2017届高考英语一轮复习AB分类练：专题11 阅读理解（全国通用含解析）
发布时间：2017-03-16 编辑：查字典英语网小编
专题十一 阅读理解
2016～2017年各省市高考题A卷 全国卷
考点一 主旨大意题与写作意图题
Passage 1 (2016·全国)
话题：沉默的解读
词数：329
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。不同的文化对于沉默有着不同的解读。有的认为沉默意味着深思熟虑或脑海中一片空白；有的认为沉默就是执拗；也有的把沉默当成理解他人的必备谈话技巧而倍加珍视。
1．What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A．It implies anger.
B．It promotes friendship.
C．It is culture－specific.
D．It is content－based.
答案 C [推理判断题。由第一段中的thoughtful, empty, stubbornness, extremely uncomfortable, necessity等关键词可以看出，不同文化对于沉默的解读是有很大差异的，意即它与特定的文化有关。因此答案为C。]
2．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A．The Chinese.
B．The French.
C．The Mexicans.
D．The Russians.
答案 A[推理判断题。题干中的“as a call for careful thought”与第二段末句“a call for reflection”相对应，reflection意思是“审慎的思考”，再联系本段首句可知答案为A。]
3．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B．Break it while treating patients.
C．Evaluate its harm to patients.
D．Make use of its healing effects.
答案 D [推理判断题。第四段讲述护理人员对于病人沉默的处理技巧。由末句可知答案只能选D。]
★4.What may be the best title for the text?
A．Sound and Silence
B．What It Means to Be Silent
C．Silence to Native Americans
D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
答案 B [标题归纳题。全文自始至终都是围绕沉默而展开，论述其在不同文化中的含义及影响。因此答案为B。值得注意的是，D项(言语是银，沉默是金)迷惑性较大，但用它作标题，过于片面，不能概括全文。]
Passage 2 (2016·全国)
话题：图书分享活动
词数：250
Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it．
Bruce Peterson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E－mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟)．The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty－five countries.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了BookCrossing.com网站所举办的图书分享活动，内容涉及这一活动的目的和一些具体情况。
★1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A．To explain what they are.
B．To introduce BookCrossing.
C．To stress the importance of reading.
D．To encourage readers to share their ideas.
答案 B [目的意图题。根据第一段内容可知，作者谈到读书小组经常在一起阅读、讨论，是为了介绍有此功能的BookCrossing.com网站。]
2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The book.
B．An adventure.
C．A public place.
D．The identification number.
答案 A [代词指代题。根据本句的内容可知，那些把书留在在公共场所的人希望自己的书能够随着阅读它的it指代前面的the book。]
3．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?
A．Meet other readers to discuss it.
B．Keep it safe in his bookcase.
C．Pass it on to another reader.
D．Mail it back to its owner.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句话可知，让书蒙尘是一种很自私的行为，这个网站的目的正是鼓励人们与他人分享图书，所以拿到书的人读完后最有可能继续把书传递给其他的读者。]
★4.What is the best title for the text?
A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour
B．Electronic Books: A new Trend
C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D．A Website Links People through Books
答案 D [标题概括题。通读全文可知，这个网站把人们生命中最重要的两个事物——人和书紧密联系在一起。故D项最能概括全文主旨。]
Passage 3 (2016·全国)
话题：苹果节
词数：277
If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.It?s called Apple Day but in practice it?s more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you?ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it?s a__pipe__dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple－themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园)．If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国的苹果节。
1．What can people do at the apple events?
A．Attend experts’ lectures.
B．Visit fruit－loving families.
C．Plant fruit trees in an orchard.
D．Taste many kinds of apples.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二段中首句Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.可知，在苹果节人们可以尝到各种各样的苹果。故选 D。]
2．What can we learn about Decio?
A．It is a new variety.
B．It has a strange look.
C．It is rarely seen now.
D．It has a special taste.
答案 C [细节理解..as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.可知，Decio是一种很罕见的苹果。故选C。]
3．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.
C．A brilliant plan.
D．A selfish desire.
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据．..but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，和．..for most apple lovers who fall for it.可知，对大多数苹果爱好者来说，种植这种苹果是无法实现的。故选 B。]
★4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?
A．To show how to grow apples.
B．To introduce an apple festival.
C．To help people select apples.
D．To promote apple research.
答案 B [写作意图题。纵观全文推知，作者主要介绍了英国的苹果节。故选B。]
Passage 4(2016·全国)
话题：好消息传播快
词数：338
Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people’s e－mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how you’re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews, face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e－mailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文，研究表明好消
1．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?
A．News reports.
B．Research papers.
C．Private e－mails.
D．Daily conversations.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据首段中的Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.可知，这些规则适用于资讯报道。故选A。]
2．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A．Theyre socially inactive.
B．Theyre good at telling stories.
C．Theyre inconsiderate of others.
D．Theyre careful with their words.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，像Debbie Downer那样的人是不替别人着想的。故选 C。]
3．Which tended to be the most e－mailed according to Dr.Bergers research?
A．Sports news.
B．Science articles.
C．Personal accounts.
D．Financial reviews.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，人们更愿意发送一些科学类的文章。故选B。]
★4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Sad Stories Travel Far Wide.
B．Online News Attracts More People.
C．Reading Habits Change with the Times.
D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.
答案 D [文章标题题。文章主要表明了通过研究证明了好消息要比坏消息在网络上传播的更快、更广。故选 D。]
Passage 5 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：家居环境与饮食
词数：323
Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情的)when theyre in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue.
Dont forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇科普说明文。短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响。
1．The text is especially helpful for those who care about________．
A．their home comforts
B．their body shape
C．house buying
D．healthy diets
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章首句“Your house may have an effect on your figure.”以及下面几个段落中提到的建议可知，本文是关于如何不变胖的，所以那些“关心自己体形的人”会觉得本文特别有帮助，故选B项。]
2．A home environment in blue can help people________．
A．digest food better
B．reduce food intake
C．burn more calories
D．regain their appetites
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“...people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，人们在蓝色的房间里吃饭，要比在黄色或者红色的房间里少吃33%的食物，故B项“减少食物摄入量”正确。]
3．What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A．Eat quickly.
B．Play fast music.
C．Use smaller spoons.
D．Turn down the lights.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.”可知，应使用较小的汤匙，故C项正确。]
★4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Is Your House Making You Fat?
B．Ways of Serving Dinner
C．Effects of Self－Consciousness
D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
答案 A [标题归纳题。短文首句即为主题句：房子可能影响住户的身材。接下来介绍了墙壁的颜色、房间的亮度、吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大小等都与一个人的身材有关。因此A项“你的房子正让你发胖吗”最适合做文章的标题。]
Passage 6 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：文件失而复得
词数：280
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India，my husband，Rashid，stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay，he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers，including his passport(护照)．
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city，thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening，the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents(文件)．Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out，although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
【语篇导读】 本文是记叙文，讲述了作者丈夫行李箱中的文件失而复得的事情。通过这件事，作者一家又重新找回了对他人的信任。
1．What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?
A．Go shopping.
B．Find a house.
C．Join his family.
D．Take a vacation.
答案 B [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“...stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.”可知作者丈夫到达悉尼计划要做的事情就是为“我和孩子”找房子，故B项正确。]
2．The girls parents got Rashid’s phone number from ________．
A．a friend of his family
B．a Sydney policeman
C．a letter in his papers
D．a stranger in Sydney
答案 C [事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二段中“At last they had seen a half－written letter in the pile...to a friend.”可知作者的电话号码是从文件中夹的一封信中找到的，故C项]
3．What does the underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph mean?
A．Showed.
B．Sent out.
C．Delivered. D．Gave back.
答案 D [词义猜测题。文章倒数第二段中讲到小女孩一家努力找到失主的联系方式并把重要文件物归原主。这个善举使作者一家不仅找回了文件，而且重新找回了对人的信任。故D项“归还”正确A.展示；B.发送；C.递送。]
★4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．From India to Australia.
B．Living in a New Country.
C．Turning Trash to Treasure.
D．In Search of New Friends.
答案 C [主旨大意题。丈夫丢失的重要文件被丢到了C项最能体现文章大意。]
Passage 7 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：如何省钱
词数：306
Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take my familys last vacation.It was my six－year－old sons winter break from school，and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a week－long trip.The flight was overbooked，and Delta，the airline，offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.I had meetings in New York，so I had to get back.But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay.I took my nine－month－old and took off for home.
The next day，my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight.Yes，I encouraged—okay，ordered—them to wait it out at the airport to “earn” more Delta Dollars.Our total take: $1，600.Not bad，huh?
Now some people may think Im a bad mother and not such a great wife either.But as a big－time bargain hunter，I know the value of a dollar.And these days，a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.
Ive made a living looking for the best deals and exposing (揭露) the worst tricks.I have been the consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade.I have written a couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade: A Consumer Survival Guide.And I really do what I believe in.
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money?s worth.I?m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes，clothes for my children，and expensive restaurants.But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut.It keeps its shape longer，and its the first thing people notice.And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture.Quality lasts.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。
1．Why did Delta give the authors family credits?
A．Their flight had been delayed.
B．They had early bookings.
C．They took a later flight.
D．Their flight had been cancelled.
答案 C [ 细节理解题。根据第一段第五句“The flight was overbooked，and Delta，the airline，offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.”可知，由于航班被超额预订，航空公司提出愿意支付每人400美元，条件是放弃当天的座位，乘坐第二天的航班。C项符合题意，故答案选C。]
2．What can we learn about the author?
A．She is very strict with her children.
B．She seldom makes a compromise.
C．She rarely misses a good deal.
D．She is interested in cheap products.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第三段中“But as a bigtime bargain hunter，I know the value of a dollar.And these days，a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.”可知，作者在消费方面精打细算，很少错过一笔好交易。因此C项符合题意，而其他选项均与文意明显不符，可排除。故答案选C。]
3．What does the author do?
A．Shes a teacher.
B．Shes a housewife.
C．Shes a media person.
D．Shes a businesswoman.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“I have been the consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade.”可知，作者已经成为媒体记者十多年了。由此可知，作者的职业应是一名媒体人。故答案选C。]
★4.What does the author want to tell us?
A．How to expose bad tricks.
B．How to reserve airline seats.
C．How to spend money wisely.
D．How to make a business deal.
答案 C [主旨大意题。根据第一段中的 “Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.”以及最后一段中的“I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth.”可知，作者是想告诉“我们”如何理智地花钱。故答案选C。]
考点二 细节理解题
Passage 1 (2016·全国)
话题：四位伟大女性
词数：260
You probably know who Marie Curie was，but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below，who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?
Jane Addams(1860－1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addams helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
Rachel Carson(1907－1964)
If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
Sandra Day O’Connor(1930－present)
When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952，she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and，in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S.Supreme Court.OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
Rosa Parks(1913－2005)
On December 1，1955，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil－rights movement.“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，”said Parks.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文，属于人物传记。介绍了近一百年来涌现出来的四位杰出的女性。
★1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?
A．Her social work.
B．Her lack of proper training in law.
C．Her efforts to win a prize.
D．Her community background.
答案 A [事实细节题。第二段第一句的意思是，任何一位得到过帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams。由此可知，Jane Addams以a social worker的身份帮助了他人。故答案为A。]
2．What is the reason for OConnor’s being rejected by the law firm?
A．Her lack of proper training in law.
B．Her little work experience in court.
C．The discrimination against women.
D．The poor financial conditions.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第四段“...she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.”可知，由于OConnor是女性，而未能在法律事务所找到工作。由此可以推断这是对妇女的歧视。因此答案只能选C。]
★3.Who made a great contribution to the civil－rights movement in the US?
A．Jane Addams.
B．Rachel Carson.
C．Sandra Day OConnor.
D．Rosa Parks.
答案 D [事实细节题。由题干可以迅速将答案锁定在文章最后一段，根据“Her simple act landed Parks in prison...and kicked off the civil rights movement.”所提供的信息可知，Parks为国内的人权运动做出了极大贡献。故选D项。]
4．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?
A．They are highly educated.
B．They are truly creative.
C．They are pioneers.
D．They are peace－lovers.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据短文对四位妇女的介绍可知，她们在各自的领域所做出的贡献开创了历史的新局面，起着带头人的作用。因此答案为C。此外，由文中出现两次的the first woman也可推断答案。]
Passage 2 (2016·全国)
话题：四则广告
词数：278
Whats On?
Electric__Underground
7．30 pm.—1.00 am. Free at the Cyclops Theatre
Do you know whos playing in your area? We’re bringing you an evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands.Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30 pm. by Jules Skye, a successful record producer.Hes going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music.
Gee__Whizz
8．30 pm.—10.30 pm. Comedy at Kaleidoscope
Come and see Gee Whizz perform.Hes the funniest stand－up comedian on the comedy scene.This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest.Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00 pm. for drinks and snacks(快餐
Simon’s__Workshop
5．00 pm.—7.30 pm. Wednesdays at Victoria Stage
This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy.The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh.Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years? experience of teaching comedy.His workshops are exciting and fun.An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.
Charlotte__Stone
8．00 pm.—11.00 pm. Pizza World
Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out.Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best－selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano.The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食)．Book early to get a table.Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了四则广告，涉及四个娱乐节目的时间、地点和具体内容等。
★1.Who can help you if you want to have your music produced?
A．Jules Skye.
B．Gee Whizz.
C．Charlotte Stone.
D．James Pickering.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据第一个广告中的最后一句话可知，Jules Skye可以告诉你怎样找到合适的人。所以如果你想制作自己的音乐，应该找Jules Skye。]
★2.At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?
A．The Cyclops Theatre
B．Kaleidoscope
C．Victoria Stage
D．Pizza World
答案 B [事实细节题。根据第二个广告中的8.30pm—10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope和This joyful show will please everyone from the youngest to the ddest.可知，在Kaleidoscope举办的这个演出能让所有的人感到开心快乐。]
★3.What do we know about Simons Workshop?
A．It requires membership status.
B．It lasts three hours each time.
C．It is run by a comedy club.
D．It is held every Wednesday.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据第三个广告中的Wednesdays at Victoria Stage可知，Simons Workshop的表演是在每个周三进行。B项与5.00 pm.—7.30 pm.不相符。]
★4.When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs?
A．5.00 pm.—7.30 pm.
B．7.30 pm.—1.00 am.
C．8.00 pm.—11.00 pm.
D．8.30 pm.—10.30 pm.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据第四个广8.00 pm.—11.00 pm. Pizza World可知，Charlotte Stone将在晚上8.00 pm.—11.00 pm.之间演唱。]
Passage 3 (2016·全国)
话题：航海重现
词数：278
A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
Frank Hurleys pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first－rate photo－journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian－built three－master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.
As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well－researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scotts last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world’s imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton, a onetime British merchant－navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是Frank Hurley收集的照片把过去一次不成功的航海活动重新展现了出来。
★1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据第二段中的they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck可知，这些照片记录的是一次海难。]
★2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?
A．Frank Hurley.
B．Ernest Shackleton.
C．Robert Falcon Scott.
D．Caroline Alexander.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句话中的Captain Scott had reached the South Pole可知，到达南极的是Robert Falcon Scott。]
★3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?
A．Artistic creation.
B．Scientific research.
C．Money making.
D．Treasure hunting.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据最后一段中的．..start a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography可知，Alexander认为他1914航行的目的就是为了挣钱发财。]
Passage 4 (2016·全国)
话题：乐队广告
词数：184
Opera at Music Hall：1243 Elm Street.The season runs June through August，with additional performances in March and September.The Opera honors enjoy the Arts membership discounts.Phone：241－2742.http：//www.cityopera.com.
Chamber Orchestra：The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June.Call 723－1182 for more information.http：www.chamberoch.com.
Symphony Orchestra：At Music Hall and Riverbend.For ticket sales, call 381－3300.Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall in summer at Riverbend.http：//www.symphony.org/home.asp.
College Conservatory of Music (CCM)：Performances are on the main campus(校园)of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater.CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well－known Lasalle Quartet, CCMs Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.Students with I．D.card can attend the events for free.A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556－4183.http：//www.ccm.uc.edu/events/calendar.
Riverbend Music Theater：6295 Kellogg Ave.Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (piece difference)．Big name shows all summer long! Phone：232－6220.http：///www.riverbendmusic.com.
【语篇导读】 本文是几则广告，主要介绍了五支乐队的表演地点、时间、联系方式等信息。
★1.Which number should you call if you want to see opera?
A．241－2742.
B．723－1182.
C．381－3300.
D．232－6220.
答案 A [细节理opera的演出。根据此段最后一句中Phone: 241－2742.http：//www.cityopera.com.可知，如果想看歌剧应拨打此电话。故选A。]
★2.When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra?
A．February.
B May.
C August.
D November.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二则..which offers several concerts from March through June.可知，五月份在演出的时间范围之内。故选B。]
★3.Where can students go for free performances with their ID cards?
A．Music Hall.
B．Memorial Hall.
C．Patricia Cobbett Theater.
D．Riverbend Music Theater.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第四则广告中的Students with I．D.card can attend the events for free.可知，带有身份证的学生可以免费观看CCM组织的一系列的演出。故选 C。]
★4.How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places?
A．It has seats in the open air.
B．It gives shows all year round.
C．It offers membership discounts.
D．It presents famous musical works.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第五则广告中的Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference)．可知，只有Riverbend Music Theater拥有在户外的座位。故A。]
Passage 5 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：运河博物馆讲座
词数：241
Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum
Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you dont need to book.They end around 21：00.
