2017届高考英语一轮语法复习练：第3讲 介词与介词短语（新人教版含解析）

　　第三讲

　　介词与介词短语

　　单句语法填空

　　1．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.

　　2．(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.

　　3．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.

　　4．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I got a place next to the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.

　　5．(2017·广东高考语法填空)I didn’t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.

　　6．(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)Don’t laugh at me. I may look funny.

　　一、介词

　　1．表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near

　　介词 用法 示例

　　at 一般指在较小的地方 I met him at the shop.

　　in 一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内 They arrived in Beijing yesterday.

　　Shandong Province lies in the east of China.

　　on 一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域 The picture is hanging on the wall.

　　Vietnam is on the south of China.

　　to 表示某范围外不接壤的两位置 Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.

　　beside

　　/by “在……的旁边” She was standing beside her mother.

　　There is a small house by the river.

　　near “接近；靠近” There is a supermarket near my home.

　　2．表示方位的between和among

　　介词 用法 示例

　　between 在两者或每两者之间 I sat down between Sue and Jane.

　　among 在三者或三者以上之间 The teacher was standing among the students.

　　3．表示方位的across, through, over和past

　　介词 用法 示例

　　across 从……的表面穿过 He walked across the square to meet us.

　　through 从……的内部穿过 The guide led us through the forest.

　　over 从……的上面跨过 The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.

　　past 从……的旁边经过 She walked past the shop.

　　4．表示时间点的at, in和on

　　介词 用法 示例

　　at 表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日 at 9：00; at noon; at daybreak; at Christmas

　　in 表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚 in the 21st century; in September; in the morning

　　on 表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, May

　　5．表示时间段的for和since

　　介词 用法 示例

　　for “for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语 He has lived in the small village for five years.

　　I studied in Peking University for 4 years.

　　since “since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语 He has worked in this company since graduation.

　　Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o’clock.

　　6．表示交通方式的by, in和on

　　介词 用法 示例

　　by “by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词 My brother usually goes to school by bike.

　　in/on in/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰 My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.

　　7．表示“用……”的by, in和with

　　介词 用法 示例

　　by 指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词 He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young.

　　in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前 All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.

　　with 多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前 They are busy digging with spades.

　　8．表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides

　　介词 用法 示例

　　except 表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除 All my friends took part in the party except John.

　　except for 其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的 His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

　　besides 表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的 He has learned German, French besides English.

　　9．其他常考介词的用法

　　(1)against的用法

　　含义 示例

　　(表示态度)反对 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.

　　(表示对比)以……为背景 The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.

　　(表示方位)倚靠着…… The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.

　　(2)beyond的用法

　　含义 示例

　　(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.

　　(表示时间)晚于…… He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.

　　(表示程度)超出，非……所能及 To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me.

　　(3)over的用法

　　含义 示例

　　(表示方位)越过 The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.

　　(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过 He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.

　　(表示时间或过程)在……期间 I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks.

　　(4)to的用法

　　含义 示例

　　(表示方向、距离)到，向，去 It was on the way to the railway station.

　　(表示时间)直到……为止，到 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.

　　(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言 I prefer oranges to apples.

　　(表示对象关系)属于，对，给 The hospital is attached to the university.

　　达到(某一点或某个限度) Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.

　　(5)under的用法

　　含义 示例

　　在……下面，在……之下 She placed the ladder under the window.

　　在……过程中 The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.

　　(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下 These toys are not suitable for children under five.

　　受……影响 She’s been under a lot of pressure at work.

　　(6)with的用法

　　含义 示例

　　和……一起，和，同，跟 Would you like to go shopping with me？

　　(表示同时或同一方向)随着 With time going by, the little tree has grown up.

　　具有，带有 The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money with me.

　　由于，因为 He trembled with fear.

　　(表示方式)用 He cut it with a knife.

