2016届高考英语二轮复习精讲学案：专题11 定语从句（原卷版）

　　【2016考纲解读】

　　定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：

　　1．考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that，which和where，when的区分； that，which和why的区分等。

　　2．考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose＋名词＝名词＋ of which ＝ of which＋名词。如：

　　The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.

　　3．考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。

　　4．考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：

　　I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.

　　5．考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：

　　The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.

　　同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如：

　　He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句)

　　He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句)

　　此外，“介词＋which ＋名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如：

　　He was very ill, in which case(＝and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.

　　6．考查一些特殊的先行词。如：当situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which; 作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词＋which”，表示在某种特定的情形下。

　　7．考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：

　　The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句)

　　The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句)

　　It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)

　　It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)

　　2016年高考对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯地考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。

　　【重点知识梳理】

　　一定语从句与并列句的区别

　　请观察下面三个句子：

　　1．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, ______ disappointed his mother.

　　2．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and ______ disappointed his mother.

　　3．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; ______ disappointed his mother.

　　第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；

　　第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。

　　第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。

　　技巧

　　判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。

　　二“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择

　　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。

　　1．He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge.

　　2．This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.

　　3．In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.

　　第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。

　　第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。

　　第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。

　　因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：

　　1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。

　　注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。

　　先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：

　　The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)

　　The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)

　　三引导词as, which的区别

　　1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：

　　(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。

　　He went abroad, which was unexpected.

　　他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。

　　She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.

　　她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。

　　(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。

　　As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

　　2．限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。

　　He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.

　　他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。

　　This is the same pen as I lost.

　　这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。

　　3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。

　　The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.

　　这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

　　4．as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。

　　He was absent from school, as is often the case.

　　他缺课了，这是常事。

　　四分隔定语从句

　　一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。

　　I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office)

　　五关系代词和关系副词的区别

　　当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。

　　1．Do you still remember the chicken farm ______ we visited three months ago?

　　分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。

　　2．In an hour, we can travel to places ______ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.

　　分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。

　　3．Some pre－school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs.

　　分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。

　　技巧

　　遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)

　　在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。

　　—Is that the small town you often refer to?

　　—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.

　　分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one ______ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。

　　探究

　　表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。

　　point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。

　　六定语从句用法的其他要点

　　(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略

　　(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致

　　当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。

　　1．one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋复数形式动词。如：

　　The Great Wall is one of the world­famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.

　　长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。

　　2．the only one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋单数形式动词。如：

　　The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.

　　长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。

　　Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.

　　在这些精彩的电影中，《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。

　　3．当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.

　　众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。

　　He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.

　　他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。

　　4．其他情况。如：

　　I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.

　　我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。

　　(三)注意way和time后接的定语从句的情况

　　1．当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：

　　What surprised me was not what he said but the way

　　he said it.

　　最让我吃惊的不是他的话，而是他说话的方式。

　　注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：

　　The way

　　he explained to us was quite simple.

　　他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。

　　The way

　　he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.

　　他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。

　　2．先行词是time时， 若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。如：

　　This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.

　　这是总统第二次访问这个国家。

　　This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.

　　曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。

　　考点一、考查定语从句

　　．（2017安徽卷）22．The exact year

　　Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

　　A. When

　　B. where

　　C. why

　　D. which

　　【考点】考察定语从句

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是the exact year，后面的定语从句Angela and her family spent together in China中动词spent后面缺少宾语，所以使用关系代词which引导这个定语从句，并在句中做宾语。Where的先行词通常是指地点的名词，关系副词when的先行词通常是表示时间的名词，why的先行词是the reason。ABC三项通常在句中做状语。Which在定语从句里做主语，宾语或者表语。句义：Angela和他的家人一起在中国度假确切是在2008年。故D正确。

　　(2017·全国，4)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________

　　I would be staying.

　　A．what B．when

　　C．where D.which

　　答案：C　句意：当我到达时，Bryan带我去看我将要住的房子。先行词是house，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。

　　(2017·山东，35)Finally he reached a lonely island______was completely cut off from the outside world.

　　A．when

　　B．where

　　C．which

　　D．whom

　　答案：C　本题考查定语从句。句意：最后他到达了一个荒凉的岛屿，这座岛屿完全与外界隔离。定语从句中缺少主语，故用which引导；when在定语从句中作时间状语；where在定语从句中作地点状语；whom在定语从句中作宾语。

　　(2017·江苏，32)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

　　A．where

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．when

　　答案：B　考查定语从句。句意：世界银行行长说他非常喜爱中国，他记得这早在他的童年时代就开始了。分析句子成分：逗号前为主句，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词在定语从句中作了remember的宾语，用which来引导定语从句。故选B。

　　考点二、考查非限制性定语从句

　　．（2017四川卷）4. I now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children. ______ is quite unexpected.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. who

　　D. it

　　【考点】考察非限制性定语从句

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】本句中的关系代词which指代前面主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。That不能引导非限制性定语从句。Who的先行词必须是人，it不能引导定语从句。句意：到现在为止，我们已经为贫穷的孩子募捐到了五万英镑，这一点是完全没有预料到的。故B正确。

　　(2017·山东，31)There is no simple answer，________ is often the case in science.

　　A．as

　　B．that

　　C．when D．where

　　答案：A　句意：没有简单的答案，这在科学方面是常有的事。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，故排除B项；此处缺少主语，故排除C、D两项。“as is often the case”可以看成是固定表达，意为“这是常有的事”。

　　Jennifer is always absent from school, ________I suppose is why she is criticized now and then.