November__7th
The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．
December__5th
Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London’s ice trade grew.
February__6th
An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play.
March__6th
Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest.
Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book
More info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson
London Canal Museum
12－13 New Wharf Road，London NI 9RT
www.canalmuseum.org.ukwww.canalmuseum.mobi
Tel：020 7713 0836
【语篇导读】 本文是一则关于伦敦运河博物馆月度讲座的安排。
★1.When is the talk on James Brindley?
A．February 6th.
B．March 6th.
C．November 7th.
D．December 5th.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据题干关键James Brindley直接定位到原文第二段，尤其是关键信息句“James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.”和“Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early civil engineers’．”。由此可知November 7th这一天的报告是关于James Brindley的，故选择C项。]
★2.What is the topic of the talk in February?
A．The Canal Pioneers.
B．Ice for the Metropolis.
C．Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.
D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals.
答案 D [细节理解题。由题干中的February可将答案锁定在“February 6th”的话题“An Update on the Cotswold Canals”中。显然答案为D。]
★3.Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?
A．Miranda Vickers.
B．Malcolm Tucker.
C．Chris Lewis.
D．Liz Payne.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词islands，the Thames可知答案在“March 6th”中。Miranda Vickers在其报告“Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands”中对泰晤士河中的岛屿做了一个全A。]
Passage 6 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：英国一日游路线
词数：261
Choose Your One－Day Tours!
Tour A—Bath & Stonehenge including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge—￡37 until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter.
Visit the city with over 2，000 years of history and Bath Abbey，the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum.Stonehenge is one of the world’s most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5，000 years.
Tour B—Oxford & Stratford including entrance fees to the University St Marys Church Tower and Anne Hathaway’s house—￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter.
Oxford：Includes a guided tour of Englands oldest university city and colleges.Look over the “city of dreaming spires(尖顶)” from St Marys Church Tower.Stratford: Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.
Tour C—Windsor Castle & Hampton Court including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace—￡34 until 11 March and ￡37 thereafter.
Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court，Henry Ⅷs favourite palace.Free time to visit Windsor Castle (entrance fees not included)．With 500 years of history，Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen.Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.Visit the palace and its various historic gardens，which include the famous maze(迷宫) where it is easy to get lost!
Tour D—Cambridge including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great—￡33 until 18 March and ￡37 thereafter.
Includes a guided tour of Cambridge，the famous university town，and the gardens of the 18th century.
【语篇导读】 本文向我们介绍了英国境内一日游的四条路线，其中包括每条路线的价格。
★1.Which tour will you choose if you want to see Englands oldest university city?
A．Tour A.
B．Tour B.C．Tour C.
D．Tour D.
答案 B [England’s oldest university city”可将答案锁定在Tour B中的“Oxford：Includes a guided tour of Englands oldest university city and colleges.”。因此答案为B。]
★2.Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March?
A．Windsor Castle & Hampton Court.
B．Oxford & Stratford.
C．Bath & Stonehenge.
D．Cambridge.
答案 D [细节理解题。通过分析对比这四条线路的收费情况可知，Tour D—Cambridge 3月18日之前是33英镑，这是最便宜的。故答案选D。]
★3.Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?
A．It used to be the home of royal families.
B．It used to be a well－known maze.
C．It is the oldest palace in Britain.
D．It is a world－famous castle.
答案 A [细节理解题。由Tour C中的“With 500 years of history，Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen.”可知，它曾经是4位国王和1位女王的宫殿。因此成为了主要的旅游景点。这与A项中的royal families(皇室)吻合，故答案选A。]
Passage 7 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：艺术展
词数：221
Salvador Dali (1904－1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists.The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces，most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also LEnigme sans Fin from 1938，works on paper，objects，and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artists showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning，the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限)．“From the infinity small to the infinity large，contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus：amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum－theatre in Figueras，” explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.
【语篇导读】 这篇短文主要介绍了现代著名艺术家Dali的作品风格及the world of Dali中的展品情况。
1．Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?
A．Optimistic.
B．Productive.
C．Generous.
D．Traditional.
答案 B [推理判断题。短文首段介绍了艺术家Dali的作品。由“...with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.”一句可知，Dali的作品众多，是一个多产画家。故答案为B。]
2．What is Dalis The Persistence of Memory considered to be?
A．One of his masterworks.
B．A successful screen adaptation.
C．An artistic creation for the stage.
D．One of the best TV programmes.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第一段“...the visitors will find the best pieces，most importantly the Persistence of Memory”可知，该作品在Dali的最佳作品中是最重要的，由此可以推断它是Dali的杰作之一。]
★3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?
A．By popularity.
B．By importance.
C．By size and shape.
D．By time and subject.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据第二段末句中的“...follows a path of time and subject.”可知，Dali的作品是按时间和主题进行布展的。答案选D。]
4．What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Artworks.
B．Projects.
C．Donations.
D．Documents.
答案 A [词义猜测题。由最后一段可知，展出的作品主要来源于两个途径：一是与马德里的一家艺术馆密切合作；一是靠像Salvador Dali Museum这样的机构的捐赠。联系全文大意及前一分句不难推测其它机构捐赠的是艺术作品。因此答案为A。]
Passage 8 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：高学费与责任感
词数：261
More students than ever before are taking a gap－year (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the “year off” between school and university.The gap－year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
This year，25，310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year，according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS)．
That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well－planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，” he said.
But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS)，argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship－young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15，000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40%
of students
are
forced
to
work
during
term
time
and
the
figure
increases
to 90% during
vacation periods，”he said.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇议论文。越来越多的学生在上大学之前都会度过一个间隔年。然而人们对于这一现象所持的看法却大相径庭。有的人十分推崇，而有的人却极力反对。
★1. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?
A．It is flexible in length.
B．It is a time for relaxation.
C．It is increasingly popular.
D．It is required by universities.
答案 C [事实细节题。由短文首句及第三段“That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.”一句可知，这种现象日渐流行。因此答案为C。]
2. According to Tony Higgins，students taking a gap year________．
A．are better prepared for college studies
B．know a lot more about their future jobs
C．are more likely to leave university in debt
D．have a better chance to enter top universities
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第三段Tony Higgins的话可知，度过这个间隔年的学生会变得更加成熟和富有责任感，从而更有可能完成他们所选的课程。故A项正确。]
3. How does Owain James feel about the gap－year phenomenon?
A．Hes puzzled.
B．Hes worried.
C．Hes surprised.
D．Hes annoyed.
答案 B [推理判断题。由Owain James的话可知，他对这一现象并不感到快乐，而是对学生的学业感到担忧。]
4. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?
A．Attend additional courses.
B．Make plans for the new term.
C．Earn money for their education.
D．Prepare for their graduate studies.
答案 C [推理判断题。由短文最后一句可知，假期里多达90%的学生被迫去工作。结合前文“...young people are being forced into earning money.”可知答案非C莫属。]
Passage 9 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：Mark Turin挽
词数：332
As more and more people speak the global languages of English，Chinese，Spanish，and Arabic，other languages are rapidly disappearing.In fact，half of the 6，000～7，000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century，according to the United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．
In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizations—UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin，a scientist at the Macmillan Center，Yale University，who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas，is following in that__tradition．His recently published book，A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture，grows out of his experience living，working and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin，who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India，Nepal，Bhutan，and China.But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials—including photographs，films，tape recordings，and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now，through the two organizations that he has founded—the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project—Turin has started a campaign to make such documents，found in libraries and stores around the world，available not just to scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected.Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet，Turin notes，the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
【语篇导读】 本文叙述了学者们正在努力记录濒临消失的语言和文化，来挽救这些语言。
★1.Many scholars are making efforts to ________．
A．promote global languages
B．rescue disappearing languages
C．search for language communities
D．set up language research organizations
答案 B [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“In an effort to prevent...they reflect.”可知学者们正在努力挽救濒临消失的语言。]
2．What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Having full records of the languages.
B．Writing books on language teaching.
C．Telling stories about language users.
D．Living with the native speakers.
答案 A [词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中“But he is not content...without record.”可知“that tradition”是指Turin记录语言。故选A。]
★3.What is Turins book based on?
A．The cultural studies in India.
B．The documents available at Yale.
C．His language research in Bhutan.
D．His personal experience in Nepal.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“...grows out of his experience living，looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.”可知Turin的书以其在尼泊尔的个人经历为基础。故选D。]
4．Which of the following best describes Turins
work?
A．Write，sell and donate.
B．Record，repair and reward.
C．Collect，protect and reconnect.
D．Design，experiment and report.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Generations of communities from whom...collectedTurin notes the endangered languages...speech communities.”可知，Turin的工作是“收集，保护和使再接合”，故选C。]
Passage 10 (2017·全国大纲)
话题：地铁指南
词数：294
Metro Pocket Guide
Metrorail(地铁)
Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out.Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.
Farecard machines are in every station.Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.
Get one day of unlimited Metrorail rides with a One Day Pass.Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations.Use it after 9：30 a．m.until closing on weekdays，and all day on weekends and holidays.
Hours__of__service
Open：5 a．m.Mon.－Fri.
7 a．m.Sat－Sun.
Close：midnight Sun.－Thurs.
3 a．m.Fri.－Sat.nights
Last train times vary.To avoid (避免) missing the last train，please check the last train times posted in stations.
Metrobus
When paying with exact change，the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTrip® card the fare is $1.25
Fares__for__senior/disabled__customers
Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare.On Metrorail and Metrobus，use a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTrip® card.For more information about buying senior/disabled farecards，SmarTrip® cards and passes，please visit MetroOpensDoors.com or call 202－637－7000 and 202－637－8000.
Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorail services by calling 202－962－1100.
Travel__tips
·Avoid riding during weekday rush periods—before 9：30 a．m.and between 4 and 6 p．m.
·If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station，please call Lost & Found at 202－962－1195.
【语篇导读】 本文题目为地铁袖珍指南。文中详细介绍了一些地铁站的信息。
★1.What should you know about farecard machines?
A．They start selling tickets at 9：30 a．m.
B．They are connected to change machines.
C．They offer special service to the elderly.
D．They make change for no more than $5.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第二段“There are no change machines...up to $5 in change”可知D项正确。]
★2.At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday?
A．At midnight.
B．At 3 a．m.
C．At 5 a．m.
D．At 7 p．m.
答案 B [事实细节题。根据“Hours of service”中的信息“Close：midnight Sun—Thurs；3a.m.Fri—Sat.nights”B项正确。]
★3.What is good about a SmarTrip® card?
A．It is convenient for old people.
B．It saves money for its users.
C．It can be bought at any time.
D．It is sold on the Internet.
答案 B [事实细节题。根据“Metrobus”中“When paying with exact...the fare is $1.25”可知使用Smar Trip®
card可以节省钱。故B项正确。]
★4.Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?
A．202－962－1195
B．202－962－1100
C．202－637－7000
D．202－637－8000
A [事实细节题。根据文章最后一段中“If you lose something...please call...”可知A项正确。]
Passage 11 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：环境教育课程
词数：251
Since the first Earth Day in 1970，Americans have gotten a lot“greener”toward the environment(环境)．“We didnt know at that time that there even was an environment，let alone that there was a problem with it，”says Bruce Anderson，president of Earth Day USA.
But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement.Business people，political leaders，university professors，and especially millions of grass－roots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many，many times，”says Gaylord Nelson，the former governor from Wisconsin，who thought up the first Earth Day.
According to US government reports，emissions(排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons.The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with，the world is a safer and healthier place.A kind of“Green thinking” has become part of practices.
Great improvement has been achieved.In 1988 there were only 600 recycling(回收利用)programs；today in 1995 there are about 6，600.Advanced lights，motors，and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.
Twenty－five years ago，there were hardly any education programs for environment.Todayit’s hard to find a public school，university，or law school that does not have such a kind of program.“Until we do that，nothing else will change！”say Bruce Anderson.
【语篇导读】 本文介绍了自从1970年第一个地球日设立以来，美国的环境已经有了很大改善。
★1.According to Anderson，before 1970，Americans had little idea about ________．
A．the social movement
B．recycling techniques
C．environmental problems
D．the importance of Earth Day
答案 C [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“We didnt know at that time...let alone that...a problem with it.”可知美国人在1970年以前对环境问题知之甚少，故C项正确。]
★2.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?
A．The grass－roots level.
B．The business circle.
C．Government officials.
D．University professors.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“Business people，political leaders，university professors，and especially millions of grass－roots”可知支持环保者主要来自草根阶层，故A项正确。]
★3.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?
A．They have cut car emissions to the lowest.
B．They have settled their environmental problems.
C．They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.
D．They have reduced pollution through effective measures.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Great improvement has been achieved...”可知通过采取有效措施美国的污染大大减少。故D项正确。]
4．What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?
A．Education.
B．Planning.
C．Green living.
D．CO reduction.
答案 A [推理判断题25年前，几乎没有关于环保的课程，而今天却很难发现一所不开设此课程的学校。所以对环保来说尤其重要的是教育。故A项正确。]
Passage 12 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：英国国家美术馆参观指南
词数：252
The National Gallery
Description：
The National Gallery is the British national art museum built on the north side of Trafalgar Square in London.It houses a diverse collection of more than 2，300 examples of European art ranging from 13th－century religious paintings to more modern ones by Renoir and Van Gogh.The older collections of the gallery are reached through the main entrance while the more modern works in the East Wing are most easily reached from Trafalgar Square by a ground floor entrance.
Layout：
The modern Sainsbury Wing on the western side of the building houses 13th－to 15th－century paintings，and artists include Duccio，Uccello，Van Eyck，Lippi，Mantegna，Botticelli and Memling.
The main West Wing houses 16th－century paintings，and artists include Leonardo da Vinci，Cranach，Michelangelo，Raphael，Bruegel，Bronzino，Titian and Veronese.
The North Wing houses 17th－century paintings，and artists include Caravaggio，Rubens，Poussin，Van Dyck，Velazquez，Claude and Vermeer.
The East Wing houses 18th－ to early 20th－century paintings，and artists include Canaletto，Goya，Turner，Constable，Renoir and Van Gogh.
Opening Hours：
The Gallery is open every day from 10 a．m.to 6 p．m.(Fridays 10 a．m.to 9 p．m.) and is free，but charges apply to some special exhibitions.
Getting There：
Nearest underground stations：Charing Cross (2－minute walk)，Leicester Square (3－minute walk)，Embankment (7－minute walk)，and Piccadilly Circus (8－minute walk)．
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用文，是关于英国国家美术馆的参观指南，文章介绍了美术馆的地理位置、藏品、布局、开放时间及周边的交通。
★1.In which century’s collection can you see religious paintings?
A．The 13th.
B．The 17th.
C．The 18th.
D．The 20th.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“...13th－century religious paintings...”可知答案。]
★2.Where are Leonardo da Vincis works shown?
A．In the East Wing.
B．In the main West Wing.
C．In the Sainsbury Wing.
D．In the North Wing.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“The main West Wing houses 16th－century paintings, and artists include Leonardo da Vinci...”可知答案为B项。]
★3.Which underground station is closest to the National Gallery?
A．Piccadilly Circus.
B．Leicester Square.
C．Embankment.
D．Charing Cross.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，比较A项Piccadilly Circus(8－minute walk)，B项Leicester Square (3－minute walk)，C项Embankment (7－minute walk)和D项Charing Cross (2－minute walk)可知，到达National Gallery所需时间由长到短依次排序为A>C>B>D，故正确答案为D项。]
Passage 13 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：爱丁堡艺术节
词数：285
In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music，dance and theatre in Edinburgh.The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.
It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness，Richard Burton，Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras(交响乐团)．It became a fixed event every August and now attracts400，000 people yearly.
At the same time，the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival.Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947，in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform，and they did so in a public house disused for years.
Soon，groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University，and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge，Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little－known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.
Today the “Fringe”，once less recognized，has far outgrown the festival with around 1，500 performances of theatre，music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts.And yet as early as 1959，with only 19 theatre groups performing，some said it was getting too big.
A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971，and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself.In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1，695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries.More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.
【语篇导读】 本文介绍了爱丁堡音乐节的形成和发展。
★1.What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at the beginning?
A．To bring Europe together again.
B．To honor heroes of World War Ⅱ.
C．To introduce young theatre groups.
D．To attract great artists from Europe.
答案 A [细节理解题。文章第一段最后一句指出：“The idea was to reunite the Europe after the Second World War.”，即：(人们创设爱丁堡音乐节的)想法是团结二战后的欧洲。因此，正确答案为A项。]
2.Why did some uninvited theatre groups come to Edinburgh in 1947?
A．They owned a public house there.
B．They came to take up a challenge.
C．They thought they were also famous.
D．They wanted to take part in the festival.
答案 D [细节理解题。由第三段第二句，“Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947, in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform...”，可知八个剧团不请自来的原因是他们认为每个人都应有权利来音乐节上参加表演。]
★3.Who joined the “Fringe” after it appeared?
A．Popular writers.
B．University students.
C．Artists from around the world.
D．Performers of music and dance.
