshuo，China

　　It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn’t care.A few hours before，I’d been at home in Hong Kong,1.where I breathed with its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.

　　I’d skipped nearby Guilin,2.which is a dream place for tourists 3.who/that seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，I’d headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 5.who fly to Guilin，it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.

　　Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers 6.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 7.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families 8.that are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,9.which is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

　　B

　　There was a boy who was excellent at his study except for his poor handwriting.One day he made up

　　11.his mind to improve it.With the strong will，he made use of old newspapers to write on to reduce his family’s burden.12.As time went on，he found that little progress was made 13.although/though he had practised a lot，which made him quite upset.

　　14．Disappointed(disappoint)，he turned to his teacher for help.After hearing his story，the teacher 15.advised (advise) him to use the best paper rather than the old newspapers.Much to his puzzle as well as delight，by following his teacher’s 16.suggestion(suggest)，he did make it.The teacher then explained to him，“the key

　　17.to your success is that you couldn’t take it seriously with so many old newspapers.18.whether you wrote it well or not didn’t matter at all .Instead，while using the paper，you treasure it because it costs you much.Therefore，you devote yourself to 19.practising(prastise) so as not to waste the best paper and the money.”

　　So do you treasure everyday by leading 20.a meaningful life or do you regard your daily life just as “the old newspapers”？