2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破：第6节 非谓语动词（北师大版）

　　第六节　非谓语动词

　　考点一

　　非谓语动词的时态和语态(以do为例)

　　主动形式 被动形式

　　动词不

　　定式 一般式 to do to be done

　　进行式 to be doing

　　完成式 to have done to have been done

　　完成进行式 to have been doing

　　动词­ing形式 一般式 doing being done

　　完成式 having done having been done

　　过去分词 只有一种形式done

　　考点二

　　非谓语动词作状语

　　1．不定式作状语

　　(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to或so as to。

　　To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.

　　要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。

　　(2)作结果状语，常用结构enough to，too...to ...，only to等。

　　I'm too tired to stay up any longer.

　　我太累了，不能再熬夜了。

　　(3)作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。

　　I'm very glad to meet you here.

　　在这儿遇见你我真高兴。

　　[名师点津]　在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”的结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。

　　The question is very difficult to answer.

　　这个问题很难回答。

　　2．动词­ing形式作状语

　　(1)动词­ing形式作状语时与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，having done表示先于谓语动词所表示的动作。

　　Not knowing his address，I can't call on him.

　　由于不知道他的地址，我无法拜访他。

　　Not having received a reply，he decided to write again.

　　由于没有收到回信，他打算再写一封。

　　(2)动词­ing形式可作时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果、让步等状语。

　　The children came in，singing

　　and jumping.

　　孩子们又唱又跳地进来了。

　　3．过去分词作状语

　　(1)过去分词作状语时与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。

　　Inspired by his speech，we took action at once.

　　在他演讲的鼓舞下，我们马上行动了起来。

　　(2)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时作状语时相当于形容词作状语。

　　After a day's work，he returned home，exhausted.

　　工作了一天后，他回到家，疲惫不堪。

　　4．不定式与动词­ing形式作结果状语的比较

　　不定式作结果状语表示意想不到的结果；而动词­ing形式作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。

　　He hurried to the station，only to find

　　the train had left.

　　他匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经出站了。

　　It rained heavily in the south，causing serious flooding in several provinces.

　　南方下了大雨，造成了几个省严重的洪涝灾害。

　　5．动词­ing形式与过去分词作状语的比较

　　作状语时，是用动词­ing形式还是过去分词，取决于该动词与主语之间的关系，若为主动关系，则用动词­ing形式；若为动宾关系，则用过去分词。

　　Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.

　　从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园更加美丽。

　　Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.

　　从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。

　　考点三

　　非谓语动词作定语

　　1．不定式作定语

　　(1)不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，一般要跟相应的介词。但是，如果不定式修饰的名词是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。

　　He has a lot of problems to deal with.

　　他有许多问题要处理。

　　(2)若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。

　　[名师点津]　用来修饰抽象名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。

　　I don't trust his promise to come for a call.

　　我不相信他来访的诺言。

　　2．动词­ing形式作定语

　　动词­ing形式作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，通常表示动作的主动和进行，或表示所修饰的名词的用途。

　　The girl singing on the stage is his sister.

　　在台上唱歌的那个女孩是他的妹妹。

　　a walking stick手杖

　　3．过去分词作定语

　　及物动词的过去分词作定语时与它修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，通常表示动作的被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，与所修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，只表示动作的完成，不表示被动。

　　Have you ever read the novel written by Mo Yan?

　　你看过莫言的那本小说吗？

　　the risen sun

　　升起来的太阳

　　[名师点津]　to be done，being done与done作定语时的比较：

　　This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.

　　这是明天要讨论的问题。(表被动、将来)

　　This is the problem being discussed now.

　　这是现在正在讨论的问题。(表被动、进行)

　　This is the problem discussed yesterday.

　　这是昨天讨论过的问题。(表被动、完成)

　　考点四

　　非谓语动词作宾语

　　1．有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，常见的有agree，afford，arrange，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise，want(想要)，choose等。

　　I'm too tired.I want to stop to have a rest.