答案 B [细节理解题。第三段和第四段提到很多大学生参加了爱丁堡音乐节，所以答案为B项。]
4．We may learn from the text that Edinburgh Festival________．
A．has become a non－official event
B．has gone beyond an art festival
C．gives shows all year round
D．keeps growing rapidly
答案 D [推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“...has far outgrown the festival...，...some said it was getting too big....eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself.”可知爱丁堡音乐节发展迅速，其规模不断扩大。]
考点三 推理判断题
Passage 1 (2016·全国)
话题：父母照顾孙子现象
词数：277
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third－generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused.Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes.That was four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success，giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obama?s mother－in－law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study of grandparents. com，83 percent of the people said Mrs.Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.
“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough and fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important to be near them, especially when youre raising children.”
Moving is not for everyone.Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇夹叙夹议文。介绍了父母为了帮助孩子照顾其子女而搬家至他们很近的地方或与他们住在一起这一现象。
★1.Why was Garza’s move a success?
A．It strengthened her family ties.
B．It improved her living conditions.
C．It enabled her make more friends.
D．It helped her know more new places.
答案 A [推理判断题。由第一段“...regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship...”一句可知，Garza一家子孙三代住在一起，加强了家人之间的纽带。因此答案为A。]
★2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinsons decision?
A．17% expressed their support for it.
B．Few people responded sympathetically.
C．83% believed it had a bad influence.
D．The majority thought it was a trend.
答案 D [推理判断题。由“Two－thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family”不难看出，多数人认为这是一种趋势。]
3．What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A．They were unsure of themselves.
B．They were eager to raise more children.
C．They wanted to live away from their parents.
D．They had little respect for their grandparent.
答案 C [事实细节题。由第三段首句可知，人们急切地想挣脱父母的束缚来证明自己能独立行事。因此C为正确答案。]
★4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?
A．Make decisions in the best interests of their own
B．Ask their children to pay more visits to them
C．Sacrifice for their struggling children
D．Get to know themselves better
答案 A [推理判断题。本段首句即为主题句。由接下来的解释可知，祖父母不可盲从，要视自己的兴趣做出相应的抉择。故答案为A。]
Passage 2 (2016·全国)
话题：拼装玩具的魔力
词数：278
Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”
A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.
Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside．I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
“Do you dream at night when you’re asleep？”
“Oh, sure.”
“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative.Who does that for you？”
“Nobody.I do it.”
“Really—at night, when youre asleep？”
“Sure.”
“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？”
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述
★1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to________．
A．know more about the students
B．make the lessons more exciting
C．raise the students interest in art
D．teach the students about toy design
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，拼装玩具时，有些学生看别人如何行动，有些学生查看了使用说明并根据模型拼装。而另外一些学生则根据自己的想象力进行。由此可判断出作者这么做是为了对学生的情况有更多的了解。]
2．What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．He liked to help his teacher.
B．He preferred to study alone.
C．He was active in class.
D．He was imaginative.
答案 D [细节判断题。根据第三段中的Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.可知，他是一个很有创造力的人。]
3．What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Mistake.
B．Drawback.
C．Difficulty.
D．Burden.
答案 B [词义猜测题。画线句为段落主题句。结合后面的句子I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.我冒着有可能失去那些思维方式不同的学生的危险，可判断出激励的教育方式也有缺点。drawback缺点，符合语境。
★4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?
A．To help them to see their creativity.
B．To find out about their sleeping habits.
C．To help them to improve their memory.
D．To find out about their ways of thinking.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据最后的对话内容可知，作者让孩子们谈论他们那些富有想象力的梦想，是为了帮助他们看到自己的创造力。]
Passage 3 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：精神咖啡馆
词数：315
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of Frances favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”．Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isnt always easy.The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say one feels， or ‘people think’，”Lehanne told them.“Say I think，Think me’．”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed？It couldnt seem more un－French.But Lehannes psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself：Its trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours，a fast－food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology，history，and engineering are catching on，filling tables well into the evening.
The citys “psychology cafes”，which offer great comfort，are among the most popular places.Middle－aged homemakers，retirees，and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love，anger and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehannes group just to learn to say what they feel.“There’s a strong need in Paris for communication，”says Maurice Frisch，a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says shed like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives，these cafes wouldnt exist，”she says，“If life werent a battle，people wouldnt need a special place just to speak.”But then，it wouldnt be France.
【语篇导读】 这是一La Chope咖啡馆的经营特色谈起，介绍了巴黎的一些主题咖啡馆经营理念的变化及其大受欢迎的原因。
★1.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?
A．Learn a new subject.
B．Keep in touch with friends.
C．Show off their knowledge.
D．Express their true feelings.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据短文第一段第二句可知，顾客在这里可以学着与他们内心的真实情感取得联系。亦即将自己的真实情感表达出来。故答案为D。]
★2.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A．They are less frequently visited.
B．They stay open for longer hours.
C．They have bigger night crowds.
D．They start to serve fast food.
答案 A [推理判断题。由第二段“Over the years，Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle...”一句可知，在过去的几年里，巴黎咖啡馆的生意因法国人的生活方式的变化而受损。由此可以推断，人们不再那么频繁地光顾咖啡馆了。因此答案为A。]
★3.What are theme cafes expected to do?
A．Create more jobs.
B．Supply better drinks.
C．Save the cafe business.
D．Serve the neighborhood.
答案 C [推理判断题。第二段最末两句所传达的信息是：许多主题咖啡馆似乎要改变这种状况。那些聚焦心理、历史和工程的咖啡馆大受欢迎，顾客盈门。据此可以判断这些咖啡馆是想通过改变C。]
★4.Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A．They bring people true friendship.
B．They give people spiritual support.
C．They help people realize their dreams.
D．They offer a platform for business links.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据短文最后一段的前两句可知，料理家务的中年人、退休及失业人员来到这些心理咖啡馆，敞开心扉，与心理专家谈论爱恨情仇，以期获得精神上的支持。offer great comfort(提供慰藉)为解答本题的关键信息。因此答案选B。]
Passage 4 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：不一样的冬天
词数：353
The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota，Florida，my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”．I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C)，thinking of beaches and orange trees.When we touched down to blue skies and warm air，I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools，wine tasting，and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours，not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend，but the best part—particularly to my taste，dulled by months of cold－weather root vegetables—was a 7 a．m.adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake－up call.
The market，which was founded in 1979，sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a．m.to 1 p．m.rain or shine，along North Lemon and State streets.Baskets of perfect red strawberries，the red－painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck；and most of all，the tomatoes：amazing，large，soft and round red tomatoes.
Disappointed by many a broken，vine－ripened(蔓上成熟的 promise，Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store，once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry，hard，and tasteless.But I homed in，with uncertainty，on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farm’s stand，full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment，I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldnt be experiencing again for months.
Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight，my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty，a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton，where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night.Without even seeing the menu，I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。“我”生活在美国东北部的纽约，那儿的冬季实在让人难以忍受。一次去佛罗里达的Sarasota度周末的机会让“我”深切感受到了宜人的气候是多么令人惬意。尤其是那又大、又软、又圆的西红柿。
★1.What did the author think of her winter life in New York?
A．Exciting.
B．Boring.
C．Relaxing.
D．Annoying.
答案 B [推理判断题。由第一段最后一句“dulled by months of cold－weather root vegetables”所提供的信息尤其是dulled一词的意义可以推测纽约寒冷的冬季是令人厌烦的。故答案为B。]
2．What made the authors getting up early worthwhile?
A．Having a swim.
B．Breathing in fresh air.
C．Walking in the morning sun.
D．Visiting a local farmers market.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据首段末句可知，让作者最感惬意的事情是逛一逛早七点的农贸市场。因此D项为最佳答案。]
★3.What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?
A．They are soft.
B．They look nice.
C．They taste great.
D．They are juicy.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，作者之所以不再购买冬季的西红柿是因为不论商店里的西红柿看起来多么诱人，买到家里就会变得又干又硬，索然无味。故选B项。]
★4.What was the author going to do that evening?
A．Go to a farm.
B．Check into a hotel.
C．Eat in a restaurant.
D．Buy fresh vegetables.
答案 C [推理判断题。由最后一段所述可知，Browns Grove Farm是新开业的一家餐馆。Jack Dusty是供货方之一。再结合“I was planning to have dinner that very night.”一句可知作者打算去那儿用餐。因此答案为C。]
Passage 5 (2017·全国大纲)
话题：电影介绍
词数：296
Which boy hasnt dreamed of being a cool secret agent(特工)？The wonderful fighting abilities and the world－saving adventures are much more colourful than most peoples everyday lives.Well，Cody Banks is just like any other boy，except that he is not just dreaming.He has a big secret his friends never know about.He was trained to be a spy(间谍)by a special CIA programme，which was made to look like a summer camp.He learned high－speed driving，hand－to－hand fighting and the use of high－tech tools.
After proving he could become a young hero by saving a baby from a runaway car，Banks gets his first real task.He must make friends with a popular girl at school，Natalie Connors.Then，he must spy on her father，a scientist who has developed a dangerous technology(技术)．Banks must stop a group of bad people from forcing Natalies father into using the technology to endanger the world.
The CIA may have taught him first－class self－defence moves，but they didnt show him how to talk to girls.Banks has zero ability when it comes to dealing with girls.How can he get around his problem and get an invitation to the girl’s upcoming birthday party？Will he finally become Natalies boyfriend and find out whatever he can about her father’s work?
Agent Cody Banks has everything that young people are interested in：big explosions，breath－taking performances and funny girl－dating experiences.It was listed No.2 in the American box office last week.
“This story is interesting and fun for the whole family to enjoy，and especially cool for young boys，”said Paul Perkins，a film reviewer in the US.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇关于少年特工的影片—Agent Cody Banks简介。Cody Banks是CIA的秘密特工，他的第一次任务阻止坏人利用Natalies father 的技术去危害世界，期间包括Banks与Natalie的感情纠葛。
1．What is Banks first real task?
A．To test a high－tech tool.
B．To save a baby from a car.
C．To study a new technology.
D．To watch a scientist secretly.
答案D [事实细节题。根据文章第二段第三句话可知，他必须要监视(spy on) Natalie的父亲。故选D。]
★2.Banks wanted to go to Natalies birthday party to__________.
A．meet her father
B．know more people
Cmake friends with her
D．steal some information
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第二段第二句话“He must make friends...”他必须要和Natalie做朋友才能接近她的父亲，所以Banks去Natalie生日聚会的目的是接近她与她成为朋友。]
3．What is considered as a great danger in the text?
A．The technology developed by Natalies father.
B．An explosion set off by some bad people.
C．The CIAs training of boys for its tasks.
D．Secret agents spying on scientists.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句话可知Natalie的父亲研发的技术很危险，有可能被坏人利用危害世界，故选A。]
4．What is the purpose of the text?
A．Making known the work of the CIA.
B．Telling the story about a cool boy.
C．Showing the dark side of science.
D．Introducing a new film.
答案 D [写作目的题。根据最后一段可知，这是一篇影片简介，故选D。]
Passage 6 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：婴儿视觉实验研究
词数：293
The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉)．Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focus—until a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness？When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
【语篇导读】 本文围绕婴儿视觉实验而展开研究，研究人员用有不同数量黑点的纸板来测试孩子的视觉反应，接下来加入鼓声作为背景，进一步研究婴儿对数字的视觉及听觉反应。
★1.The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the babys________．
A．sense of hearing
B．sense of sight
C．sense of touch
D．sense of smell
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，刚刚出生的孩子对于两个和三个斑点的卡片反应不同，可知是对孩子视觉的测验。]
2．Babies are sensitive to the change in________．
A．the size of cards
B．the colour of pictures
C．the shape of patterns
D．the number of objects
答案 D [细节理解题。参见上题解析。]
★3.Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?
A．To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.
B．To see how babies recognize sounds.
C．To carry their experiment further.
D．To keep the babies interest.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第八句“The effect even crosses between senses.”可知，研究人员在移动不同数量的斑点的同时，加入鼓声，以进一步验证孩子的反应，故答案为C项。]
★4.Where does this text probably come from?
A．Science fiction.
B．Childrens literature.
C．An advertisement.
D．A science report.
答案 D [推理判断题。通读全文可知本文是一篇科学报道。science fiction科幻小说；childrens literature儿童文学；an advertisement广告。]
考点四 词义猜测题
Passage 1 (2016·全国)
话题：一次非同寻常的投递
词数：254
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier．Since March 2017, Ive done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America.I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London.But when I arrived at the check－in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said：“Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.”So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patientplease, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.”She just dropped everything.She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me.re－routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇记叙文。作者Peter Hodes是一名干细胞快递员。他在文中讲述了遭遇飓风之后的一次非同寻常的投递经历。
★1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier” in Paragraph 1?
A provider
B delivery man
C collector
D medical doctor
答案 B [词义推断题。由下文及作者在机场的经历可知，他是一名志愿者，从事干细胞递送的工作。所以答案为B。]
2．Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?
A．He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B．The donor can only wait for that long.
C．The operation needs that very much.
D．The ice wont last any longer.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据“...because Ive got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.”一句可知，用于冷藏干细胞的两个冰块42小时之后就会融化，因此正确答案为D。]
3．Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?
A．To London.
B．To
Newark.
C．To Providence.
D．To Washington.
答案 B [事实细节题。由第二段可知，由于没有飞往华盛顿的航班，航空公司为作者安排了一...re－routed me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than original scheduled.”一句可知答案非B莫属。]
Passage 2 (2016·全国)
话题：一个有趣的故事
词数：304
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Slide café and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
“Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi？” the elegant, white－haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“Im from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said.“I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.”
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside.Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big－city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.
“My friends said: Now we believe your stories，” Welty added.“And I said: ‘Now you know.These are the people that make me write them．”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.
“I don’t make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I dont have to.?
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty?s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out.Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Eudora Welty在纽约请朋友吃饭时发生的有趣的故事。
1．What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A．Two strangers joined her.
B．Her childhood friends came in.
C．A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D．Some
people held a party there.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句．..another customer was approaching their table.和第三段中的When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.可知两个陌生人加入了她们。故选A。]
★2.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s________．
A．readers
B．partiesC．friends
D．stories
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据上一句“My friends said：Now we believe your stories，” Welty added.和本句中的动词write.
可知，them代替是stories。故选D。]
3．What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction?
A．They live in big cities
B．They are mostly women
C．They come from real life
D．They are pleasure seekers
答案 C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“I dont make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I dont have to.”推知，Welty小说中的人物都来自现实生活。故选C。]
Passage 3 (2015·新课标全国)
话题：令人头疼的电视机
词数：210
My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldnt fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy－five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed__off for the night.Fortunately，I didnt get any channels showing all－night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static(静电) noise.For some reason，when certain shows switched into a commercial，a loud noise would sound for a few seconds.Gradually，this noise began to appear during a show，and to get rid of it，I had to change to another channel and then change it back.Sometimes this technique would not work，and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound.I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
When neither of these methods removed the static noise，I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away.At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist，and it stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me 62，and the set is working well now，but I keep expecting more trouble.
【语本文为记叙文。作者一年多以前购买的一台电视机让他头疼不已。首先是出现静电噪音，作者想了许多办法解决这个问题，直到最后作者不得不去修理店。
1．Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?
A．He got an older model than he had expected.
B．He couldnt return it when it was broken.
C．He could have bought it at a lower price.
D．He failed to find any movie shows on it.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy－five dollars less than I had paid.”可知，作者是在一天后看到自己75美元才感觉自己上当受骗了。由此可知他本可以以更低的价格购买这台电视机的。因此C项正确。]
★2.Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?
A．ended all their programs
B．provided fewer channels
C．changed to commercials
D．showed all－night movies
答案 A [词义猜测题。该短语前的“I would keep it on”说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，故A项“结束所有的节目”与短语sign off“结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，为正确答案。]
3．How did the author finally get his TV set working again?
A．By shaking and hitting it.
B．By turning it on and off.
C．By switching channels.
D．By having it repaired.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话“My trip to the repair shop cost me 62，and the set is working well now...”可知作者最后只好花钱修理电视，且到目前为止电视还没有再出现什么问题，故选D项。]
4. How does the author sound when telling the story?
A．Curious.
B．Anxious.
C．Cautious.
D．Humorous.
答案 D [推理判断题。由文章第一段中的“Fortunately，I didnt get any channels showing all－night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.”和第二段中当作I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉)．..”等，体现了作者幽默的写作手法。]
Passage 4 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：旅鸽的历史
词数：323
Passenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point，there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeonsa number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States，making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller，a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly，the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing．Where the birds were most abundant，people believed there was an ever－lasting supply and killed them by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain，waited until pigeons had settled to feed，then threw large nets over them，taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century，the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood，which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north，where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone，never to be seen again.
In 1897，the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons，but by then，no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County，Ohio，in 1900.For a time，a few birds survived under human care.The last of them，known affectionately as Martha，died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1，1914.
【语篇导读】 本文叙述了旅鸽逐渐消
1．In the 18th and early 19th centuries，passenger pigeons ________．
A．were the biggest bird in the world
B．lived mainly in the south of America
C．did great harm to the natural environment
D．were the largest bird population in the US
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段所述在18和19世纪，美国大群的旅鸽飞起来可以遮住天空几个小时，所以美国旅鸽的数量是最大的，故选D。]
★2.The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons ________．
A．escape
B．ruin
C．liberation
D．evolution
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中“Where the birds were abundant...by the thousands”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀，所以ruin和undoing词义相似，故选B。]
3．What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?
A．To seek pleasure.
B．To save other birds.
C．To make money.
