2016届陕西省咸阳市高考英语二轮复习选练：阅读理解（4）

　　陕西咸阳市2016高考英语（二轮）阅读理解选练（4）

　　任务型阅读解题指导

　　表概括、总结 summary; conclusion

　　表目的 purpose; aim; goal

　　表特点 feature; characteristic; character

　　表种类 kind; type; category; class; form

　　表评论、评价

　　comment (on); remark(on/upon); assessment

　　表方式、方法 means; way; method; approach(to doing sth.)

　　表问题 problem; question; issue

　　表建议 suggestion; advice; tip

　　表要求、需求 demand; need; requirement; qualification

　　表态度、观点 attitude; idea; opinion; viewpoint; view

　　表情绪、感觉 feeling; emotion; motivation

　　表用途、功能 use; usage; function

　　表步骤 step; procedure; process

　　表描述 description; appearance; look; color; size; length; width; distance; height; shape; name; age; cost; event

　　表关系 relation; relationship; connection

　　表来源、历史 history; source; origin

　　表异同 difference; similarity

　　表影响、结果 effect (on); influence; impact; result; consequence

　　表反应 response; reaction

　　表措施、行动 measure; action; activity; behavior

　　表定义 definition

　　表利弊 benefit; advantage; disadvantage; convenience

　　表质量、数量 quality; quantity; amount; number

　　表情形、状况 situation; condition

　　表建立 build; create; establish; found

　　表必要、必需 must; necessity

　　表实现、完成 reach; realize; accomplish

　　表重要 value; importance; significance

　　表比较 contrast; comparison

　　表背景 setting; background

　　任

　　务

　　型

　　阅

　　读

　　常

　　见

　　同

　　义

　　转

　　换

　　1. take advantage of = make use of

　　2. by accident/ chance = accidentally

　　3. take sth. into consideration/account = consider

　　4. in all/ total = totally

　　5. oppose sth. = be against sth. = object to sth. = disagree with sth.

　　6. in the beginning = at first

　　7. be responsible for = take/shoulder/bear responsibility for

　　8. take an active part in sth. = take part in sth. actively

　　9. approve of = in favor of = agree to = favor = subscribe to

　　10. have faith/ trust in = trust = believe in

　　11. out of breath = breathlessly

　　12. cope with = deal with = handle

　　13. in a hurry/rush = hurriedly

　　14. despite = in spite of

　　15. valuable = be of value

　　16. make an apology = apologize

　　17. encourage participation in = take part in = play a role in = participate in

　　18. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of

　　19. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference

　　20. explain = make an explanation

　　21. offer sth. to sb. = provide sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.

　　22. have access to = be accessible to = be available to

　　23. use up = run out of

　　24. stop = quit = give up

　　25. be accused of = be charged with

　　26. most of the people = the majority of the people

　　27. benefit = be beneficial to = be of benefit to

　　28. cater to one’s needs/demands/requirements = satisfy one’s needs/demands/requirements = meet one’s needs/demands/requirements

　　29. starve to death = die of hunger/starvation

　　30. all at once = all of a sudden = suddenly

　　31. in particular = particularly

　　32. deliberately = on purpose

　　33. out of the question = impossible = less likely

　　34. take the risk of doing sth. = risk doing sth.

　　35. respect sb.= show respect for sb. = look up to sb.= be respectful to sb.

　　36. prepare = make preparations for = get ready for

　　37. take in = absorb

　　38. appear = turn up = show up

　　39. give a description of = describe

　　40. lead to = cause = bring about = result in

　　41. be different from = differ from

　　42. commit suicide = kill oneself

　　43. succeed in doing sth. = manage to do sth.

　　44. be in response to sth.= respond to = react to

　　45. make up something new = invent

　　46. a person with a physical disability = a disabled person

　　47. go through = experience

　　48. varieties of = different kinds of = a variety of = various

　　49. make contributions to = contribute to

　　50. stand for = represent

　　51. be willing to do sth. = do sth. willingly

　　52. give permission to = permit

　　53. that is to say = in other words = namely

　　54. come to sb’s aid = aid

　　55. damage = cause damage to

　　56. all the year round = throughout the year

　　57. in any case = at any rate = at any price/cost

　　58. without doubt = undoubtedly

　　59. make an impression = impress

　　60. put up with = stand = bear = endure

　　以2017江苏高考题为例

　　Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

　　The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责) — being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities — are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.