　　我太累了，我想停下来休息一下。

　　2．下列动词或词组只能用动词­ing作宾语。

　　consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/put off，fancy；avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice；deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate；forbid，imagine，risk；can't help (禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape。

　　请牢记下面的口诀：

　　考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。

　　避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。

　　禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。

　　[名师点津]　此外，be used/accustomed to (习惯于)，lead to，devote to，go back to，stick to，object to，get down to，pay attention to，can't stand，give up，feel like，insist on，thank you for，apologize for，be busy (in)，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，spend time (in)等短语后也要用动词­ing形式作宾语。

　　He got well­prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.

　　他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。

　　3．有些动词既可跟不定式又可跟动词­ing形式作宾语，意义区别不大，但表示经常性的动作常用动词­ing形式，表示具体的动作常用不定式，常见的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，hate等。

　　I like playing/to play football.我喜欢踢足球。

　　4．有些动词或短语既可以跟动词­ing形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。如：

　　forget to do sth.忘记要做某事

　　forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事

　　remember to do sth.记住要做某事

　　remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事

　　regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事

　　regret doing sth.后悔做过某事

　　mean to do sth.打算做某事

　　mean doing sth.意味着做某事

　　can't help to do sth.不能帮助做某事

　　can't help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事

　　What a poor memory！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.

　　多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。

　　[名师点津]　动词need，want(需要)，require后跟动词­ing形式作宾语时，主动形式表示被动含义，另外be worth doing也是主动表示被动。

　　The little trees need watering/to be watered.

　　这些小树需要浇水。

　　5．介词后一般跟动词­ing形式作宾语，但but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前面有实意动词do则不带to，反之则带to。

　　He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.

　　他无事可做，只好躺下睡觉。

　　6．动词如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等词后接不定式作宾语，宾语后跟形容词或名词作宾补，此时要用it作形式宾语。

　　He found it hard to solve the problem.

　　他发现很难解答这个难题。

　　7．某些动词跟动词­ing形式作宾语，但需跟不定式作宾补，常见的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。

　　They don't allow smoking in the office.

　　他们不允许在办公室吸烟。

　　They don't allow him to smoke in the office.

　　他们不允许他在办公室吸烟。

　　考点五

　　非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语

　　1．不定式作宾补

　　(1)常跟不定式作宾补的动词有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等，常构成结构tell sb.to do sth.(以tell为例)。

　　The teacher encouraged us to write a composition every week.老师鼓励我们每周写一篇作文。

　　(2)感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补的不定式不带to，但变为被动语态，作主补的不定式需带to。常见的词有：一感觉：feel；二听：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作宾补的不定式符号to可有可无。

　　I saw him go upstairs just now.

　　我刚才看见他上楼了。

　　He was seen to go upstairs just now.

　　有人看见他刚才上楼了。

　　[名师点津]　下列结构中用不定式作主补，例如be said/reported/believed/considered等。

　　Our football team is reported to have won the match.

　　据报道，我们的足球队赢得了这场比赛。

　　2．动词­ing形式作宾补

　　动词­ing形式作宾补时常强调宾语发出的动作正在进行，但并不总是如此。常见带有这种复合宾语的动词有：四让have，get，keep，leave；三看：observe，see，watch；两听：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一发现：find；一感觉：feel等。

　　Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?

　　听！你听到有人喊救命吗？

　　3．过去分词作宾补

　　过去分词作宾补时与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成。

　　Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

　　在史密斯先生度假期间，他家被盗了。

　　考点六

　　非谓语动词作主语和表语

　　1．不定式与动词­ing形式作主语的区别

　　不定式表示某一具体的、尤其是未发生的动作；动词­ing形式表示抽象的、泛指的动作。作主语时常用it作形式主语而把不定式或动词­ing形式置后。

　　Our first task is to set up a communication system.

　　我们的首项任务是安装好通信系统。

　　Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

　　It's no use talking without doing anything.

　　光说不做没有用。

　　2．过去分词与动词­ing形式作表语的区别

　　两者作表语时基本都是已经形容词化了，通常表示“令人……的”，用动词­ing形式；表示“感到……的”，用过去分词。

　　The boy was disappointing.His parents felt disappointed.

　　这个孩子令人失望，他的父母感到很失望。

　　考点七

　　独立主格结构

　　常考的独立主格结构的形式：

　　名词或代词＋

　　The guide leading the way，we had no trouble getting out of the forest.

　　向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。

　　Jim was listening attentively to the lecture，all his attention fixed upon it.