D．To protect crops.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据文章第二段中“Commercial hunters attracted them...sold in restaurants”可知旅鸽遭到捕杀的主要原因是捕杀者要赚钱。故选C。]
4．What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?
A．It was ignored by the public.
B．It was declared too late.
C．It was unfair.
D．It was strict.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“In 1897，the state of...for 10 years”可知通过法律后的10年，鸽群数量仍然不多，所以制定法律为时已晚，故选B。]
Passage 5 (2017·全国大
话题：美国孩子学汉语
词数：302
One of the latest trends(趋势) in American childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford，Conn.，for example，has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4，000 since 2004.And thats true all across the country.
“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age，”Joseph Stocke，the managing director of a company，says of his 2－year－old son.“I would at least like to
give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25－year－old woman from China，the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions，his dad says.
Li Drake，a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband，had another reason for looking for an au pair from China：She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese，my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture(文化)，”she says.
“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom，”says Suzanne Flynn，a professor in language education of children.“But parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.
【语篇导读】 本文讲到了美国现在存在的一种趋势，即越来越多的美国人想找中国女佣照顾孩子，以利于孩子学习汉语。
★1.What does the term“au pair”in the text mean?
A．A mother raising her children on her own.
B．A young foreign woman taking care of children.
C．A professor in language education of children.
D．A child learning a foreign language at home.
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中“After only six months of being cared for by 25－year－old woman...daily expressions”和第三段中“...had another reason for looking for an au pair from China”和第四段中“Staying with a native...in a classroom”可知“au pair”是照顾孩子的外国年轻女佣，故B项正确。]
2．Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ________．
A．to live in China some day
B．to speak the language at home
C．to catch up with other children
D．to learn about the Chinese culture
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Because I am Chinese...the language and culture.”可知Li Drake让孩子学习汉语是想使他们了解中国文化。故D项正确。]
3．How can children learn a foreign language best according to Flynn?
A．From their parents.
B．By attending classes.
C．From a native speaker.
D．By starting at an early age.
答案 C [细节理解题。由短文第四段第一句“‘Staying with a．..；says Suzanne Flynn...”可知C项为正确答案，并由此排除B项；A、D两项均非Flynn的观点]
4．What can we infer from the text?
A．Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America.
B．Educated women do better in looking after children.
C．Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills.
D．Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.
答案 A [推理判断题。越来越多的美国人请中国年轻女佣照顾孩子以利于孩子学汉语，所以汉语学习在美国变得很受欢迎。故A正确。]
Passage 6 (2017·全国大纲)
话题：做过飞行员的医生
词数：288
Doctors are known to be terrible pilots.They dont listen because they already know it all.I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970，almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.I didnt realize then，but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon(外科医生)．I loved flying.As I flew biggerfaster planes，and in worse weather，I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理)，or CRM，a new idea to make flying safer.It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result，regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980.Not long after that，an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather.The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready.The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot.He was so busy because of the bad turn，he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down.He was a better pilot—and my boss—so it felt unusual to speak up.But I had to: Our lives were in danger.I put aside my uneasiness and said，“We need to put the landing gear down now！” That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM，and Ive used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/ surgeon encourage others to speak up.It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite，the doctor doesnt overreact，which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when Im in the operating room，I ask for ideas and help from others.Sometimes theyre not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I continue to encourage them，someday someone will keep me from “landing__gear__up”．
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者的飞行员经历让作者明白了CRM，即无论职位如何，同组成员都应学会倾听别人，同时也要大胆发表不同看法，这点对医生更是有着十分重要的意义，有时可以避免许多危险。
1．What does the author say about doctors in general?
A．They like flying by themselves.
B．They are unwilling to take advice.
C．They pretend to be good pilots.
D．They are quick learners of CRM.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句“They dont listen because they already know it all.”可知，作者认为医生们由于职业习惯不愿听别人的建议，由此可知，B项正确。而其余选项均未提到。]
2．The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when________．
A．he saved the plane by speaking up
B．he was in charge of a flying task
C．his boss landed the plane too late
D．his boss operated on a patient
答案 A [细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句“That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM...”可知，句中的That指代上文提到的作者大胆表达自己的观点从而避免飞机失事这件事。故选A。]
★3.In the last paragraph “landing gear up” probably means ________．
A．following flying requirements
B．overreacting to different opinions
C．listening to what fellow doctors say
D．making a mistake that may cost lives
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据文章第二段内容可知，由于控制台的失误，作者和另一名主治医生飞行时转弯过迟而没有做好降落准备。作为驾驶员的主治医生由于慌乱忘记放下起落架，幸亏作者及时提醒才避免飞机失事。由此可知，此处“landing gear up”指各种严重致命的错误。故选D。]
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．CRM: A New Way to Make Flying Safe
B．Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor
C．The Making of a Good Pilot
D．A Pilot－Turned Doctor
答案 B [标题概括题。本文主要讲述了作者在作飞行员时学会的“CRM”对自己日后作医生的影响：不管职位如何，同组成员都B。A、C两项均属于本末倒置，本文主要强调CRM对医生的重要性”；D项不属于文章中心，因为本文不是在介绍人。]
Passage 7 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：巧克力研究所
词数：219
Given that many peoples moods(情绪) are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate，it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.Looking like a setting from the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory，Singapore’s Chocolate Research Facility (CRF) has over 100 varieties of chocolates.Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents’ corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.
If the CRF seems to be a smart idea，thats because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levi’s and Sony.That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored(味道) chocolates.
The CRFs produce is “green”，made within the country and divided into 10 lines，with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.The Exotic Series—with Sichuan pepper，red bean(豆)，cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste.And for chocolate__snobs who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others，the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo，Cuba，Venezuela，and Ghana，among others.
【语篇导读】 本文介绍了一个拥有多种巧克力的巧克力研究所(CRF)，并介绍了其创始人、他的销售经验以及研究所生产的不同的巧克力系列。
1．What is good about chocolate?
A．It serves as a suitable gift.
B．It works as an effective medicine.
C．It helps improve the state of mind.
D．It strengthens business relations.
答案 C [细节理解题。由文章第一句“Given that many peoples moods(情绪) are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate...”可知，答案为C项。]
2．Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of the CRF?
A．He knows the importance of research.
B．He learns from shops of similar types.
C．He has the support of many big names.
D．He has a lot of marketing experience.
答案 D [细节理解题。由第二段可知，Chris Lee不仅是个老道的销售人员，还是个销售部的主管，且该销售部与知名品牌有工作联系，可见Chris Lee的销售经验丰富正是能发展他想法的原因所在。]
3．Which line of the CRF produce sells best?
A．The Connoisseur Series.
B．The Exotic Series.
C．The Alcohol Series.
D．The Sichuan Series.
答案 C [细节理解题。由第三段第一句中的“...with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.”知正确答案为C项。]
★4.The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who________．
A．are particular about chocolate
B．know little about cocoa beans
C．look down upon others
D．like to try new flavors
答案 A [词义猜测题。由第三段划线词所在句我们可以发现who引导的从句正是对chocolate snobs的解释，即chocolate snobs指那些自认为比他人A项。]
考点五 观点态度题
Passage 1 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：面对困惑
词数：335
A
typical lion tamer (驯兽师) in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention，but its mostly for show.In reality，its the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face，the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided，the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options，the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g.lose weight，start a business，travel more)－only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best，the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things，and so we take less action，make less progress，and stay the same when we could be improving.
It doesnt have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face，remember this ：All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If you have somewhere you want to go，something you want to accomplish，someone you want to become...take immediate action.If youre clear about where you want to go，the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.
【语篇导读】 本文以驯兽师在驯兽时用椅子挡在狮子面前来分散它的注意力使狮子不知所措为引子，联想到当人们面临多种选择感到困惑时该怎么办？
1．Why does the lion tamer use a chair?
A．To trick the lion.
B．To show off his skills.
C．To get ready for a fight.
D．To entertain the audience.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据文章第一段中“When a lion tamer holds a chair...what to do next.”可知，驯兽师拿一把椅子是想哄骗狮子，故选A。]
2．In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?
A．They feel puzzled over choices.
B．They hold on to the wrong things.
C．They find it hard to make changes.
D．They have to do something for show.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“With its focus divided...what to do next”可知，当人们面临选择时和狮子面对椅子时的感觉相似，就是困惑，不知所措，故选A。]
★3.What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．Tolerant.
B．Doubtful.
C．Respectful.
D．Supportive.
答案 B [观点态度题。根据文章倒数第二段中“This upsets me to no end...is best”可知，作者对专家的态度是怀疑的，故选B。]
4．When the world is“waving a chair in your face”，youre advised to ________．
A．wait for a better chance
B．break your old habits
C．make a quick decision
D．ask for clear guidance
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Anytime you find the world...you just need to get started.”可知，作者建议人们快速做出决定，故选C。]
Passage 2 (2017·新课标全国)
话题：读书撒谎
词数：357
It happened to me recently.I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obamas Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President.A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was，in his words，“a brilliantly (精彩地) written book”．However，he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.
And it seems that my friend is not the only one.Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t.In the World Book Day’s “Report on Guilty Secrets”，Dreams From My Father is at number 9.The report lists ten books，and various authors，which people have lied about reading，and as Im not one to lie too often (I’d hate to be caught out)，Ill admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire top ten.But I am pleased to say that，unlike 42 percent of people，I have read the book at number one，George Orwells 1984.I think it’s really brilliant.
The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it.It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen，Charles Dickens，Fyodor Dostoevsky (I havent read him，but havent lied about it either) and Herman Melville.
Asked why they lied，the most common reason was to “impress” someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more in－depth!
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy，people named J．K.Rowling，John Grisham，Sophie Kinsella (ah，the big sellers，in other words)．Forty－two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story (Ill come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so)．
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。在读书方面，作者发现有许多人总是在别人面前说谎，说自己曾经读过哪方面的书，这样做是为了给别人留下深刻印象，显示自己有学问。但是，如果继续针对书的内容与其进行探讨，随着话题的不断深入，往往说
1．How did the author find his friend a book liar?
A．By judging his manner of speaking.
B．By looking into his background.
C．By mentioning a famous name.
D．By discussing the book itself.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A friend I was talking...However，he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.”可知，作者的朋友说奥巴马的《父亲的梦想》这本书写得很精彩，但是后来的话暗示他根本不知道奥巴马的背景情况，很显然，作者的朋友并没有读过那本书。由此可知，作者是在和朋友讨论书的内容时，发现了朋友是在说谎。故答案选D。]
2．Which of the following is a “guilty secret” according to the World Book Day report?
A．Charles Dickens is very low on the top－ten list.
B．42% of people pretended to have read 1984.
C．The author admitted having read 9 books.
D．Dreams From My Father is hardly read.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“But I am pleased to say that，unlike 42 percent of people，I have read the book at number one，George Orwells 1984.”及第四句中的“which people have lied about reading，and as Im not one to lie too often”可知，有42%的人假装读过乔治·奥威尔的《1984》这本书，B项内容符合题意。故答案选B。]
3．By lying about reading，a person hopes to________．
A．control the conversation
B．appear knowledgeable
C．learn about the book
D．make more friends
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第四段并结合下文可知，一个人之所以在读书方面说谎是为了想给别人留下深刻的印象，显得自己有学问。由此结合选项可知，答案B符合题意。]
★4.What is the authors attitude to 58% of readers?
A．Favorable.
B．Uncaring.
C．Doubtful.
D．Friendly.
答案 C [观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，42%的调查者承认他们在没读完故事之前就会翻看书的结尾部分，而作者坦白自己也曾这样做过，但是作者惊讶地发现，有58%的人说他们从未这样做过。由此可知，作者对此持有怀疑的态度。故答案选C。]
B卷 地方卷
考点一 主旨大意与写作意图题
Passage 1 (2016·北京)
话题：一封感谢信
320
Dear Alfred，
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up，I had people telling me I was too slow，though，with an IQ of 150＋at 17，Im anything but stupid.The fact was that I was found to have ADHD(注意力缺陷多动障碍)．Anxious all the time，I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
However，when something did interest me，I could become absorbed.In high school，I became curious about the computer，and built my first website.Moreover，I completed the senior course of Computer Basics，plus five relevant pre－college courses.
While I was exploring my curiosity，my disease got worse.I wanted to go to college after high school，but couldnt.So，I was killing my time at home until June 2017 when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center.
Since then，I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics.Currently，Im learning your Probability course.I have hundreds of printer paper，covered in self－written notes from your videos.This has given me a purpose.
Last year，I spent all my time looking for a job where，without dealing with the public，I could work alone，but still have a team to talk to.Luckily，I discovered the job—Data Analyst—this month and have been going full steam ahead.I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession，without going to college，and be just as good as，if not better than，my competitors.
Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time.I feel good about myself because I’m doing something，not because someone told me I was doing good.I feel whole.
This is why youre saving my life.
Yours，
Tanis
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用文——感谢信。主要讲述了自己由于患有注意力缺陷多动障碍症，尽管她在中学对计算机感兴趣，但是，却不能上大学，只好在家自学。后来她在网上发现了一个培训中心的计算机培训课程，从而使她能够像正常人一样学习计算机课程。并因此改变
1．Why didnt Tanis go to college after high school?
A．She had learned enough about computer science.
B．She had more difficulty keeping focused.
C．She preferred taking online courses.
D．She was too slow to learn.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第二段的第三、第四句话可知由于作者患有注意力缺陷障碍，她一直在集中注意力方面有困难。同时根据第四段的前两句话可知，因为她的病情加重，所以她不能上大学。 故选B项。]
2．As for the working environment，Tanis prefers ________．
A．working by herself
B．dealing with the public
C．competing against others
D．staying with ADHD students
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第六段的第一句话Last year I spent all my time looking for a job where，without dealing with the public，I could work alone，but still have a team to talk to.可知，作者希望自己一个人工作。故选A项。]
★3.Tanis wrote this letter in order to ________．
A．explain why she was interested in the computer
B．share the ideas she had for her profession
C．show how grateful she was to the center
D．describe the courses she had taken so far
答案 C [写作意图题。根据第一段和最后两段可以看出作者写这封信的目的是为了感谢计算机培训中心对自己帮助——拯救了作者的生活和生命。故选C项。]
Passage 2 (2016·北京)
话题：保护秃鹫
词数：335
California Condors Shocking Recovery
California condors are North America’s largest birds，with wind－length of up to 3 meters.In the 1980s，electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out.Now，electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s，the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖)．Since 1992，there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild，and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona，Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest for the night，they just dont see the power lines，” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can bridge the gap between lines，resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles，placed in large training areas，teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before the training was introduced，66% of set－free birds died of electrocution.This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead，they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds，and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death.So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，where they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout?s team thinks that the California condors? average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures are not effective forever，they are vital for now，” he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。在二十世纪八十年代，加利福尼亚的秃鹫的数量在减少，原因是由于高压电线和铅中毒威胁着它们。为此科学家们采取了一系列的措施保护它们，并且取得了一定的成效。
1．California condors attract researchers interest because they ________．
A．are active at night
B．had to be bred in the wild
C．are found only in California
D．almost died out in the 1980s
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In the 1980s，electrical lines and lead poisoning (铅中毒)nearly drove them dying out”可知，在20世纪80年代加利福尼亚秃鹫曾频临灭绝，这引起了研究者的兴趣。 故选D项。]
2．Researchers have found electrical lines are ________．
A．blocking condors journey home
B．big killers of California condors
C．rest places for condors at night
D．used to keep condors away
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第三段第一句话Electrical lines have been killing them off.以及第四段倒数第二句话Before the training was introduced，66% of set－free birds died of electrocution.可知秃鹫触电死亡是导致加州秃鹫死亡的主要原因。故选B项。]
3．According to Paragraph 5，lead poisoning ________．
A．makes condors too nervous to fly
B．has little effect on condors kidneys
C．can hardly be gotten rid of from condors blood
D．makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第五段第三句话This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds，and can lead to kidney(肾)failure and death.可知铅中毒会影响秃鹫的神经系统和生育能力，并引起肾衰竭而死亡。故A、B两项错误。..a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.可知铅可以从秃鹫的血液当中处理掉。故C项错误。故选D项。]
★4.This passage shows that ________．
A．the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B．Rideouts research interest lies in electric engineering
C．the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D．researchers have found the final answers to the problem
答案 C [主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了在20世纪80年代。电线和铅中毒让加利福尼亚州的秃鹫几近灭绝，科学家们采取相应措施，加利福尼亚州的秃鹫得C项。]
Passage 3 (2016·四川)
话题：热牛奶有助睡眠
词数：247
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that“night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar－free and additive－free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇科普文章。好多人有晚上睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶的习惯，认为有助于睡眠。但是现在，一项研究发现如果是夜间挤的奶，它确实帮助人们睡眠。
1．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk________．
A．started sleep more easily
B．were more anxious
C．were less active
D．woke up later
答案 B [细节理解题。根据Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime”可知喝白天挤的牛奶的老鼠比喝夜间挤的牛奶的老鼠更容易焦躁。]
2．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?
A．Its been tested on mice for ten times.
B．It can make people more energetic.
C．It exists in milk in great amount.
D．Its used in sleeping drugs.
答案 D [是非判断题。根据第六段中的“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知，褪黑激素已经制成药物供那些难以入睡的人服用。]
★3.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Night Milk and Sleep
B．Fat Sugar and Health
C．An Experiment on Mice
D．Milk Drinking and Health
答案 A [主旨大意题。文章主要说明了喝夜间挤的牛奶与睡眠之间的关系。所以选项A 是文章的最佳标题。]
4．How does the author support the theme of the text?