　　Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

　　Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

　　There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

　　But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

　　When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

　　【解题步骤】

　　1. 通读全文，掌握大意，理顺文章结构。

　　读懂文章是解题的第一环。要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。标题有助于理解文章的大意和表格的结构。

　　2. 对照表格，比照阅读，试填答案，先易后难。

　　在本例题中，通览表格后，我们不难发现，第一大栏与文章第一段对应；第二大栏与文章第二、三段对应；第三大栏与文章最后三段对应。

　　掌握了整体对应关系后，我们就可以逐一试填答案，通过复读文章相应的段落，得出答案。试填的过程中，遵循“先易后难，各个击破”的原则。

　　3. 复核答案，注意词性、词形的正确性。

　　试填完成后，要复读表格内容，注意检查答案。检查的内容：句子是否通顺，大小写、词性或拼写是否正确，句意与原文是否一致等。

　　【技巧剖析】

　　1．捕捉信息

　　捕捉信息题首先要浏览表格，借助图表结构抓住文章主旨、结构层次以及文章的脉络，并确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系。在文章中标出与表格中空格前后给出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子。如：

　　第75题由第二段第二句In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs…中的performance可知答案。

　　第78题由第四段的…giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict中的higher可知答案。

　　第80题由第六段的…it can discourage creativity中的discourage可知答案。

　　2. 组织信息

　　组织信息题的答案是不能直接在文章中找到原词的，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通，通常与语法知识、短语和句型有关。考查学生对于有效信息的理解和加工能力。需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后，将其进行同义转换。

　　(1) 词性转换

　　72. helpful/good

　　【解析】 第一段中的It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people…中的动词help转化而来，而good意思相近，也可作为答案。

　　76. fired/dismissed/jobless

　　【解析】 第三段的Conscientiousness also offers a buffer against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market…可知，他们不容易失去工作，名词转化为动词，可得到答案。jobless也符合句意。

　　(2) 表达方式的变化

　　71. strict

　　【解析】 根据第一段中讲述的尽职尽责的人的特点：being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous in attending to responsibilities可知，他们守时、工作细心、自律、一丝不苟，这些都说明他们对自己要求很严格，构成be strict with“对……要求严格”。

　　74. running/working/going/operating/functioning

　　【解析】 根据第一段中的…the people who keep things running as they should可知，第74空应该是认真的人使得机构运营得很好。故此处应用动词run的现在分词作宾补或与其同义的operate，go，function，work的适当形式 。

　　79. tense/damaged/poor/bad

　　【解析】 根据第五段中的…and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers…可知，，，

　　3. 综合概括

　　综合概括题通常要求考生概括文章的主题或行（列）的标题。大多是归纳某一段落的大意，有时是概括全文的主旨。通常我们可以从下面的单元格向上概括，或从右边的单元格向左归纳。

　　73．Functions/Roles/Importance/Significance

　　【解析】根据第二、三段以及表格右栏讲述的责任心强的人使得机构运营得很好，责任心强的雇员有杰出的表现等可知本栏讲的是责任心的作用或者重要性。

　　77. problems/troubles

　　【解析】从表格右栏里的内容和第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

　　阅读理解

　　Although I started learning English during my college years, when I entered the States, I only understood two English words “Yes” and “No”. We learned many grammar rules but we could not make the language connections to the real English world. Language frustration worries almost all first generation immigrants. For example, I got a letter from a Chinese-American who has lived in the States for a long time and has a good IT job saying “My 11-year-old girl writes quite well, but as her parents, we could not even read her article.”In addition, my Chinese-American professor friend has difficulty reading a novel. Improving our English skills has become a long journey for all of us. Honestly, if I have a chance, I really want to reach out to everyone in the world who has had a similar experience: learning a second language in adulthood. I wish I could encourage them to speak out about the culture shock, frustration they felt about the differences between West and East.

