2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破：第11节 特殊句式（北师大版）

　　第十一节　特殊句式

　　考点一

　　倒装

　　1．全部倒装就是把全部谓语提到主语之前，常见的类型有：

　　(1)表示地点、方位或时间的副词或介词短语，如here，there，then，up，down，in，out，away，off，in the room，on the wall等置于句首，且主语是名词时。

　　There goes the bell.Let's go into the lecture hall.

　　铃响了。我们进入演讲大厅吧。

　　At the foot of the mountain lies a village.

　　山脚下有一个村庄。

　　(2)表语置于句首，为保持句子平衡，或以示强调，或使上下文衔接。

　　Present at the meeting were Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests.出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授，还有许多其他客人。

　　2．部分倒装

　　(1)only所修饰的词、短语或从句位于句首作状语时。

　　Only then did he realize the importance of English.

　　只是在那时他才意识到英语的重要性。

　　Only when he came back did we find out the truth.

　　只有当他回来时，我们才查明了事实真相。

　　[名师点津]　当only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。

　　Only you can work out the problem.

　　只有你能解决这个问题。

　　(2)含有否定意义的副词或短语如never，seldom，little，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，not until等位于句首时。

　　Never have I heard a speech as impressive as this.

　　我从未听过这么动人的演讲。

　　At no time should you give up studying.

　　在任何时候你都不应放弃读书。

　　(3)so/neither/nor置于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时。

　　They love having lots of friends，so do those with disabilities.

　　他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。

　　I don't know who he is，nor do I care.

　　我不知道他是谁，我也不关心。

　　[名师点津]　so表示“是的，确实”时，重复上文，表示赞同对方的观点时，主谓语不倒装。

　　—He does business successfully.

　　他做生意很成功。

　　—So he does.——他确实如此。

　　(4)so...that中的so位于句首时。

　　So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.

　　他说话声音这么大，楼上都听得见。

　　(5)though/as引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管”，通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前；若表语是名词，其前不用冠词。

　　Much as I like it，I don't want to buy it.

　　尽管我很喜欢它，但我不想买。

　　Try as he would，he might fail again.

　　尽管他还会尝试，但可能还会失败。

　　(6)当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或should等时，如将if省略，则要将had，were或should等移到主语之前。

　　Were I you，I would take this chance.

　　如果我是你，我会抓住这次机会。

　　Should it rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.如果明天下雨，运动会就会被推迟。

　　考点二

　　强调

　　1．强调句型的基本形式为It is/was ＋ 被强调部分＋that/who＋ 其他成分

　　被强调部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。当强调部分为“人”时，可用that或who，其他情况下用that。

　　It was in Greece that Olympic competition started.

　　奥林匹克竞赛是在希腊开始的。

　　It was Columbus that discovered America.

　　是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。

　　[名师点津]　要注意强调时间的句型与时间状语从句的区别，试比较：

　　It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.

　　我昨天半夜才回到家。

　　It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.

　　昨天我回到家时，已是半夜了。

　　2．强调句型的疑问句形式

　　(1)一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？

　　Was it you who told Mary the news?

　　是你把消息告诉玛丽的吗？

　　(2)特殊疑问句：疑问词＋ is/was it that ＋ 其他成分？

　　Who was it that helped you find the wallet?

　　是谁帮你找到钱包的？

　　3．“not ...until...”的强调句型为“It is/was not until...that”从句

　　It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.

　　直到第二天，我才得知事情的真相。

　　4．谓语动词的强调

　　强调句型不能强调谓语，如果要强调谓语，需用助动词do，does或did。

　　He did write to you last week.

　　他上周确实给你写信了。

　　考点三

　　省略

　　1．状语从句的省略

　　(1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句中有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。

　　When (I was)in Japan，I took many beautiful pictures.

　　在日本时，我拍了许多漂亮的照片。

　　Though(it was)cold，he still wore a shirt.

　　尽管冷，他仍穿着件衬衫。

　　(2)常见if的省略句有：if so，if not，if any，if ever，if necessary等。

　　Mistakes，if(there are)any，should be corrected.

　　如果有什么错误，就应该改正。

　　2．不定式的省略

　　单独使用动词不定式符号to而省略后面的部分。

　　—Would you like to study English with me?

　　你愿意和我一起学英语吗？

　　—Yes，I'd like to.——是的，我愿意。

　　—Will you join us in the game?

　　——你愿意加入我们的游戏吗？

　　—I'd be glad to.——我很高兴能加入。

　　[名师点津]　如果不定式中含有be，have时，be和have通常保留。

　　—Are you a sailor? ——你是水手吗？

　　—No，but I used to be.——不，但我曾经是。

　　考点四

　　主谓一致

　　1．就近原则

　　(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

　　Neither his parents nor his wife is at home.