　　吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。

　　[名师点津]　独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：

　　1．独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；

　　2．独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。

　　[本节小结]

　　非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，同时也是较难掌握的难点之一。因此考生在日常学习时要了解非谓语动词及其各种形式的基本用法，不同的非谓语动词形式在句子中具有不同的语法功能，尤其要重点了解分词与不定式作定语的区别、作状语的区别、作补足语的区别、独立主格结构的用法以及非谓语动词在特定语境中的应用等内容。

　　针对训练

　　.单句填空

　　用所给动词的适当形式填空

　　1．(2017·安徽高考)While waiting for the opportunity to get ________(promote)，Henry did his best to perform his duty.

　　【答案】　promoted

　　2．(2017·天津高考)Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only ________(find)it didn't fit.

　　【答案】　to find

　　3．(2017·北京高考) Last night，there were millions of people ________ (watch)the opening ceremony live on TV.

　　【答案】　watching

　　4．(2017·北京高考)There are still many problems ________ (solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.

　　【答案】　to be solved

　　5．(2017·北京高考)The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore，he can go shopping without________(recognize)．

　　【答案】　being recognized

　　6．(2017·大纲全国卷)Today there are more airplanes ________(carry) more people than ever before in the skies.

　　【答案】　carrying

　　7．(2017·福建高考) ________ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

　　【答案】　Having spent

　　8．(2017·福建高考)For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________(connect)．

　　【答案】　connected

　　9．(2017·陕西高考)It's quite hot today.Do you feel like ________(go)for a swim?

　　【答案】　going

　　10．(2017·湖南高考)________(understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

　　【答案】　Understanding

　　11．(2017·湖南高考)There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，________(stare) at the night sky.

　　【答案】　staring

　　12．(2017·湖南高考)________(free) ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.

　　【答案】　To free

　　13．(2017·江苏高考)The lecture ________(give)，a lively question­and­answer session followed.

　　【答案】　having been given

　　14．(2017·江西高考)When it comes to ________(speak) in public，no one can match him.

　　【答案】　speaking

　　15．(2017·江西高考)________(spend) nearly all our money，we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.

　　【答案】　Having spent

　　.语篇填空

　　用适当的词或用所给动词的适当形式填空

　　There is no doubt that the 21st century will be marked by

　　a burst of new science and technology.Yet，the technology such as 1.________ (clone) and the Internet fills everyone's heart with delight as well as awe.

　　Future development of science and technology will bring us with it both benefits and problems.2.________ (be) sure，we human beings will enjoy the fruit of 3.________ (advance) science and technology.Consider the case of cloning.It opens up many 4.________ (excite) possibilities，from saving 5.________ (endanger) animal species to 6.________ (produce)

　　organs for transplant patients.Nevertheless，new science and technology will create a great challenge to all members of society as well.Furthermore，severe air pollution 7.________ (bring) on by the wide use of modern technology will constitute a threat to human survival.

　　In my judgment，however，such problems and dangers will be outweighed by solutions and opportunities 8.________ (offer) by the development of science and technology，and 9.________ (balance)

　　by human beings 10.________ (take) corrective action.

　　【答案】　1.cloning　2.To be　3.advanced　4.exciting　5.endangered　6.producing　7.brought　8.offered　9.balanced　10.to take

　　综合演练

　　语法填空

　　阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的适当形式

　　What would you do if you failed? Many people may choose 1.________ (give)up.However，the surest way of 2.________(achieve) success is 3.________ your direction and stick to your goal.On your way to success，you must keep your direction.It is just like a lamp，guiding you in darkness and 4.________(help) you 5.________(overcome) obstacles on your way.Otherwise，you will easily get 6.________(lose) or hesitate 7.________(go) ahead.

　　Direction means objectives.You can get nowhere without an objective in life.

　　You can try 8.________ (write) your objective on paper and make some plans to achieve it.Only in this way will you know how 9.________ (arrange) your time and to spend your time properly.And you should also have a belief that you are sure 10.________ (succeed) as long as you keep your direction all the time.

　　【答案】　1.to give　2.achieving　3.to keep　4.helping　5.overcome　6.lost　7.to go　8.to write　9.to arrange　10.to succeed