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By providing research results.
答案 D [篇章结构题。详读全文，可以看出作者是通过提供研究成果来支持文章主题的，故选D项。]
Passage 4 (2016·江苏)
话题：黑猩猩与合作
词数：338
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another
is
that the helping behaviors
are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what childrens minds have and chimps? don?t is what Tomaseuo calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇科技说明文。主要介绍的是通过实验对比了黑猩猩与人类在相互帮助的本能方面的巨大不同。黑猩猩没有相互帮助的本能，根本就不懂合作，而人却从小就知道帮助他人，善于与他人合作，这是人类独有的天性。
1．What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?
A．Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.
B．Chimps tend to provide food for their children.
C．Chimps like to take in their neighbors food.
D．Chimps naturally share food with each other.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第一、二段可知，黑猩猩很少关心其他的黑猩猩，比如第二段中的例子：把邻居的食物占为己有，根本不关心邻居是否有东西吃。]
2．Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they ________
A．have the instinct to help others
B．know how to offer help to adults
C．know the world better than chimps
D．trust adults with their hands full
答案 A[细节判断题。根据第三段中的Human children，on the other hand，are extremely cooperative.From the earliest ages，they decide to help others可判断出，孩子有帮助他人的本能。]
★3.The passage is mainly about ________．
A．the helping behaviors of young children
B．ways to train childrens shared intentionality
C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D．the development of intelligence in children
答案 C [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，通过实验，发现黑猩猩没有相互帮助的本能，根本就不懂合作，而人却从小就知道帮助他人，善于与他人合作，这是人类独有的天性C项为最佳答案。]
Passage 5 (2016·江苏)
话题：厄尔尼诺现象
词数：439
El Niño，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Niño sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Niño in 1997－98 helped Americas economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi－year drought (干旱) in south－east Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Niño，in 1997－98，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Niños come with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster－relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk－reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co－authors，civil conflict is related to El Niños harmful effects—and the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是厄尔尼诺
1．What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?
A．It is named after a South American fisherman.
B．It takes place almost every year all over the world.
C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.
D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.
答案 D [细节判断题。根据第一段中的El Nino sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round可知，在海洋厄尔尼诺现象引起水流方向的改变。]
2．What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?
A．Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.
B．Droughts become more harmful than floods.
C．Rich countries gains are greater than their losses.
D．Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据第二段中的Rich countries gain more from powerful Ninos，on balance，than they lose.可知，富裕国家的收获要比损失大。]
3．The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that ________．
A．more investment should go to risk reduction
B．governments of poor countries need more aid
C．victims of El Niño deserve more compensation
D．recovery and reconstruction should come first
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第四段中的however，just 12% of disaster－relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance可判断出，应该加大投资以降低厄尔尼诺现象造成的损失。]
★4.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?
A．To introduce El Niño and its origin.
B．To explain the consequences of El Niño.
C．To show ways of fighting against El Niño.
D．To urge people to prepare for El Niño.
答案 D [目的意图题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk...可判断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是督促人们为厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好准备。]
Passage 6 (2015·安徽)
话题：家庭团结
词数：304
When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结)．To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person.Then she easily broke it into two pieces.Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family.She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks.This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.
Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California.However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn?t have much money.They moved their family to San Francisco.There they joined Danny?s mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop.Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant.The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young.However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.
Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business.They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles.Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful.Daughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace.Without the strength of the family, there is no business.”
Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together.Now the Ans? corporation makes more than $20 million each year.Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together.Now they are a big success.
【语篇导读】 文章通过讲述家庭企业的发展历程来强调家庭团结的重要性。介绍了Helene An和她的丈夫离开越南时，他们并不富有。Helene An以筷子为例教育孩子在家庭及事业中要团结起来，只要有梦想，一定会成功。
1．Helene tied several chopsticks together to show________．
A．the strength of family unity
B．the difficulty of growing up
C．the advantage of chopsticks
D．the best way of giving a lesson
答案 A [细节理解题。句意：海琳把几支筷子绑在一起来显示家庭团结的力量。由第一段Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity与A项意思相近。]
2．We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family________.
A．started a business in 1975
B．left Vietnam without much money
C．bought a restaurant in San Francisco
D．opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles
答案 B [细节理解题。由they didnt have much money与B项意思相近。]
3．What can we infer about the An daughters?
A．They did not finish their college education.
B．They could not bear to work in the family business.
C．They were influenced by what Helene taught them.
D．They were troubled by disagreement among family members.
答案 C [推理判断题。由第三段Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity可知。]
★4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Run a Corporation
BStrength Comes from Peace
C．How to Achieve a Big Dream
D．Family Unity Builds Success
答案 D [主旨大意题。由文章最后一段可知文章主要讲的是家庭团结对取得成功的重要性。文章没有讲怎样经营一家大型公司，也没有提到怎样实现伟大梦想。]
Passage 7 (2015·安徽)
话题：互联网与记忆
词数：288
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.
In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments.She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory.In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer.The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information.The second group understood that the computer would not save it.Later, the second group remembered the information better.People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.
In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer.The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹)．Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts.When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information.Rather, they remember how to find it.This is called “transactive memory (交互记忆)”
According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet.Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date.This doesn?t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.
【语篇导读】 该篇介绍了专家们通过实验了解了互联网是如何改变我们记忆内容以及方式的，但这并不意味着我们是否能变得聪明，但毫无
★1.The passage begins with two questions to________．
A．introduce the main topic
B．show the authors attitude
C．describe how to use the Internet.
D．explain how to store information
答案 A [写作意图题
2．What can we learn about the first experiment?
A．The Sparrows team typed the information into a computer.
B．The two groups remembered the information equally well.
C．The first group did not try to remember the information.
D．The second group did not understand the information.
答案 C [细节理解题。由第二段so they did not try to remember it可知。]
3．In transactive memory, people________．
A．keep the information in mind
B．change the quantity of information
C．organize information like a computer
D．remember how to find the information
答案 D [细节理解题。由第三段Rather, they remember how to find it可知在交互记忆里，人们记得如何找到信息。]
4．What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrows research?
A．We are using memory differently.
B．We are becoming more intelligent.
C．We have poorer memories than before.
D．We need a better way to access information.
答案 A [推理判断题。由第四段but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing可知。]
Passage 8 (2015·四川)
话题：金字塔
词数：436
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rockn’roll.Long－ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what theyre proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And theres no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated__the__paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.
Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study.West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, ‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．
So he tried it．
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30－kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.
West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.
【语篇导读】 本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。这篇文章主要讲述了两种看法。
1．Its widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________．
A．rolling them on roads
B．pushing them over the sand
C．sliding them on smooth paths
D．dragging them on some poles
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第四段的
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths，可知选择C。]
2．The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________．
A．made the paths wet
B．made the paths hard
C．made the paths wide
D．made the paths slippery
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据第四段的To make the work easier以及下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。]
3．What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.
B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.
D．Rolling the blocks with fat.
答案 A [代词指代题。由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知工人把木料绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。]
4．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?
A．Because more force is needed for sliding.
B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.
C．Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.
D．Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。]
★5.What is the text mainly about?
A．An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
答案 D [主旨大意D。]
Passage 9 (2015·天津)
话题：社会机器人
词数：309
Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks.The robot doesn?t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household.It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The company?s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product?s location in the store.It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是社交机器人未来的发展情况。无论是在家里还是在工作场所，社交机器人将在未来的几年中变得更为常见。
1．How are social robots different from household robots?
A．They can control their emotions.
B．They are more like humans.
C．They do the normal housework.
D．They respond to users more slowly.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的Social robots are ...in a more humanized way.和第二段内容可知，社交机器人更人性化。]
2．What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?
A．Communicate with you and perform operations.
B．Answer your questions and make requests.
C．Take your family pictures and deliver milk.
D．Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.
答案 D [细节判断题。根据第三段最后一句话可知，Jibo机器人服从命令，并能提醒你按时吃药。]
3．What can Oshbot work as?
A．A language teacher.
B．A tour guide.
C．A shop assistant.
D．A private nurse.
答案 C [细节判断题。根据倒数第二段中The companys “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store可知，Oshbot机器人可以作为店员帮助顾客查找需要的东西。]
4．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will ________．
A．train employees
B．be our workmates
C．improve technologies
D．take the place of workers
答案 B [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Oshbot, like other social robots...but to work alongside other employees.可知，社交机器人将会成为我们的同事，和我们一起工作。]
★5.What does the passage mainly present?
A．A new design idea of household robots.
B．Marketing strategies for social robots.
C．Information on household robots.
D．An introduction to social robots.
答案 D [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍的是社交机器人。故答案为D。]
Passage 10 (2015·陕西)
话题：咖啡树种植
词数：307
The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full－sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from
shade－grown production to full－sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.
On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full－sun fields affects the areas birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种)that depend on the trees flowers and fruits.Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result，many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full－sun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests’ plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee－growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the worlds groundwater.
Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full－sun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate，and studies show that the loss of oxygen－giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade－grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
【语篇导读】 咖啡豆的生产和咖啡树的种植给人类带来了意想不到的结果。因为咖啡树生长需要充足的阳光，人类不仅破坏了遮荫的森林，还破坏了生态平衡，进而威胁人类的健康。
1．What can we learn about fullsun coffee production from Paragraph 4?
A．It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B．It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C．It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D．It improves local soil conditions.
答案 B [细节事实题。根据第四B项。A项错在limit一词上；C项错在slow down上；D项错在improve一词上，不是改善了土壤，而是使其变成了酸性土壤。]
★2.The purpose of the text is to________．
A．entertain
B．advertise
C．instruct
D．persuade
答案 D [作者意图题。根据文章的描述，特别是最后一段话，咖啡树的大量种植不仅给当地环境，而且给全球生态都带来了影响。所以对于消费者来说，他们可以有不同的选择，他们可以选择购买在树荫下成长起来的咖啡，虽然价格会昂贵一点，但是和人类和全球的健康相比，那也是值得的。作者的目的是劝说人们不要为了咖啡破坏生态平衡。]
3．Where does this text probably come from?
A．An agricultural magazine.
B．A medical journal.
C．An engineering textbook.
D．A tourist guide.
答案 A [文章出处题。本题可以使用排除法，和咖啡种植有关的一定是agriculture农业一词，而不是medical，engineering，tourist等。]
4．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
答案 A [文章结构题。全文是按总分总的结构进行叙述的。第一段提出问题(最后一句)，第二、三、四段分别针对咖啡树的种植对当地、全球、整个生态平衡的影响做了描述，最后一段总结，提出解决问题的办法。]
Passage 11 (2017·山东)
话题：Elizabeth为自由而战
词数289
Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves.At the age of six months she was acquired，along with her sister，by John Ashley，a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholder.She became known as“Mumbet”or“Mum Bett.”
For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family.One day，Ashleys wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade.Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead.Furious，she left the house and refused to come back.When the Ashleys tried to make her return，Mumbet consulted a lawyer，Theodore Sedgewick.With his help，Mumbet sued(起诉) for her freedom.
While serving the Ashleys，Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution.If the constitution said that all people were free and equal，then she thought it should apply to her.Eventually，Mumbet won her freedom—the first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.
Strangely enough，after the trial，the Ashleys asked Mumbet to come back and work for them as a paid employee.She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.Mumbet died in 1829，but her legacy lived on in her many descendants(后裔)．One of her great－grandchildren was W．E.B.Du Bois，one of the founders of the NAACP，and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights.
Mumbets tombstone still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried.It reads，in part：“She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years.She could neither read nor write，yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了黑人奴隶Elizabeth Freeman为争取自由而与命运抗争的故事。
1．What do we know about Mumbet according to Paragraph 1?
A．She was born a slave.
B．She was a slaveholder.
C．She had a famous sister.
D．She was born into a rich family.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据第一段，她出生在一个奴隶家庭，根据历史背景知识，故选A项。]
2．Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys?
A．She found an employer.
B．She wanted to be a lawyer.
C．She was hit and got angry.
D．She had to take care of her sister.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第二段可知，Mumbet为保护她的姐姐代为受罚，愤然离开，拒绝回来，后咨询律师，可知答案。]
3．What did Mumbet learn from discussions about the new constitution?
A．She should always obey her owners orders.
B．She should be as free and equal as whites.
C．How to be a good servant.
D．How to apply for a job.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话，她认为自由平等也“适用”于她，故选B项。]
4．What did Mumbet do after the trial?
A．She chose to work for a lawyer.
B．She founded the NAACP.
C．She continued to serve the Ashleys.
D．She went to live with her grandchildren.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据第四段“She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.”故选A项。]
★5.What is the text mainly about?
AA story of a famous writer and spokesperson.
B．The friendship between a lawyer and a slave.
C．The life of a brave African American woman.
D．A trial that shocked the whole world.
答案 C [主旨大意题。根据全文大意，讲述的是一位黑人奴隶勇敢地为争取自由而与命C项。]
Passage 12 (2017·重庆)
话题：我与室友Kate
词数：298
I was never very neat，while my roommate Kate was extremely organized.Each of her objects had its place，but mine always hid somewhere.She even labeled (贴标签)everything.I always looked for everything.Over time，Kate got neater and I got messier.She would push my dirty clothing over，and I would lay my books on her tidy desk.We both got tired of each other.
War broke out one evening.Kate came into the room.Soon，I heard her screaming，“Take your shoes away！Why under my bed！”Deafened，I saw my shoes flying at me.I jumped to my feet and started yelling.She yelled back louder.
The room was filled with anger.We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.Kate answered it.From her end of the conversation，I could tell right away her grandma was seriously ill.When she hung up，she quickly crawled (爬)under her covers，sobbing.Obviously，that was something she should not go through alone.All of a sudden，a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my heart.
Slowly，I collected the pencils，took back the books，made my bed，cleaned the socks and
swept the floor，even
on her side.I got so into my work that I even didnt notice Kate had sat up.She was watching，her tears dried and her expression one of disbelief.Then，she reached out her
hands to grasp mine.I looked up into her eyes.She smiled at me，“Thanks.”
Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year.We didnt always agree，but we learned
the key to living together：giving in，cleaning up and holding on.
【语篇导读】 “我”是一个不拘小节的人，宿舍经常被弄得一团糟，而“我”的室友Kate却生活条理，喜欢整洁，终于，我们由于各自不同的生活习惯产生争吵，幸亏一个电话终止了我们的争吵：Kate的奶奶去世了，Kate陷入悲痛，“我”表现出了对她的关切和照顾，我们重归于好。我也学会了如何与室友相处。
1．What made Kate so angry one evening?
A．She couldnt find her books.
B．She heard the author shouting loud.
C．She got the news that her grandma was ill.
D．She saw the authors shoes beneath her bed.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段第三句话可知。]
2．The author tidied up the room most probably because ________．
A．she was scared by Kates anger
B．she hated herself for being so messy
C．she wanted to show her care
D．she was asked by Kate to do so
答案 C [细节推断题。上文提到“我”看到Kate伤心，心中升起一股温暖的同情感，下文就写到我整理房间，可以推知“我”想表达对她的关切和安慰。故选C。]
3．How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?
A．By analyzing causes.
B．By showing differences.
C．By describing a process.
D．By following time order.
答案 B [推理判断题。第一段通过对比“我”B。]
★4.What might be the best title for the story?
A．My Friend Kate
B．Hard Work Pays Off
C．How to Be Organized
D．Learning to Be Roommates
答案 D [主旨大意题。文章通过记叙自身经历使自己学会了如何和室友相处，最后一自然段结尾点明“我”学得的共处经验D。]
Passage 13 (2017·重庆)
话题：肥胖与锻炼
词数：304
There have always been a lot of commonly believed but false ideas about being fat and doing exercise.Some people believe that they cant help putting on weight as they get older，while others hold that if they stop exercising，their muscles will turn into fat.Here are some more myths：
Ill never lose weight—I come from a fat family
Wrong！While we cant change the body type
we are born with，we cant blame our genes for making us fat.There’s plenty of evidence
that fatness runs in families，and the main reason is
that they share the same habits of eating too much and exercising too little.
I am fat because I burn calories slowly
Wrong！Fatness is not caused by a slow metabolism(新陈代谢)．In fact，although fat people consume more energy than slim people，they also fail to realize how much they eat！Keeping a diary can help you work out your daily food intake more accurately.
Exercise is boring
Wrong！Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively.The key is to develop a balanced and varied program that’s fun as well as progressive.If you enjoy a Sunday walk，take a different route.If you do yoga，try a tai chi class.If you like swimming，set yourself a distance or time challenge.
No pain，no gain
Wrong！Exercise is not meant to hurt.Indeed，pain is your body telling you something’s wrong，and continuing to exercise could lead to serious injury.You may experience mild discomfort as you begin to exercise regularly，but this is your body adapting to the positive changes in your lifestyle and the aches should disappear relatively quickly.If they don’t，rest and seek medical advice.
【语篇导读】 关于胖瘦和锻炼等话题，人们有很多普遍认同的观点，但这些观点并不都是正确的，对于几个观点，作者给予了详细的阐述与论证。
1．What does the author think about being fat?
A．It is the family genes that make people fat.
B．People are fat because they consume too little energy.
C．A diary of exercise can prevent people from becoming fat.
D．It is the consequence of peoples unbalanced lifestyle.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句话可知。]
2．According to the author，how can we make exercise more interesting?