　　他父母和他妻子都不在家。

　　You or I am going to meet them at the station this afternoon.我或者你今天下午要去车站接他们。

　　[名师点津]　当主语后面有with，together with，along with，as well as，rather than，but，except等连接的短语时，其谓语动词的单复数要与它们前面的主语保持一致。

　　The professor with a number of students was doing experiments in the lab at that time.

　　那时教授带着许多学生正在实验室里做实验。

　　(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。即就近原则。

　　There is a table and some chairs in the room.

　　房间里有一张桌子和几把椅子。

　　2．常见谓语动词用单数的情况

　　(1)由连词连接的并列成分表示一身兼二职或指的是同一概念，作主语时用单数。

　　The worker and artist is from Wuhan.

　　那位工人兼艺术家来自武汉。

　　(2)当被every，each，no，many a等修饰的名词用and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。

　　Every boy and every girl has the right to education.

　　每一个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。

　　(3)不定式、动名词或句子作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

　　To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.

　　早睡早起是一个好习惯。

　　What we need is more time.

　　我们需要的是更多的时间。

　　[名师点津]　主语为表示时间、距离、金钱等整体概念的名词时用单数。

　　Two hours is not long enough for the work.

　　对于做这项工作来说，两个小时不算长。

　　3．常见谓语动词用复数的情况

　　(1)由and连接的两个并列成分表示不同的概念。

　　Both bread and butter are sold out.

　　面包和黄油都卖完了。

　　(2)people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语。

　　The police are searching for the thief.

　　警察正在捉小偷。

　　比较：The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。(people 作为“民族”讲时，作单数用)

　　(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人时。

　　The rich are for the plan，but the poor are against it.

　　富人赞成这个计划，而穷人反对。

　　(4)“quantities/amounts of ＋ 名词”作主语时。

　　Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain.雨水把大量的泥沙冲下山坡。

　　4．谓语动词单复数视情况而定

　　(1)单复数同形的名词如means，works，sheep，fish，deer等作主语时，要根据具体情况而定。

　　Every means has been tried.＝All means have been tried.所有的方法都已经试过了。

　　(2)“分数/百分数或the rest等＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要和of后的名词在数上保持一致。

　　More than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.

　　我们这颗行星70%多的表面被水覆盖。

　　One­third of the students are girls in our group.

　　我们组三分之一的成员都是女生。

　　(3)由“a kind of，many kinds of＋名词”和“名词＋of this kind”等，以及type，sort等构成的同类型短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前面的名词保持数的一致。

　　This kind of animals is dangerous.＝Animals of this kind are dangerous.这种动物很危险。

　　考点五

　　反意疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和there be结构

　　1．反意疑问句的主要考点

　　(1)一般情况下，陈述部分肯定，反意疑问句否定，反之亦然。

　　John will go home，won't he?

　　约翰要回家了，是吗？

　　(2)当陈述部分有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little等否定或半否定词时，反意疑问句用肯定形式。

　　He could hardly write his name，could he?

　　他几乎不会写他的名字，是吗？

　　(3)当陈述部分的主句谓语动词为think，believe，suppose，expect等，且主句主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致；主句的主语为第二、三人称时，后面的疑问句与主句的主语、谓语一致。

　　I don't believe he will succeed，will he?

　　我认为他不会成功，是吗？

　　Tom doesn't believe they will succeed，does he?

　　汤姆不相信他们能成功，对吗？

　　(4)祈使句的反意疑问句

　　①肯定祈使句，＋ will/won't you?

　　Come down quickly，will/won't you?

　　快下来，好吗？

　　否定祈使句，＋ will you?

　　Don't run in the street，will you?

　　不要在大街上跑，好吗？

　　Let's ...，＋ shall we?

　　Let's go to the cinema，shall we?

　　我们去看电影，好吗？

　　Let us ...，＋ will/won't you?

　　Let us go to the cinema，will/won't you?

　　(你)让我们去看电影，好吗？

　　[名师点津]　must，may，can't等表示推测时，其反意疑问句不是根据情态动词变化，而是根据去掉情态动词之后的实意动词的形式而变化。

　　You must be very hungry，aren't you?

　　你一定很饿了，是吗？

　　He can't have seen the film，has he?

　　他不可能看过这部影片，是吗？

　　2．祈使句的主要考点

　　(1)带主语的祈使句

　　为了加强语气或明确表明向谁提出命令或要求，需加主语“you”。

　　Tom，you clean the blackboard.汤姆，你去擦黑板。

　　(2)重要句式：“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”

　　Work hard and you'll succeed.

　　努力工作，你就会成功。

　　3．感叹句的形式

　　What＋(a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

　　How＋形容词＋a/an＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

　　How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！

　　What a clever boy he is!

　　＝How clever the boy is!

　　多聪明的孩子啊！

　　What beautiful flowers these are!

　　＝How beautiful these flowers are!