　　二、介词短语

　　介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。

　　①While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the

　　villagers without asking for anything in return.(2017·浙江高考)

　　当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。

　　②Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.On the other hand, it could just put you in debt.(2017·江西高考)

　　自己做生意或许是获得经济独立的一种方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。

　　[知识积累]

　　介词的常用搭配一览

　　1．介词与名词的常用搭配

　　(1)at＋n.表示状态

　　at a loss 不知所措at peace 处于和平中

　　at war 在战争中

　　at work 在工作

　　(2)其他以at开头的介词短语

　　at the beginning of

　　在……的开始

　　at the cost of

　　以……的代价

　　at the risk of

　　冒……的危险

　　at the mercy of

　　在……支配下；任由……摆布

　　(3)on＋n.表示状态

　　on exhibition/show 在展出

　　on fire 着火

　　on sale 出售，打折

　　on the way 在途中

　　on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加

　　on holiday/vacation 在度假

　　on duty/guard 在值班/站岗

　　(4)其他以on开头的介词短语

　　on account of 因为

　　on behalf of 代表

　　on no account/condition 决不

　　(5)by＋n.表示方式

　　by accident 偶然

　　by air/plane 乘飞机

　　by chance 偶然

　　by coincidence 碰巧

　　by hand 用手工

　　by mistake 错误地

　　by the day 按天算

　　by nature 天生地

　　(6)in＋n.表示方式

　　in cash 用现金付款

　　in width 在宽度上

　　in depth 在深度上

　　in detail 详细地

　　in size 在大小上

　　in height 在高度上

　　in length 在长度上

　　in English 用英语

　　(7)其他以in开头的介词短语

　　in need of 需要 in no case 决不

　　in no time立刻

　　in no way 决不

　　in place of 代替

　　in possession of 拥有，占有

　　in addition to 另外

　　in charge of 掌管……

　　in response to作为回应

　　in return 作为回报

　　in spite of 尽管

　　in exchange for 作为交换

　　in favor of 支持，赞成

　　in case of 万一；如果；假如

　　in celebration of 为庆祝……

　　in control of 管理；控制；操纵

　　in honour of 为向……表示敬意

　　in memory of 为了纪念……

　　in support of 为支持……

　　in the charge of 在……的管理下

　　in the direction of 在……方向

　　in the face of 面对……

　　(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)

　　of benefit 有益处的of help 有帮助的

　　of importance 重要的

　　of significance 有意义的

　　of use 有用的

　　of value 有价值的

　　(9)out of＋n.表示状态

　　out of balance 失去平衡

　　out of breath 上气不接下气

　　out of control 不受控制

　　out of date 过期

　　out of debt 不欠债

　　out of order 出故障

　　out of shape 走样，不成形

　　out of sight 看不到

　　out of the question 不可能

　　out of work 失业

　　(10)under＋n.表示被动

　　under attack 遭到袭击

　　under discussion 在讨论中

　　under pressure 在压力下

　　under treatment 在治疗中

　　under control 处于控制之中

　　under construction 在建造中

　　(11)with＋n.表示方式

　　with delight/joy 高兴地

　　with difficulty 困难地

　　with ease轻而易举地

　　with fear 害怕地

　　with pleasure 乐意地

　　(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”