　　A．which

　　B．who

　　C．that

　　D．what

　　【解析A　 句意：珍妮弗总是上学迟到，我想这是她为什么时常挨批评的原因。which指代上文的整句话，故选A项。

　　【变式探究】He was then admitted to a key university, ________ he graduated with honours.

　　A．of which

　　B．on which

　　C．about which

　　D．from which

　　【解析 D　句意：他被一所重点大学录取，毕业时成绩优异。 graduate from从……毕业。先行词是a key university，which指代a key university，故选D项。

　　考点三、考查定语从句的用法

　　．(2017·辽宁，34)He may win the competition, ________ he is likely to get into the national team.

　　A．in which case

　　B．in that case

　　C．in what case

　　D．in whose case

　　答案：A　 句意：他或许在比赛中胜出，如果那样，他很可能进入国家队。后半部分是定语从句，可排除B，C项；因为that不引导非限制性定语从句；what不引导定语从句；此处不应该用whose ＋ 名词，故用which引导定语从句。

　　(2017·福建，27)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.

　　A．whose B．that

　　C．who D．which

　　答案：A　从句中缺少定语成分，故选whose修饰限定lives。

　　考查定语从句引导词

　　．（2017重庆卷 ）9.We'll reach the sales targets in a month____we set at at the beginning of the year.

　　A. which

　　B.where

　　C. when D.what

　　【考点】考察定语从句

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】本题考察的是定语从句中关系词的选择。本题定语从句的先行词是the sales target, 后面的定语从句中动词set后面缺少宾语，所以使用关系代词which指代先行词，在句中作为动词set的宾语。句意：一个月后我们就将实现年初的时候设定的销售目标。BC两项都是关系副词，它们在句中通常都作为状语。What不是定语从句的关系词。故A正确。

　　(2017·湖南，21)Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A．whom B．who

　　C．what D．which

　　答案：B　 句意：快乐与成功会伴随那些对自己的能力有很多认识的人们。先行词those指人，定语从句又缺少主语，所以用who。

　　(2017·四川，9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment

　　________

　　they

　　live.

　　A．what

　　B．which

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　答案：D　本题考查定语从句引导词的用法。先行词是environment为物(抽象地点)，而且定语从句中不缺少主语，live在此为不及物动词，故选where(＝in which)。

　　(2017·重庆，24)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ________ are family members.

　　A．them

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．whom

　　答案：D　本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：约翰请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，绝大多数是家庭成员。分析结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词为people，用“代词most＋介词＋whom”引导了非限制性定语从句，故D项正确。which也可以用于此结构，但是其先行词不能是人。

　　1.（2017天津卷）12. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.

　　A. all of which

　　B. each of which

　　C. all of them

　　D. each of them

　　（2017浙江卷 ）5. I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. why

　　（2017北京卷）26. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates recommended to me..

　　A.who

　　B. which

　　C. when

　　D. Where

　　（2017福建卷）31. Students should involve themselves in community activities

　　they can gain experience for growth.

　　A. who

　　B. when

　　C. which D. where

　　5.（2017湖南卷）31.I am looking forward to the day

　　my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

　　A. as B. why C. when

　　D. where

　　6.（2017江苏卷）22. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work

　　a good impression is a must.

　　A. which B. when C. as D. where

　　（2017江西卷）28. Among the many dangers_-- sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog .

　　A. which

　　B. what

　　C. where

　　D. when

　　（2017山东卷）10. A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

　　A. which

　　B. whose

　　C. who

　　D. why （2017陕西卷）13. Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for the position.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. as

　　D. what

　　（2017陕西卷）15. ________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.

　　A. Why

　　B. When

　　C. That

　　D. What

　　4. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_

　　I would

　　be staying.

　　A. what

　　B. when

　　C. where

　　D. Which

　　（2017·浙江）13.The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform____ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.

　　A.what

　　B. where

　　C. when

　　D. why

　　（2017·浙江）5.The children,____ had played the whole day long, were worn out.

　　A.all of what

　　B. all of which

　　C. all of them

　　D. all of whom

　　（2017·大纲卷）24. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_

　　I would

　　Be staying.

　　A. what

　　B. when

　　C. where

　　D. Which

　　（2017·北京卷)27.Many countries are now setting up national parks

　　animals and plants can be protected.

　　A. when B. which C. whose

　　D. where

　　（2017·福建卷)27. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ____ lives were affected.

　　A. whose B. that C. who D. which

　　（2017·湖南卷)21. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A. whom

　　B. who

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　（2017·江苏卷)32. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

　　A. where B. which C. what D. when

　　（2017·江西卷)33. He wrote a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident.

　　A. what

　　B. which

　　C. where

　　D. how

　　（2017·山东卷)35. Finally he reached a lonely island _________ was completely cut off from the outside world.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　（2017·山东卷)31. There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.

　　A. as

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　（2017·四川)9. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _______ they live.

　　A. what

　　B. which

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　（2017·天津卷)6. We have launched another man-made satellite, ______ is announced in today’s newspaper.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. who

　　D. what

　　（2017·辽宁卷)34.He may win the competition,

　　he is likely to get into the national team.

　　A.in which case

　　B.in that case

　　C.in whatcase

　　D.in whose case

　　（2017·重庆卷)24. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ______ are family members.

　　A. them B. that C. which D. whom

　　（2017·安徽卷)29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017,

　　made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.

　　A. it

　　B. that

　　C. what

　　D. which