A．By taking varied exercise.
B．By choosing simple exercise.
C．By doing regular exercise.
D．By sticking to outdoor exercise.
答案 A [细节推断题。根据文章第四自然段可知让锻炼变得不枯燥的办法是“develop a balanced and varied program thats fun as well as progressive.”故选A。]
3．What is the authors opinion about“No pain，no gain”in exercising?
A．Keeping fit is essentially a painful experience.
B．Exercise should be stopped if continuous pain is felt.
C．Pain in exercise is a precondition for reaching your goal.
D．Getting used to pain leads to positive changes in your body.
答案 B [细节推断题。根据文章第五自然段第三句话可推知“如果身体出问题也会疼，继续锻炼只能导致更严重的伤害。”第五句就提到如果是持续疼痛，就要休息和看医生。故选B。]
★4.What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To declare the importance of keeping fit.
B．To clarify some misconceptions about fatness and exercise.
C．To confirm what has long been believed about keeping fit.
D．To explain some medical facts about being fat and doing exercise.
答案 B [主旨大意题。]
Passage 14 (2017·广东)
话题：音乐天才的故事
词数：348
Samuel Osmond is a 19－year－old law student from Cornwall，England.He never studied the piano.However，he can play very difficult musical
pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them.He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts.Then he thinks about the notes in his head.Two years ago，he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata(奏鸣曲)by Beethoven.He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly，his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable.They say his ability is very rare，but Samuel doesnt even realize that what he can do is special.Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents，but music teachers told him he should study music instead.Now，he studies law and music.
Samuel cant understand why everyone is so surprised.“I grew up with music.My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar.About two years ago，I suddenly decided to start playing the piano，without being able to read music and without having any lessons.It comes easily to me—I hear the notes and can bear them in mind—each and every note，”says Samuel.
Recently，Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college.The piece had more than a thousand notes.The audience was impressed by his amazing performance.He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can’t play it.Samuel says confidently，“Its all about super memory—I guess I have that gift.”
However，Samuels ability to remember things doesn’t stop with music.His family says that even when he was a young boy，Samuel heard someone read a story，and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager.He doesnt know what he wants to do in the future.For now，he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
本文是一篇记叙文，记述了Samuel Osmond一个音乐天才的人物故事。
1．What is special about Samuel Osmond?
A．He has a gift for writing music.
B．He can write down the note he hears.
C．He is a top student at the law school.
D．He can play the musical piece he hears.
答案 D [事实细节题。由第一段中的However，he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians...可知，故选D项。]
2．What can we learn from Paragraph 2?
A．Samuel chose law against the wish of his parents.
B．Samuel planned to be a lawyer rather than a musician.
C．Samuel thinks of himself as a man of great musical ability.
D．Samuel studies law and music on the advice of his teachers.
答案 D [事实细节题。由第二段最后两句“but music teachers told him he should study music instead.Now，he studies law and music”可知选D。]
3．Everyone around Samuel was surprised because he ________．
A．received a good early education in music
B．played the guitar and the piano perfectly
C．could play the piano without reading music
D．could play the guitar better than his father
答案 C [事实细节题。由第三段最一句Samuel cant understand why everyone is so surprised和第三、四句“I suddenly decided to start playing the piano，without being able to read music and without having any lessons.It comes easily to me...each and every note”可知，他不用看音符就能弹钢琴，故选C项。]
4．What can we infer about Samuel in Paragraph 4?
A．He became famous during a special event at his college.
B．He is proud of his ability to remember things accurately.
C．He plays the piano better than many professional pianists.
D．He impressed the audience by playing all the musical pieces.
答案 C [推理判断题。由第四段最后一句Samuel says confidently，“Its all about super memory—I guess I have that gift.”可推出。]
★5.Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A．The Qualities of a Musician
B．The Story of a Musical Talent
C．The Importance of Early Education
D．The Relationship between Memory and Music
答案 B [主旨大意题。全文都是说学法律的Samuel有音乐天才。]
Passage 15 (2017·湖北)
话题：摩天大楼的争议
词数：408
Londons newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build.At a height of almost 310 metres，it is the tallest building in Europe.The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London.However，not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano.When he began designing the Shard for London，Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶)．He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city.The sides of the building aren’t regular.So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：the Shard.Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition.The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors.At the top，there is an observatory.At the moment the building is empty，but eventually there will be a five－star hotel.There will also be top quality restaurants，apartments and offices.
Before building work began，a lot of people didnt want the Shard though the plans were approved.Now they are still unhappy about the Shard.Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York，but not in London.They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape.But that is the only thing.There is no decoration，only flat surfaces.The Egyptians did that 4，500 years ago.They also think the Shard is too big for London.It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics dont like what the Shard seems to represent.They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal.Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London.So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline.It is not certain，however，that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
【语篇导读】 文章论述了伦敦新的摩天大楼the Shard的建造所带来的争议。有人认为它是英国传统文化的传承，是一项很好的变化。但也有批评者认为Shard造成了社会(贫富) 分化。
1．London’s newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ________．
A．its cost
B．its size
C．its shape
D．its height
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二段第四行到第五行So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin，sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name：Shard.可知答案为B。]
2．When he designed the Shard，Piano wanted it to ________.
A．change London’s skyline
B．inherit Londons tradition
C．imitate the Egyptian style
D．attract potential visitors
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二段的倒数第二句：Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition可知答案为B。]
3．The critics who refer to social division think the Shard ________．
A．is only preferred by the rich
B．is intended for wealthy people
C．is far away from the poor area
D．is popular only with Londoners
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第五段第三句Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.可知答案为B。]
4.Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．The Shard：Cheers and Claps
B．The Shard：Work of a Great Architect
C．The Shard：New Symbol of London?
D．The Shard：A Change for the Better?
答案 D [主旨大意题。整篇文章论述的是伦敦新的摩天大楼的建造所带来的争议。Shard造成了社会(贫富) 分化。因此答案选D。]
Passage 16 (2017·浙江)
话题：入乡随俗
词数：448
Here is some must－know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly.They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder.People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses.Schedules tend to be flexible，with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned.But to be safe，be on time.Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil.Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon.Brazilians are social，preferring face－to－face communication over emails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small，polite bow.Business cards should be offered and received with two hands.Arriving late is considered disrespectful.So be on time.Efficiency(效率) is the goal，so meetings and dealings often are fast－paced.Singaporeans are direct in their discussions，even when the subject is about money.Rank is important and authority is respected.This determines how people interact in meetings.For example，people avoid disagreeing outright with someone of a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE，status is important，so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles.The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere.So do not pull away from the handshake.Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress.Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees.People do not avoid entertaining in their homes，but they also hold business meals at restaurants.Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided.When meetings are one－to－one，if your host offers you coffee，you should refuse.It might seem odd，but it is a cultural tradition.Coffee should only be accepted if it is already set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name.They also are respectful of private lives.You should be careful not to ask about personal topics.Punctuality (守时) is vital，something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time.Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe.They also have clear structure in their companies.Higher－ups make the final decisions，even if others might disagree.Neat，clean dress is expected.The Swiss follow formal table manners.They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table.It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。分别介绍了巴西、新加坡、阿联酋和瑞士的习俗和社交礼仪。
★1.The passage is mainly about ________．
A．communication types
B．the workplace atmosphere
C．customs and social manners
D．living conditions and standards
答案 C [主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了巴西、新加坡、阿联酋和瑞士的习俗和社交礼仪，故选C。]
2．Why do Singaporeans avoid arguing with their boss?
A．They put efficiency in the first place.
B．They dislike face－to－face communication.
C．They want to finish meetings as quickly as possible.
D．They are supposed to obey the person of a higher rank.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据“In Singapore”部分最后三句话可知，等级和特权是非常重要的，这就决定了人们在开会时如何互动，下级应该服从上级，故选D。]
3．In the UAE，when should you refuse the coffee if it is offered?
A．When greeting seniors.
B．When meeting the host alone.
C．When attending a presentation.
D．When dining with business partners.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据“In the United Arab Emirates”部分倒数第三句“When meetings are one－to－one，...”可知，在阿联酋当单独与主人见面时不能喝主人提B。]
4．In which country do people care about where to put their hands at the dinner table?
A．In Brazil.
B．In Singapore.
C．In the United Arab Emirates.
D．In Switzerland.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句话可知，在瑞士人们通常把手放桌上，肘部D。]
Passage 17 (2017·辽宁)
话题：无私的“母亲树”
词数：291
Would it surprise you to learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?
UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest，Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact，the__opposite__is__true：trees survive through their cooperation and support，passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”．
Nitrogen (氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi (真菌) networks，making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons (神经元) in our brains，and when one tree is destroyed，it affects all.
Simard talks about“mother trees”，usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation，transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow.When humans cut down“mother trees”with no awareness of these highly complex“tree societies”or the networks on which they feed，we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.
“We didn’t take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying，but we never give them chance.”If we could put across the message to the forestry industry，we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.
【语篇导读】 本文为说明文。大千世界，无奇不有。树和人类一样，也是依靠彼此的合作与支持，树的家族才
1．The underlined sentence“the opposite is true”in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees
________．
A．compete for survival
B．protect their own wealth
C．depend on each other
D．provide support for dying trees
答案 C [句意猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话对the opposite is true的解释：trees survive through their cooperation and support，passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”树是通过他们的合作、支持并传递必要的营养，得以生存的。]
2．“Mother trees”are extremely important because they
________．
A．look the largest in size in the forest
B．pass on nutrition to young trees
C．seem more likely to be cut down by humans
D．know more about the complex“tree societies”
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第四段的第一、二句话可知，“母亲树”之所以十分重要，是因为她们是其他树赖以生存的基础，她们死亡前会把财富，特别是一些重要的矿物质输送给年轻的树，来促进它们的生长，因此B项正确，与pass on nutrition to young trees 正好吻合。]
3．The underlined word“it”in the last paragraph refers to
________．
A．how“tree societies”work
B．how trees grow old
C．how forestry industry develops
D．how young trees survive
答案 A [代词指代题。根据最后一段前两句话：Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying，but we never give them chance.垂死的“母亲树”在死亡前把营养传递给年轻it指的是“树的家族”固有的生存法则。]
★4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Old Trees Communicate Like Humans
B．Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection
C．Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think
D．Trees Contribute To Our Society
答案 C [主旨大意题。本题可用排除法来做，A.老树像人类一样交流；B.小树需要保护；C.树远远超出你的想像；D.树有助于我们的社会。从以上题目来看，只有C符合本文大意。]
Passage 18 (2017·江西)
话题：公益组织
词数：339
Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you had a hundred dollars less.Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed.Imagine having to read this page，not with your eyes but with your finger－tips.
With existing medical knowledge and skills，two－thirds of the worlds 42 million blind should not have to suffer.Unfortunately，rich countries possess most of this knowledge，while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an international non－profit organization which operates the worlds only flying teaching eye hospital.ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide.Inside a DC－8 aircraft，there is a fully－equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom.Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people here.Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three－week medical programs.ORBIS has taught sight－saving techniques to over 35，000 doctors and nurses，who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year.ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs in China so far.For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them.At the moment an ORBIS team is working on a long－term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care services to Shanxi Province.ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $38，you can help one person see；for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people；$1，300 helps teach a doctor new skills；and for $13，000 you can provide a training program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your money can open their eyes to the world.Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文，向读者介绍了ORBIS(奥比斯)——一个致力于为世界各国盲人和眼疾患者恢复光明的国际性慈善机构。
1．The first paragraph is intended to ________．
A．introduce a new way of reading
B．advise the public to lead a simple life
C．direct the publics attention to the blind
D．encourage the public to use imagination
答案 C [推理判断题。作者在第一段让读者闭上眼睛想象三件事：生活会是什么样子？如何度过余生？不用眼睛仅用指尖阅读书页。这会使读者体会到盲人生活的艰难。由此可知其目的是为了引起公众对盲人的关注。]
2．What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?
A．They are adequate.
B．They have not been updated.
C．They are not equally distributed.
D．They have benefited most of the blind.
答案 C [细节理解题。由短文第二段的开头两句可知答案。]
3．ORBIS aims to help the blind by ________．
A．teaching medical students
B．training doctors and nurses
C．running flying hospitals globally
D．setting up non－profit organizations
答案 B [细节理解题。根据短文第二段最后两句话，尤其第三段第三句“ORBIS has taught sightsaving techniques to over 35，000 doctors and nurses...”可知B为最佳答案。]
4．What does the author try to do in the last paragragh?
A．Appeal for donations.
B．Make an advertisement.
C．Promote training programs.
D．Show sympathy for the blind.
A [推理判断题。作者列举的一连串的数据表明：任何数目的捐款都会有助于提高盲人的生活质量。显然他是在呼吁更多的人为ORBIS募捐。]
★5.What can be the best title for the passage?
A．ORBIS in China
B．Fighting Blindness
C．ORBIS Flying Hospital
D．Sight－saving Techniques
答案 C [主旨大意题。通篇文章都是围绕ORBIS这一国际慈善机构在世界各地的开展情况进行说明的，故排除B、D两项。A项以偏概全，故C项为最佳答案。]
Passage 19 (2017·四川)
话题：九岁女孩创造的奇迹
词数：310
A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的)
reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy，nine，restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzys mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.
However，she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough，so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy，who has been given a bravery award by her school，said：“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She’s a little star，”said Debbie，“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just cant believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we?ve got to see an expert.”
Truck driver Colm，35，suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital，but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled，preventing him from breathing，his blood pressure dropped suddenly，and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
【语篇导读】 这是一则资讯报道。35岁的卡车司机Colm因突发严重过敏反应而导致心脏骤停。跟妈妈学过心肺复苏术的九岁女孩Izzy竟挽救了父亲的生命。
1．Izzy kicked her father in the chest ________．
A．to express her helplessness
B．to practise CPR on him
C．to keep him awake
D．to restart his heart
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二段首句的“...restarted father Colm’s heart by stamping on his chest...”可知答案。]
2．Whats the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm.
②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR.
④Colm’s heart stopped.
A．③①②④
B．④②③①
C．③④
D．④③①②
答案 C [细节理解题。根据生活常识可知，妈妈不可能在Colm出现危险后再教给女儿心肺复苏术，所以③应排在④的前面。由第3段可知②在①之前发生。由此可知答案。]
★3.What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about?
A．What Colm suffered.
B．Colms present condition.
C．What caused Colms allergy.
D．Symptoms of Colms allergic reaction.
答案 A [主旨大意题。通读全段可知，本段并没有描述过敏反应的症状和原因，只是说明Colm罹患此病而两次被送进医院的事。因此答案为A。注意B项为最后一段的大意。]
★4.Why does the author write the news?
A．To describe a serious accident.
B．To prove the importance of CPR.
C．To report a 9－year－old girls brave act.
D．To call peoples attention to allergic reaction.
答案 C [写作意图题。开头一段是这则资讯的导语。导语即是资讯的主旨大意，而这段文字的中心人物正是小女孩Izzy。因此答案为C。]
Passage 20 (2017·陕西)
话题：美国人为什么肥胖
词数：307
Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight，while the French，who consume rich food，continue to stay thin？Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight.Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full.However，Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr.Joseph Mercola，a health expert，the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle.They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table，while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities.Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full.So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped.In addition，he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week.The French，instead，tend to shop daily，walking to small shops and farmers markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits，vegetables，and eggs as well as high－quality meats for each meal.
After a visit to the United States，Mireille Guiliano，author of French Women Dont Get Fat，decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food.Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences，evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.Today the rate of obesity—or
extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%.However，as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions，the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%－and is growing.
【语篇导读】 经研究发
1．In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr.Joseph Mercola?
A．They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B．They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C．They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyles.
D．They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句话可知答案为C。]
★2.This text is mainly about the relationship between ________．
A．Americans and the French
B．lifestyle and obesity
C．children and adults
D．fast food and overweight
答案 B [主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段可知答案为B。]
3．The text is mainly developed ________．
A．by contrast
B．by space
C．by process
D．by classification
答案 A [文章结构题。文章把法国人和美国人的生活理念和饮食习惯在第二段作了对比，最后一段在肥胖率方面作了对比，故答案为A。]
4．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A TV interview.
B．A food advertisement.
C．A health report.
D．A book review.
答案 C [文章出处题。文章旨在说明饮食习惯影响人的体重，习惯不当易引起肥胖，与健康有关，故选C。]
Passage 21 (2017·辽宁)
话题：绿色之路
词数：258
Going green seems to be a fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days.Whether that is good or bad，we cant really say，but for the two of us，going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.
On April 22，2011，we decided to go green every single day for an entire year.This meant doing 365 different green things，and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things.Rather than recycle and reduce our energy，we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.
With the idea of going green every single day for a year，Our Green Year started.My wife and I decided to educate people about how they could go green in their lives and hoped we could show people all the green things that could be done to help the environment.We wanted to push the message that every little bit helps.
Over the course of Our Green Year，we completely changed our lifestyle.We now shop at organic(有机的)stores.We consume less meat，choosing green food.We have greatly reduced our buying we dont need.We have given away half of what we owned through websites.Our home is kept clean by vinegar and lemon juice，with no chemical cleaners.We make our own butter，enjoying the smell of home－made fresh bread.In our home office anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.
Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year.We are grateful for the chance to have been able to go green and educate others.We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了作者夫妇走一年绿色之路的体会和好处。
★1.What might be the best title for the passage?