　　beyond compare无与伦比

　　beyond reach够不到

　　beyond description难以描述

　　beyond doubt不用怀疑，确实地

　　beyond expression/words难以表达

　　2．介词与形容词的常用搭配

　　(1)be＋adj.＋about

　　be anxious about

　　忧虑……

　　be curious about

　　对……好奇

　　be particular about

　　对……讲究/挑剔

　　be worried/concerned about

　　对……担心

　　(2)be＋adj.＋at

　　be angry at因……生气

　　be good at擅长

　　be astonished at对……吃惊

　　be present at出席

　　be disappointed at对……失望

　　(3)be＋adj.＋in

　　be absorbed in专注于……

　　be active in积极于……

　　be dressed in穿着……

　　be engaged in 忙于……

　　be rich in富含……

　　be occupied in忙于……

　　be interested in对……感兴趣

　　be involved in包括在……中，被卷入

　　(4)be＋adj.＋for

　　be eager for渴望……

　　be famous for以……著名

　　be fit for适合，胜任……

　　be hungry for渴望……

　　be ready for准备好……

　　be sorry for对……感到抱歉

　　be thankful for因……而感激

　　be anxious for急切盼望，渴望……

　　be prepared for为……做好准备

　　(5)be＋adj.＋from

　　be absent from 缺席

　　be different from 不同于

　　be far from 远离

　　be free from 不受……影响

　　(6)be＋adj.＋to

　　be close to接近……

　　be contrary to与……相反

　　be devoted to致力于……

　　be equal to等于……

　　be familiar to 对……来说熟悉

　　be friendly to 对……友好

　　be good to对……有好处

　　be grateful to对……心存感激

　　be harmful to对……有危害

　　be kind to对……友好

　　be opposed to反对……

　　be similar to与……相似

　　be/get used to (变得)习惯于……

　　(7)be＋adj.＋of

　　be aware of意识到……

　　be fond of喜欢……

　　be full of充满……

　　be proud of因……而自豪

　　be short of缺乏……

　　be tired of厌烦……

　　be ashamed of为……感到羞耻

　　(8)be＋adj.＋with

　　be busy with忙于……

　　be filled with充满

　　be combined with与……结合

　　be content with对……满意

　　be covered with被……覆盖

　　be familiar with对……熟悉

　　be patient with对……有耐心

　　be popular with受……的欢迎

　　be satisfied with对……满意

　　be pleased with对……感到满意

　　by angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒

　　be concerned with与……有关；涉及，关心，关注

　　[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]

　　①(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.

　　②(2016·云南省统一检测)The bridge on the river has a long history. ①on→in

　　②on→over (1)介词与名词搭配不当

　　介词与名词搭配时用哪一个介词取决于其后的名词，这时要根据名词选择适当的介词。

　　(2017·陕西高考)My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird. on→at (2)介词与动词搭配不当

　　介词与动词搭配时介词的使用取决于动词，这时要根据动词选择适当的介词。

　　(2016·潍坊市一模)You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins. of→in (3)介词与形容词搭配不当

　　介词与形容词搭配时介词的使用是由形容词决定的，这时要根据形容词选择适当的介词。

　　①(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.

　　②(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week. ①去掉with

　　②去掉in (4)介词的多余

　　①及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需加介词；

　　②last, next后跟名词表时间时前面无需加介词。

　　(2017·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. wait后加for (5)介词的缺失

　　不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。

　　(2017·浙江高考)If we could show concern to others on need, the world would be a better place to live in. on→in (6)习惯搭配中介词的错用

　　在习惯搭配中介词的使用是相对固定的，不能随意改动。

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．(2016·南昌二中模拟)The two brothers decided to leave at midnight, for they had many miles to cover.

　　2．(2016·山东潍坊三模) The watches arrived in stores in late April. They are sold at different prices, beginning at $349.

　　3．(2016·泰安二模)As an eight­year­old boy, I spent most of that afternoon sitting in the shade while they sweated in the sunshine.

　　4．(2016·山东滕州5月模拟)Years afterward, the nobleman’s son was stricken by a serious disease.What saved him？Penicillin.

　　5．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)The advertisement said that a suitable house in a quiet area was up for sale at a reasonable price, and the house was within a stone’s throw of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to the big city.

　　6．(2016·烟台二模)The purpose of the article is to draw public attention to the problem.

　　7．(2016·石家庄二模)His teacher took a deep drink, smiled warmly, and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.The young man went home with a happy heart.

　　8．(2016·郑州高三诊断)He learned up with scientists from the Free University and divided a farm into eight irrigated areas.

　　9．(2016·三门峡市考前适应性练习)Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered.She found some good quality pipes on sale.

　　10．(2016·石家庄二模)I thought I was totally prepared for the journey, but nothing could have prepared me for my family’s complaints.

　　11．(2016·海口二模)With his incredible talent, Messi has surprised the world.

　　12．(2016·济南二模)The girl in a red dress is my sister, and the red dress looks beautiful on her.