　　I have mainly focused on my English writing since 2008 after I found “Literacy Volunteers”, an organization that specially focuses on helping immigrants improve their English. I decided to challenge myself, writing a story like an American. I saw many wonderful Americans there. As soon as I met my teacher Alice, I asked her to be my private language tutor and have taken Tims English class. Every week Alice and I have worked on my English essays sentence by sentence.

　　To observe the culture differences between West and East, occasionally, I posted a few of my English essays online. I mentioned previously about American culture; when people read the same article or even face the same situation, American and Chinese act very differently. In my viewpoint, these differences make America the strongest country in the world. I know you have the right to express your own opinions, but accusing others without proof is not acceptable.

　　1. The purpose of the passage is　.

　　A. to show how hard a Chinese-American lives in America

　　B. to share her experience of improving her English

　　C. to imply grammar rules are not important

　　D. to warn Chinese-Americans of English

　　2. The underlined word “frustration” in the first paragraph means　.

　　A. failure and setbacks

　　B. words and problems

　　C. understanding and progress

　　D. slang and idioms

　　3. If the author had a good master of English, 　.

　　A. she would open a school for Chinese-Americans

　　B. she would like to hears the differences spoken out

　　C. she could lend a hand to the children for learning

　　D. she might earn some money by giving advice

　　4. In the passage, “Literacy Volunteers” is　.

　　A. only intended to help the Chinese-Americans

　　B. an organization which is set up to make a profit

　　C. of great use to people like the author

　　D. a school showing how to enjoy literature

　　5. From the last paragraph we can learn that　.

　　A. Americans and Chinese are of the same idea about something

　　B. culture shock only exists between Chinese and Americans

　　C. accusing others freely can be acceptable in America

　　D. culture differences have great influence on the people

　　【参考答案】14.BABCD 　

　　阅读理解

　　.

　　If you have kids, you probably struggle over whether you should focus on working hard to make money and provide them with the best possible life, or if it’s more valuable to spend every moment that you can with them. But no matter which side of the fence you fall on, here’re some good news if you’re a parent: today’s parents are spending far more time with their children than generations past.

　　A new study from economists at University of California, San Diego analyzes available data from the last 35 years to measure how much time parents are spending actively with their children, participating in activities such as taking them to school, helping with homework, bathing them, playing catch with them in the back yard. According to the study, today’s college-educated mothers spend an average of 21. 2 hours a week actively caring for their children, while women with less education spend an average of 15. 9 hours. It has risen since 1995, when the average was just 12 hours.

　　Dads are spending more time tossing the ball around, too: pre-1995 fathers with college educations only spent about 4. 5 hours a week playing with their children. Today, the average has more than doubled. For fathers with a high school education, the total has still gone up, from 3. 7 hours to 6. 8.

　　Today’s parents are doing a great job balancing life and work and even though you may want even more time at home with your children. A Families and Work Institute study shows that your kids don’t care so much about that. They just want you to enjoy the time you do spend with them. “Kids were more likely to wish that their parents were less tired and less stressed,” Galinsky said.

　　So when you’re at your son’s soccer game, put the Blackberry away, and cheer him on instead.

　　1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

　　A. Spend More Time with Your Kids

　　B. Make More Money and Raise Kids

　　C. Changes between Parents and Kids

　　D. Cultural Shock from West to East

　　2. According to the new study, what can we learn?

　　A. Parents would like to have more kids.

　　B. College-educated mothers enjoy playing with kids.

　　C. Women with less education don’t take their kids seriously.

　　D. The less education a parent has, the less time he spends with kids.

　　3. What about the college-educated father with their kids nowadays?

　　A. They usually play with kids about 4. 5 hours.

　　B. They often devote 9 hours to playing with kids.

　　C. They spend over 6. 8 hours a week with kids.

　　D. They think it is best to share 3. 7 hours with kids.

　　4. When staying with kids, kids expect parents to　.

　　A. play football with them for a longer time

　　B. earn more money for their future

　　C. enjoy themselves on the playground

　　D. be relaxed as much as possible

　　5. The word “Blackberry” underlined in the passage means 　.

　　A. a kind of fruit

　　B. the name of a game

　　C. the brand of cell phone

　　D. the habit of kids

　　【参考答案】15.ADBDC