A．Going Green
B．Protecting the Planet
C．Keeping Open－Minded
D．Celebrating Our Green Year
答案 A [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了作者走一年绿色之路的体会和好处。A选项最适合做文章的标题，故答案选A。]
2．It was difficult for the couple to live a green life for the whole year because________．
A．they were expected to follow the green fad
B．they didnt know how to educate other people
C．they were unwilling to reduce their energy
D．they needed to perform unusual green tasks
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This meant doing 365 different green things，and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things.”可知，走一年绿色之路是艰辛的，因为这意味着要做365件不同的绿色事情，这也意味着我们要超越简单的事情挑战自我。故答D。]
3．What did the couple do over the course of Our Green Year?
A．They tried to get out of their ungreen habits.
B．They ignore others ungreen behavior.
C．They chose better chemical cleaners.
D．They sold their home－made food.
答案A [推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Over the course of Our Green Year，we completely changed our lifestyles.”及该段最后一句“In our home office anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.”可知，在走绿色之路这一年中，我们完全改变了自己的生活方式，抛弃对环境有害的习惯。故答案选A。]
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．The government will give support to the green people.
B．The couple may continue their project in the future.
C．Some people disagree with the couples green ideas.
D．Our Green Year is becoming a national campaign.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet.”可知，我们相信我们具有改变事情和改善我们这个星球的能力，表明了他们要继续走绿色之路的决心。故答案选B。]
Passage 22 (2017·安徽)
话题：
词数：251
Using too much water or
throwing
rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger，but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the
water
we
use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave，the less water
can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)．Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more
rainfall ，but in any case，good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference，too.In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.
You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with，use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher (洗碗机) only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了人类活动对淡水供应产生的影响，以及我们应该如何应对水资源短缺的问题。
1．Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater ?
A．Using river water.
B．Throwing batteries away.
C．Paving parking lots.
D．Throwing rubbish into lakes.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第一段倒数第二、三句“Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.”可知，我们的地下水不是来自河水和湖水，故排除A、D两项；根据最后一段最后一句“You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.”可推知，扔掉废旧的电池会使我们的水变得不干净，与题意不符，故排除B项。答案C符合文意。]
2．What can be inferred from the text ?
A．All water shortages are due to human behavior.
B．It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.
C．There is much we can do to reduce family size.
D．The average family in
America makes proper use of water.
答案 B [推理判断题。本题可用排除法。根据文章第二段第一句“Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺)．”可排除A项；根据文章第三段第二、三句“In the United States，a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live，but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.”并结合最后一段讲如何节约用水可推知，美国普通家庭用水过度，故排除DThis shows how much we depend on water to live，but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.”可知，人们需要降低的是用水量，而不是家庭的规模，故排除C项。由此可知，答案B符合文意。]
3．The last paragraph is intended to________．
A．show us how to fix leaks at home
B．tell us how to run a dishwasher
C．prove what drinking glass is best for us
D．suggest what we do to save water at home
答案 D [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句“You can take steps to save water in your home.”可知，本段主要讲的是如何在日常生活中节约用水，故答案D符合文意。]
4.The text is mainly about________．
A．why paving roads reduces our water
B．how much we depend on water to live
C．why droughts occur more in dry climates
D．how human activity affects our water supply
答案 D [主旨大意题。根据对文章D符合文意。其他各项都是对文章的部分描述，而不是文章的主旨，故可排除。]
Passage 23 (2017·湖南)
话题：代替塑料的环保品
词数：276
Harvard researchers have created a tough，low－cost，biodegradable(可生物降解的) material inspired by insects hard outer shells.The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.The material，made from shrimp(虾) shells and proteins produced from silk，is called “shrilk”．It is thin，clear，flexible and strong.
A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability.Plastic’s toughness and flexibility represented a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and 60s.Decades later，however，plastics very durability(耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one－time products such as plastic bags，or short－lived consumer goods，used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries.What is the point of making something that lasts 1，000 years?
Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but its basic components are used as fertilizer (肥料), and so will enrich the soil.
Shrilk has great potential，the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost，and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.
Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab.The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet，so theyre exploring ways to use it in wet environments.They’re also developing simpler production processes，which could be used for non－medical products，like for computer cases and other products inside the home.Theyre even exploring combining it with other materials like carbon fibers，to give it new properties.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种在将来某一天可能会替代塑料的环保材料。这种材料的原材料在大自然中很容易获得，
1．Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilks
________．
A．remarkable design
B．interesting name
C．major features
D．basic elements
答案 C [推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了哈佛大学研究者最新发明的一种耐用、成本低、可C项正确。]
2．What has become a concern about plastic?
A．Using it properly.
B．Producing it cheaply.
C．Developing its properties quickly.
D．Evaluating its contributions fairly.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Decades later，however，plastics very durability is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one－time products...”可推知，如何合理利用这种材料成了焦点问题。故A项正确。]
3．According to the inventors，shrilk has great potential partly because________．
A．it can help plastic degrade
B．it can be found in living things
C．its mass production has been realized
D．its raw materials are abundant in nature
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第四段第一、二句“Shrilk has great potential，the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.”可知，制作这种材料的原材料在大自然中是非常充足的。故D项正确。]
4．What are the inventors doing in the lab?
A．Replacing carbon fibers with shrilk.
B．Testing shrilks use in wet conditions.
C．Making shrilk out of used household goods.
D．Improving shrilks flexibility for medical purposes.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据最后一段第一、二句“Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab.The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet，so theyre exploring ways to use it in wet environments.”可知，这种材料在潮湿环境中会变得柔韧有弹性，所以研究者正在探索在潮湿环境中使用这种材料的方法。故B项正确。]
★5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．Recent Progress in Environment Protection.
B．Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research.
C．The Harm of One－time Products.
D．A Possible Alternative Plastic.
答案 D [主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了一种在将来可能替代塑料的环保材料。这种材料的原材料在大自然中很充足，且具有耐用、成本低、可生物降解等优点。D项做标题最恰当。]
考点二 细
Passage 1 (2016·北京)
话题：飓风之后
词数：358
Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)
Natalie Doan，14，has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway，New York.Living just a few blocks from the beachNatalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house.“It’s the ocean that makes Rockaway so special，” she says.
On October 29，2017，that ocean turned fierce.That night，Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast，and Rockaway was hit especially hard.Fortunately，Natalies family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city’s bridges closed.
When they returned to Rockaway the next day，they found their neighborhood in ruins.Many of Natalies friends had lost their homes and were living far away.All around her，people were suffering，especially the elderly.Natalies school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
In the following few days，the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys.Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild.Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high－rise buildings.
“My mom tells me that I cant control what happens to me，” Natalie says，“but I can always choose how I deal with it.”
Natalies choice was to help.
She created a website page，matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick，who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down.Within days，Patricks collection was replaced.
In the coming months，her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher，who received a new basketball; Charlie，who got a new keyboard.Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much－needed supplies to Rockaway.Her efforts made her a famous person.Last April，she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.
Today，the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway，but hope is in the air.The streets are clear，and many homes have been rebuilt.“I can’t imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，” Natalie declares.“My neighborhood will be back，even stronger than before.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了飓风Rockaway之后，志愿者立即行动起来，帮助救灾。在他们的影响下Natalie Doan创办了一个网站，帮助幸存者与志愿者建立联系，从而在救灾中发挥了重要作用。
★1.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane，she found ________．
A．some friends had lost their lives
B．her neighborhood was destroyed
C．her school had moved to Brooklyn
D．the elderly were free from suffering
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句话When they returned to Rockaway the next day，they found their neighborhood in ruins.可知飓风过后，当Natalie回到Rockaway 时，她发现她的街区被毁了。in ruins相当于B选项中的was destroyed，故选B项。]
★2.According to Paragraph 4，who inspired Natalie most?
A．The people helping Rockaway rebuild.
B．The people trapped in high－rise buildings.
C．The volunteers donating money to survivors.
D．Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句话In the following few days，the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.可知激励Natalie的是帮助Rockaway镇重建的人们。A项和原文同义，故选A。]
3．How did Natalie help the survivors?
A．She gave her toys to other kids.
B．She took care of younger children.
C．She called on the White House to help.
D．She built an information sharing platform.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的第一句话She created a website page，matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.以及倒数第二段的第一句话In the coming months her website page helped lots of kids.可知Natalie通过创建一个网页为需要帮助的人提供援助。由此可以推出她建立一个信息分享平台。故选D项。]
4．What does the story intend to tell us?
A．Little people can make a big difference.
B．A friend in need is a friend indeed.
C．East or west，home is best.
D．Technology is power.
答案 A [主旨大意题。本文主要讲了Rockaway被飓风桑迪袭击后，包括主人公Natalie在内的许多人，例如：志愿者、邻居等普通人通过各种途径帮助Rockaway重建的故事。体现了Little people can make a big difference的主题。故选A。]
Passage 2 (2016·四川)
话题：招聘广告一则
词数：105
Basketball Statistician Help Wanted
The Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall 2016, Winter 2016－17 and Spring 2017 semesters.Students in this position will be keeping live statistics during basketball games.Students must meet all of the following requirements：
•Good computer skills
•Available evenings and weekends
•Knowing basketball rules and statistics
Students interested in working for the Athletic Department should contact the Athletic Coordinator at their respective(各自的) campuses.
•TP/SS Athletic Coordinator, Michael Simone，240－567－1308
•Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga，240－567－7589
•Springfield Athletic Coordinator, Gary Miller，240－567－2273
•Germantown Athletic Coordinator, Gauri Chavan, 240－567－6915
【语篇导读】 这是一则招聘广告。介
★1.When will the job start?
A．In May 2016.
B．In May 2017.
C．In September 2016.
D．In September 2017.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章首句可知工作时间安排，即2016年秋季， 2016－17冬季和2017年春季。工作是从2016年9月开始，因此选C。]
2．Who is more likely to get the job?
A．Sam，English major，member of the college basketball team.
B．Judy，IT staff with night classes，childrens basketball team coach.
C．Ted，computer major, basketball fan，free on evenings and weekends.
D．Molly，part－time programmer，high school basketball player，new mother.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据招聘要求(良好的计算机技能；晚上和周末有空；了解篮球规则和数据统计)可知，Ted符合要求。]
★3.Whom should you contact if you want to apply for the job in Rockville?
A．Michael.
B．Jorge.
C．Gauri.
D．Gary.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据联系方式Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga，240－567－7589可知，如果想申请在Rockville工作，应联系Jorge Zuniga。]
Passage 3 (2016·浙江)
话题：传言的危害
词数：381
“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday？”Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining，Tori brags.“You bet I did.Sean told me two days ago.”
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about？It just happens to be yours truly，Adam Freedman.I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true.Still，Lindsey and Tori arent very different from most students here at Linton High School，including me.Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)．I have noticed three effects of gossip：it can hurt people，it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction，and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.Usually，gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups，trouble at home，even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret.The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is，the juicier the gossip it makes.Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.People often think of gossipers as harmlessbut cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful，then why do so many of us do it？The answer lies in another effect of gossip：the satisfaction it gives us.Sharing the latest rumor(传言)can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t.Similarly，hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.”In other words，gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优越感)．
Gossip also can have a third effect：it strengthens unwritten，unspoken rules about how people should act.Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group.Translated into high school terms，this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said，then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention.The dos and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation.The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news，think about why you want to gossip and what effects your“juicy story”might have.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。
1．The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to ________．
A．introduce a topic
B．present an argument
C．describe the characters
D．clarify his writing purpose
答案 A [推理判断题。根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip. (我们的话题A。]
★2.An important negative effect of gossip is that it ________．
A．breaks up relationships
B．embarrasses the listener
C．spreads information around
D．causes unpleasant experiences
D [细节理解题。根据文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.可知主要危害是它会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。]
★3.In the authors opinion，many people like to gossip because it ________．
A．gives them a feeling of pleasure
B．helps them to make more friends
C．makes them better at telling stories
D．enables them to meet important people
答案 A [细节理解题。试题分析：根据文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us，可知人们散播传言是因为它会带来满足感，故选A。]
★4.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ________．
A．provide students with written rules
B．help people watch their own behaviors
C．force schools to improve student handbooks
D．attract the polices attention to group behaviors
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviours in a group.可知他认为传言能帮助人们观察自身的行为，故选B。]
★5.What advice does the author give in the passage?
A．Never become a gossiper.
B．Stay away from gossipers.
C．Dont let gossip turn into lies.
D．Think twice before you gossip.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have. 可知作者的建议是让人们在传言之前三思而后行。故选D。]
Passage 4 (2016·江苏)
话题：网络课程信息
词数：223
e－Learning：An Alternative LearningOpportunity
Day School Program
Secondary students across Toronto District School Board(TDSB) are invited to take one or two e－Learning courses on their day school timetable.Students will remain on the roll at their day school.
The on－line classroom provides an innovative，relevant and interactive learning environment.The courses and on－line classroom are provided by the Ministry of Education.
These on－line courses：
are taught by TDSB secondary school teachers；
are part of the TDSB students timetable；and，
appear on the Students report upon completion.
Benefits of e－Learning
Include：
access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school；
using technology to provide students with current information；and，
assistance to solve timetable conflicts.
Is e－Learning for You?
Students who are successful in an on－line course are usually：
able to plan，organize time and complete assignments and activities；
capable of working independently in a responsible and honest manner；and，
able to regularly use a computer or mobile device with internet access.
Students need to spend at least as much time with their on－line course work as they would in a face－to－face classroom course.【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍的是有关网络课程方面的信息。涉及在线课程的特点，好处以及如何完成在线课程等。
★1.E－Learning courses are different from other TDSB courses in that ________．
A．they are given by best TDSB teachers
B．they are not on the day school timetable
C．they are not included on students
reports
D．they are an addition to TDSB courses
答案 D [细节理解题。根据Access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school可知，这些课程在TDSB课程中是学不到的。]
★2.What do students need to do before completing e－Learning courses?
A．To learn information technology on－line.
B．To do their assignments independently.
C．To update their mobile devices regularly.
D．To talk face to face with their teachers.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据Students who are successful in on－line course are usually；...capable of working independently...可知，在完成在线课程之前，学生需要独立完成作业。]
Passage 5 (2015·安徽)
话题：食物与文化
词数：298
Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture?s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year.In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role.In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red－colored eggs to guests.In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
【语篇导读】 该篇介绍了食品作为一种交流的两个基本方面，来说明它是世界各地不同文化的一个重要组成
★1.According to the passage, sharing bread________．
A．indicates a lack of food
B．can help to develop unity
C．is a custom unique to rural areas
D．has its roots in birthday celebrations
答案 B [细节理解题。由第一段．..can promote unity and trust可知。]
★2.What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?
A．Trust.
B．Success.
C．Health. D．Togetherness.
答案 B [细节理解题。由第三段signifies (预示)．..success in the New Year可知。]
3．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________．
A．using examples B．making comparisons
C．analyzing causes
D．describing processes
答案 A [推理判断题。由第三段可知。]
4．What is the passage mainly about?
A．The custom of sharing food.
B．The specific meaning of food.
C．The role of food in ceremonies.
D．The importance of food in culture.
答案 D [主旨大意题。由最后一段可
Passage 6 (2015·湖北)
话题：小马驹
词数：384
“I see youve got a bit of water on your coat，” said the man at the petrol station.“Is it raining out there？”“No，its pretty nice，” I replied，checking my sleeve.“Oh，right.A pony(马驹) bit me earlier.”
As it happened，the bite was virtually painless: more the kind of small bite you might get from a naughty child.The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car park near Haytor，and perhaps thought Id jumped in ahead of him.
The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a tourist－heavy area and tourists are constantly feeding the ponies foods，despite signs asking them not to.By feeding the ponies，tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car，and make them harder to gather during the areas annual pony drift(迁移)．
The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked，the baby ones can be stopped from feeding on their mothers milk，and those whove gone beyond their limited area can be returned to their correct area.Some of them are also later sold，in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.
Three weeks ago，I witnessed a small near－disaster a few miles west of here.While walking，I noticed a pony roll over on his back.“Hello！” I said to him，assuming he was just rolling for fun，but he was very still and，as I got closer，I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.I began to properly worry about him.Fortunately，I managed to get in touch with a Dartmoors Livestock Protection officer and send her a photo.The officer immediately sent a local farmer out to check on the pony.The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks.The farmer freed him，and he began to run happily around again.
Dartmoor has 1，000 or so ponies，who play a critical role in creating the diversity of species in this area.Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies，and trying to come up with plans to find a sustainable(可持续的) future for one of Dartmoors most financially－troubled elements.
【语篇导读】 在Haytor附近的自然保护区Dartmoor内有一千头小马驹，这里的小马驹很调皮。游客们喂养小马驹给它们增加了一些不安全隐患，也使得小马驹的一年一度的迁移变得困难。自然保护区的官员们正在想方设法找到一个解决困扰保护区持续发展的最大问题——财政问题。
★1.Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?
A．To protect the tourists from being bitten.
B．To keep the ponies off the petrol station.
C．To avoid putting the ponies in danger.
D．To prevent the ponies from fighting.
答案 C [细节理解题。由第三段By feeding the ponies，tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car，and make them harder to gather during the area’s annual pony drift(迁移)．可知，通过喂小马驹，使它们增加被汽车撞到的危险，并且使它们每年的迁移都变得更困难。因此选C。]
★2.One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is _______.