　　Ⅱ.单句改错

　　1．(2016·济南模拟短文改错)Luckily, things have changed. Rubbish is always put into dustbins. People are friendly at animals.at→to/toward(s)

　　2．(2016·山西四校联考短文改错)Gathering around here, we practise spoken English by talking about everything we are interested.interested后加in

　　3．(2016·南宁测试短文改错)I stared at everything as if I were looking at the first time.第二个at→for

　　4．(2016·南昌一模短文改错)I’m

　　going to study in the senior middle school on September; I can live either at school or at home.on→in

　　5．(2016·大连测试短文改错)While waiting the ambulance, I took off my coat to keep the old man warm.waiting后加for

　　6．(2016·潍坊一模短文改错)As we all know, everyone has a dream. I have dreamed of being a doctor since I entered into the primary school.去掉into

　　7．(2016·河南洛阳统考短文改错)She was so grateful about my help that she gave me a big hug when we were going to leave.about→for

　　8．(2016·河北名校联盟监测二短文改错)I believe it’s the best way to get close nature and enjoy its beauty.close后加to

　　Ⅰ.语法填空

　　(2016·宁夏银川一中一模)Scientists have discovered that__1__ (stay) in the cold could help us lose weight.Researchers at the University of California found that exposure to the cold increases levels of a protein that helps form brown fat — the type of fat that produces heat and keeps us warm. Brown fat burns energy, __2__ helps us lose weight.White fat stores extra energy, which results__3__ weight gain.The researchers said that because air conditioning and heating give us constant, __4__ (comfort) temperatures, our body’s need for brown fat has decreased.They found that: “Outdoor workers in northern Finland who __5__ (expose) to cold temperature have__6__ significant amount of brown fat when__7__ (compare) to same­aged indoor workers.”

　　The research was conducted on two different control groups of mice.__8__ group was injected with the protein that helps create brown fat.This group later gained 30% less weight after both groups were fed high­fat diets.The researchers say this could be good news in the fight against obesity.People who are obese have__9__ (low) levels of brown fat than thinner people.Head researcher Hei Sook Sul said: “This protein could become an important target for research into the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity­related diseases.” She added, “If you can somehow increase levels of this protein, you could__10__ (possible) lose more weight even if eating the same amount of food.”

　　1．staying　考查非谓语动词。句意：科学家们发现待在寒冷的环境中会有助于我们减肥。“__1__ (stay) in the cold ”作主语，且表示抽象概念，故用动名词作主语。

　　2．which　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：褐色脂肪燃烧热量，这可以帮助我们减肥。先行词为前面一句话，关系词在定语从句中作主语且表示“事”，故用which引导。

　　3．in　考查动词短语。result in“引起，导致”。

　　4．comfortable　考查形容词。设空处后为名词，故可判断设空处应用形容词作temperatures的定语。

　　5．are exposed　考查被动语态及主谓一致。设空处为定语从句的谓语动词，它需与先行词outdoor workers(名词复数)保持一致；此外outdoor workers与expose(使暴露)为被动关系，故用被动语态；由主句的谓语动词have判断用一般现在时。综上所述答案为are exposed。

　　6．a　考查冠词。a significant amount of 为固定搭配，意为“大量的”。

　　7．compared　考查非谓语动词。compared to 为固定搭配，意为“与……相比”。

　　8．One　考查限定词。根据上句的“two different control groups of mice”可判断此处用one。

　　9．lower　考查形容词比较级。根据语境中的“than”可判断此处应为形容词的比较级。

　　10．possibly　考查副词。设空处在句中作状语，故用副词形式。

　　Ⅱ.短文改错

　　(2016·辽师大附中高三模拟)Though great progress has been made in science these years, but there are still many people living in poor conditions. They make their lives by collecting and selling used thing. Their children cannot go to school because they have not enough money to send their children to there. Why you think so many people still suffer from poverty now? The answer lies on the population explosion. A president of a developing country once said, “It is us who are to blame for the poverty because we used to ’produce’ child without limit.” Although this few words sound simple enough, they have clear pointed out one of the causes of the population explosion.

　　答案：第一句：去掉but

　　第二句：lives→living; thing→things

　　第三句：去掉there前面的to

　　第四句：Why后加do

　　第五句：on→in

　　第六句：us→we; child→children

　　第七句：this→these; clear→clearly