　　这些花多美啊！

　　4．there be结构

　　(1)there be结构的谓语形式

　　there be结构中的谓语动词可用seem to be，happen to be或remain，stand，lie，exist，live等转换。

　　There seems to be a misunderstanding between us.

　　我们之间好像有些误会。

　　There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.

　　山脚下有一个小镇。

　　(2)there be结构的非谓语形式

　　there be的非谓语动词形式主要有两种there to be和there being。

　　We expect there to be more discussion about this.

　　我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。

　　I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.

　　我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。

　　[本节小结]

　　近几年高考在重视对语境、语意的考查的同时并没有完全放弃对语言形式、语言知识类题目的测试。尤其是倒装和强调两部分内容在高考中仍占有较大的比重。所以在日常备考中仍要重点掌握强调句以及其他表达强调的方法、部分倒装和全部倒装的区别、反意疑问句及感叹句的结构。考生要熟悉英语中一些较为特殊的表达方式，了解特殊句式所使用的语言环境，熟练而准确地在特定的语言环境中使用这些特殊结构。

　　针对训练

　　.完成句子

　　1．(2017·大纲全国卷)护士们不仅想增加工资而且也想减少工作时间。(倒装句)

　　________________want a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.

　　【答案】　Not only do the nurses

　　2．(2017·大纲全国卷)明天给我打电话，我会告诉你实验的结果。(祈使句)

　　________________ and I'll let you know the lab result.

　　【答案】　Call me tomorrow

　　3．(2017·福建高考)这儿的气候很宜人。在夏天时，如果曾经有过的话，气温很少达到30。(省略句式)

　　The climate here is quite pleasant，the temperature rarely, ________________，reaching 30 in summer.

　　【答案】　if ever

　　4．(2017·福建高考)正是文化而非语言使得他很难适应国外的新环境。(强调句式)

　　________________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.

　　【答案】　It was the culture，rather than the language，that

　　5．(2017·湖南高考)只有当你内心感觉平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。(倒装句)

　　Only when you can find peace in your heart ________________.

　　【答案】　will you keep good relationships with others.

　　6．(2017·湖南高考)使生活变得更加快乐的不是做我们喜欢的事，而是喜欢我们必须要做的事。(强调句式)

　　It's not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do

　　________________.

　　【答案】　that makes life

　　happy

　　7．(2017·陕西高考)莫言一走上舞台观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。(倒装结构)

　　________________

　　than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

　　【答案】　No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage

　　8．(2017·四川高考)是不是因为杰克上学迟到史密斯老师才生气的？(强调句式)

　　Was it

　　________________that Mr Smith got angry?

　　【答案】　because Jack came late for school

　　9．(2017·重庆高考)—I spent two weeks in London last summer.

　　—Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, ________________？(反意句)

　　【答案】　didn't you

　　10．—Do you think the fine weather will keep up?

　　—I don't believe the fine weather will keep up.(答语改为省略句)

　　—Do you think the fine weather will keep up?

　　— ________________.

　　【答案】　I don't think so

　　.语篇填空

　　阅读下面短文，在空格处填入一个适当的词，使短文合理、连贯

　　As he started his speech，he cleared his throat and began，“Graduation is a time to thank those 1. ________ helped you make it，through those tough years－your parents，your teachers，your siblings，maybe a coach...but mostly your friends.Here I 2. ________ to tell all of you that being a friend to someone is the best gift 3. ________ you can give them.I am going to tell you a story.”

　　I just looked at my friend with disbelief as he told the story of the first day we met.It was that day 4. ________ he had planned to kill himself over.He talked of how he had cleaned out his locker so his mom wouldn't have to do it later and was carrying his stuff home.He looked hard at me and gave me a little smile.

　　“Thankfully，I was saved.It was my friend 5. ________ saved me from doing the unspeakable.”

　　I heard the gasp go through the crowd as this handsome，popular boy told us all about his weakest moment.I saw his mom and dad looking at me and smiling that same grateful smile.Not until that moment 6. ________ I realize its depth.Never underestimate the power of your actions.With one small gesture you can change a person's life，for better or worse.

　　【答案】　1.who　2.am　3.that　4.when　5.who/that　6.did

　　综合演练

　　语法填空

　　用恰当的词或所给词的恰当形式完成下面的短文

　　1．________ is known to all，the world population is growing day by day.So enough fresh water 2.________ the world need to feed such a large population.What's more，with industry developing rapidly，poisonous gases and waters 3.________(be)produced，consequently resulting in the pollution of water，4.________we have no longer fresh，a good amount of water.

　　Only then 5.________ we realize the importance of fresh water.So it's high time 6.________ we human beings 7.________(take) action to protect water resource.Stop polluting water，8.________ we wouldn't be living in the world.9.________ a terrible scene we would be faced with!

　　Only with fresh water 10.________ the world be prosperous.

　　【答案】　1.As　2.does　3.are　4.so that　5.can　6.that7．took　8.or/otherwise　9.What　10.can