A．to feed baby ponies on milk
B．to control the number of ponies
C．to expand the habitat for ponies
D．to sell the ponies at a good price
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句，Some of them are also later sold，in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.可知其中一个原因是控制小马驹的数量。]
3．What was the authors first reaction when he saw a pony roll on its back?
A．He freed it from the trap.
B．He called a protection officer.
C．He worried about it very much.
D．He thought of it as being naughty.
答案 D [推理判断题。由第五段assuming he was just rolling for fun，认为小马驹打滚玩耍。]
4．What does the author imply about the preservation of Dartmoor’s ponies?
A．It lacks peoples involvement.
B．It costs a large amount of money.
C．It will affect tourism in Dartmoor.
D．It has caused an imbalance of species.
答案 B [推理判断题。由第六段(最后一段)最后一句，most financially－troubled elements可
Passage 7 (2015·四川)
话题：母亲节
词数：335
Across Britain，burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers.But，according to a new study，we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.
Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work.Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as$172，000 a year.
The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do，as well as the hours they are working，to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income $30，000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
By analysing the numbers，it found the average mother works 119 hours a week，40 of which would usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hours as overtime.After questioning 1，000 mothers with children under 18，it found that，on most days，mums started their routine work at 7a.m.and finished at around 11pm.
To calculate just how much mothers would earn from that labour，it suggested some of the roles that mums could take on，including housekeeper，part－time lawyer，personal trainer and entertainer.Being a part－time lawyer，at $48.98 an hour，would prove to be the most profitable of the “mum jobs”，with psychologist(心理学家)a close second.
It also asked mothers about the challenges they face，with 80 percent making emotional(情感的) demand as the hardest thing about motherhood.
Over a third of mums felt they needed more training and around half said they missed going out with friends.
The study shows mothers matter all year long and not just on Mother’s Day.The emotional，physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never－ending，but children are also sources of great joy and happiness.Investing(投入)in time for parenting and raising relationships is money well spent.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇写在母亲节的文章，在母亲节这一天，每个人都会对母亲做一些事，比如送一束花等等，但是作者认为，母亲这一职业值得全年的关注，因为它包含太多。
★1.How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?
A．￡30，000.
B．￡142，000.
C．￡172，000.
D．￡202，000.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章的they would earn as much as$172，000 a year.以及This would make their yearly income ￡3，000 more than the Prime Minister earns.可知，总理的工资是172，000－3，000＝142，000。故选择B。]
★2.The biggest challenge for most mothers is from________．
A．emotional demand
B．low pay for work
C．heavy workload
D．lack of training
答案 A [细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段的It also asked mothers about the challenges they face, with 80 percent making emotional(情感的) demand as the hardest thing about motherhood.可知，选择A。]
★3.What is stressed in the last paragraph?
A．Mothers importance shows in family all year long.
B．The sacrifices mothers make are huge but worthwhile.
C．Mothers devotion to children can hardly be calculated.
D．Investing time in parenting would bring a financial return.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据最后一段的The emotional，physical and mental energy mothers devote to their children can be never－ending, but children are also sources of great joy and happiness.可知，选择B，指母亲付出的牺牲是巨大的，但是又是值得的。]
4．What can we conclude from the study?
A．Mothers working hours should be largely reduced.
B．Mothers should balance their time for work and rest.
C．Mothers labour is of a higher value than it is realised.
D．Mothers should be freed from housework for social life.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文章第一段的But, according to a new study, we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.可知，作者认为母亲的重要性应该得到更多的关注，故选择C。]
Passage 8 (2015·天津)
话题：大学宿舍规范
342
University Room Regulations
Approved and Prohibited Items
The following items are approved for use in residential(住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players.Items that are not allowed in student rooms include: candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers.Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.
Access to Residential Rooms
Students are provided with a combination(组合密码) for their room door locks upon check－in.Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone.The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others.The fee is $25 to change a room combination.
Cooking Policy
Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen.Students must clean up after cooking.This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff.Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use.With the exception of using a small microwave oven(微波炉) to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.
Pet Policy
No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms.Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are subject to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect.If, one week from the date of written notice, the pet is not removed, the student is referred to the Student Court.
Quiet Hours
Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University.Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11：00 p．m.to 8：00 a．m.Sunday through Thursday.Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1：00 a．m.to 8：00 a．m..Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of $25.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用文，主要谈论的是学生宿舍管理的一些具体要求及违犯规定所受的惩罚等。
★1.Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms?
A．Ceiling fans and waterbeds.
B．Wireless routers and radios.
C．Hair dryers and candles.
D．TVs and electric blankets.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第一部分第一句话可知，电视和电热毯是允许学生在宿舍使用的。而不允许使用的有candles, ceiling fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers。]
★2.What if a student is found to have told his combination to others?
A．The combination should be changed.
B．The Office should be charged.
C．He should replace the door lock.
D．He should check out of the room.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第二部分中的The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination...if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others.可知，如果一个学生被发现与他人共享组合密码，那么组合密码就会被更改。]
★3.What do we know about the cooking policy?
A．A microwave oven can be used.
B．Cooking in student rooms is permitted.
C．A housekeeper is to clean up the kitchen.
D．Students are to close kitchen doors after cooking.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第三部分最后一句话可知，除了可以使用微波炉热食物外，学生们不允许在房间里做饭。其他选项与本部分的内容不相符。]
★4.If a student has kept a cat in his room for a week since the warning, he will face ________．
A．parent visits
B．a fine of $100
C．the Student Court
D．a written notice
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第四部分最后一句话可知，如果得到警告后仍在房间养宠物一周，那他就会被交到学生法庭。]
★5.When can students enjoy a party in residences?
A．7：00 a．m., Sunday.
B．7：30 a．m., Thursday.
C．11：30 p．m., Monday.
D．00：30 a．m., Saturday.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据最后一部分中的Minimum quiet hours...are11：00 p．m.to 8：00 a．m.Sunday through Thursday.Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1：00 a．m.to 8：00 a．m..可知，只有D项属于安静时间之外，可以举办聚会。故答案为D。]
Passage 9 (2015·福建)
话题：美食节
词数：362
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2，000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50－metre course.On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors’ lane(赛道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)．All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10，000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate－covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one things for sure—if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn’t for you!
La Tomatina—The World’s Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the world’s largest food fight.A week－long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight－starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
The battle lasts little more than half an hour, in which time around 50，000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves, runs, or fights back.Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much－needed wash!
【语篇导读】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了世界各地有趣的“美食节”。
★1.In the Stilton cheese rolling competition, competitors on each team must ________．
A．wear various formal clothes
B．roll a wooden cheese in their own lane
C．kick or throw their cheese
D．use a real cheese weighing about four kilos
答案 B [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第一段中寻找。根据倒数第二句中的括号内的内容，可知，斯蒂尔顿奶酪翻滚大赛上翻滚的是木制奶酪。]
★2.Where is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival held?
A．In New Mexico.
B．In the Caribbean.
C．In Australia.
D．In China.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案需要在第二段中寻找，根据第二段第一句可知，激烈的食品烧烤节是在新墨西哥举行的。]
★3.The celebration of La Tomatina lasts ________．
A．three days
B．seven days
C．less than three days
D．more than seven days
答案 B [细节理解题。根据题干可知答案在第三段中寻找，第三段的第二句提到a week－long celebration可以看出选B。]
★4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B．More than 10，000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第二段的倒数第二句可知，any one of the thousands of the products that are on show.在食品烧烤节上，会有上千种食品展示。]
Passage 10 (2017·四川)
话题：做志愿者吧
词数：187
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someones life?
If yes，dont care about sex or age！Come and join us，then youll__make__it!
Position：Volunteer Social Care Assistant(No Pay with Free Meals)
Place：Manchester
Hours：Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives！Only 4 days left.Dont miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others!
Role：
You will provide people with learning disabilities with all aspects of their daily lives.You will help them to develop new skills.You will help them to protect their rights and their safety.But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.
Skills and Experience Required：
You will have the right values and great listening skills.You will be honest and patient.You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you’ll have to help those people with different learning disabilities.Previous care－related experience will be a great advantage for you.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇实用文体，作者向社会发出倡议，呼吁更多的人利用业余时间报名参加志愿活动，帮助在学习上存在困难的人们。
1．The text is meant to ________．
A．leave a note
B．send an invitation
C．present a document
D．carry an advertisement
答案 D [推理判断题。既然是招募志愿者，而且还列出了“Position，Place，Hours，Role，Skills and Experience Required”等条目，显然这篇文章的意旨是做广告宣传。]
2．What does the underlined part mean?
A．Youll make others’ lives more meaningful with this job.
B．Youll arrive home just in time from this job.
C．Youll earn a good salary from this job.
D．Youll succeed in getting this job.
答案 A [句意推断题。画线句子本是“成功”的意思。但联系前文“...knowing you have made a real difference in someones life.”可知答案非A莫属。]
★3.The volunteers primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities ________．
A．to get some financial support
B．to properly protect themselves
C．to learn some new living skills
D．to realize their own importance
答案 D [事实细节题。“But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.”一句是解答本题的依据。]
★4.Which of the following can first be chosen as a volunteer?
A．The one who can drive a car.
B．The one who has done similar work before.
C．The one who has patience to listen to others.
D．The one who can use English to communicate.
答案 B [事实细节题。短文最后一句“Previous care－related experience will be a great advantage for you.”说明以往的相关经验是申请这一职位的最大优势，由此可以推断该条件是优先考虑的。A、C、D三项内容在文中均被提及，但由题干中first一词予以排除。]
Passage 11 (2017·江苏)
话题：机会成本
词数：430
However wealthy we may be，we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost，which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else.
Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another，or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely，what they cost us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not，you might reason，watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends？This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists，every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on，you ought to be able to make better－informed，more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all：theres no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free，the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging：imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable.Yet，in a sense its human nature to do precisely that—we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
In the business world，a popular phrase is“value for money.”People want their cash to go as far as possible.However，another is fast obtaining an advantage：“value for time.”The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something，so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities，such as sleeping and eating.In return，however，this passage will help you to think like an economist，closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，作者通过生动简洁的例子向读者论述了经济学家提出的“机会成本”的概念。
★1.According to the passage，the concept of“opportunity cost”is applied to ________．
A．making more money
B．taking more opportunities
C．reducing missed opportunities
D．weighing the choice of opportunities
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第一自然段第二句话对“机会成本”这一概念的论述可知“机会成本”是用来衡量机会选择的。故选D。]
★2.The “leftover...time”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ________．
A．spared for watching the match at home
B．taken to have dinner with friends
C．spent on the way to and from the match
D．saved from not going to watch the match
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话内容可知，一开始观看现场表演需金钱和路途上的时间，而后选择在家看比赛就可节省出来回途中的时间，故选C。]
3．What are forgone opportunities?
A．Opportunities you forget in decision－making.
B．Opportunities you give up for better ones.
C．Opportunities you miss accidentally.
D．Opportunities you make up for.
答案 B [词义理解题。根据文章第四自然段可以看出做出每一决定都会放弃另一种机会forgone opportunity的概念即指B。]
Passage 12 (2017·安徽)
话题：大象与蜜蜂
词数：334
Recordings of angry bees are enough to send big，tough African elephants running away，a new study says.Beehives (蜂窝)—either recorded or real—may even prevent elephants from damaging farmers crops.
In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them.Today，Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops.But before she asked farmers to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms，she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.
Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder.Then she threw a stone into the beehive，which burst into life.Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down.Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a tree close to each family.
From a distance，Lucy switched on the pre－recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera.Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds.Out of a total of 17 groups，only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees.Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them.When Lucy played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families，the animals were undisturbed.Even after four minutes，most of the groups stayed in one place.
Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times.She hasn’t tested enough groups yet to know，but her initial
results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers.She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.
【语篇导读】 本文讲述了科学家Lucy King和她的团队发现大象害怕蜜蜂，并且做实验来证实这个事情。
★1.We know from the passage that elephants may be frightened of ________．
A．loud noises
B．some crops
C．video cameras
D．angry bees
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段“Recordings of angry bees are...farmers crop”可知愤怒的蜜蜂为大象所害怕。故选D。]
★2. As mentioned in the passage，Lucy
________．
A．works by herself in Africa
B．needs to test more elephant groups
C．has stopped elephants eating crops
D．has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms
答案 B [事实细节题。根据文章最后一Lucy is now studying...she hasn’t tested enough groups yet to know”可知Lucy需要对更多的象群进行实验，故选B。]
★3.Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?
A．To record the sound of bees.
B．To make a video of elephants.
C．To see if elephants would run away.
D．To find out more about the behavior of bees.
答案 A [事实细节题。根据文章第三段中“Lucy found a wild beehive...and set up a recorder”和第四段中“Lucy switched on the pre－recorded sound...a video camera.”可知Lucy向野蜂窝扔石头是为了激怒蜜蜂以便录下它们的声音。故选A。
★4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Young elephants ignore African honeybees.
B．Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.
C．Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.
D．Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据文章第二段“In 2002，scientist Lucy King and her team...living in them”一句，可知大象不敢靠近住有蜜蜂的树。故选C。]
Passage 13 (2017·北京)
话题：水族馆
词数：340
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium (水族馆)
The all－new Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD，is one of Victorias leading visitor attractions and an unforgettable outing for the whole family.Having 12 amazing zones of discovery，Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is the very place that you cannot miss when you visit the city.
* Opening Times
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is open from 9：30 a．m.until 6：00 p．m.every day of the year，including public holidays.Last admission is at 5：00 p．m.，one hour before closing.
* Location (位置)
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is located on the corner of Flinders Street and King Street，Melbourne.It is situated on the Yarra River，opposite Crown Entertainment Complex.
* Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
Train
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is a short walk from either Flinders or Southern Cross train stations.
Tram(有轨电车)
The Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium tram stop is located on the free City Circle Tram route (公交线路) and also routes 70 and 75.City Circle trams run every 10 minutes in both directions.
Shuttle Bus
The Melbourne City Tourist Shuttle is a free bus service，stopping at key tourist attractions in and around the City.Running daily，every 15 minutes from 10：00 a．m.to 4：00 p．m..
* Car Parking
While there is no public car parking at Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，there are several public car parking lots available only a short walk away.
* Wheelchair Access
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium provides people in wheelchairs with full access to all 12 zones.Each floor also has wheelchair accessible toilets.
* Terms
Tickets will be emailed to you immediately after purchase or you can download and print your ticket once payment has been accepted.Please print out all tickets purchased and present at the front entrance of Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium.No ticket，no entry!
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇介绍类应用文，介绍了Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium(水族馆)的开放时间、位置、到达的交通方式、停车场服务、轮椅服务以及条款(主要是门票事宜)等信息。此类文章可以根据题干信息，采用逆读法做题。
★1.Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium ________．
A．is located at the center of the CBD in the city
B．has 12 most attractive places in Melbourne
C．admits visitors from 9：30 a．m.until 6：00 p．m.
D．is beside Crown Entertainment Complex
答案 A [细节理解题。由文章第一句话 situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD可知，它与选项A：is located at the center of the CBD in the city 是同义句，situated in＝located in位于。]
★2.Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium，visitors can take ________．
A．trains from Southern Cross train station
B．shuttle buses around the train station
C．boats across the Yarra River
D．either tram route 70 or 75
答案 D [细节理解题。根据题干信息和选项，答案必然在Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium 这段，根据这一段中的Train分段所表达的信息，从Southern Cross train stations到水族馆，只需要走(walk)一小段路即可，因此A不对；B项说的shuttle buses不是在火车站周围，而是in and around the city；C项D项定位到Tram段落，水族馆就位于Tram公交线路上，且后面明确说到乘坐路线70，75均可，所以选D。]
★3.Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium offers visitors ________．
A．free car parking B．wheelchair access
C．Internet connection D．transportation service
答案 B [细节理解题。根据选项关键词，定位到Car Parking，Wheelchair Access和Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium段落。A项未涉及停车场免费与否，不选；B选项段落中明确表达了．..provides people in wheelchairs with full access to 12 zones，即提供轮椅通道；C网络未提到；D交通服务，根据前面的Getting to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium段落中可知，需要乘客自行选择，而不是水族馆提供的。]
★4.Tickets to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium ________．
A．are free to all visitors
B．can be purchased by email
C．are checked at the entrance
D．can be printed at the ticket office
答案 C [细节理解题。根据题干Tickets定位到最后一段Terms段落，根据present tickets at the front entrance以及no ticket，no entry可以确定选择C。]
Passage 14 (2017·北京)
话题：做正确的决定
词数：426
Choosing the Right Resolution
Millions of Americans began 2017 with the same resolution they started 2017 with，a goal of losing weight.However，setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight—the output，we need to control what we eat—the input (输入)．That is，we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.Instead of resolving to lose weight，try an actionable resolution：“Ill stop having dessert for lunch，”or“Ill walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a well－specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励)，including in education，has been discussed.For example，researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school.In some cases，he gave students incentives based on input，like reading certain books，while in others，the incentives were based on output，like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam，aside from general rules like“study harder.”Reading certain books，on the other hand，is a well－set task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal，you have a much higher chance of success.And its easier to start again if you fail，because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending，a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café，for example.This is a well－specified action－based goal for which you can measure your success easily.Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general.Similarly，if you want to spend more time with your family，dont stop with this general wish.Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to，like a family movie night every Wednesday.
In the long run，these new goals could become a habit.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文，文章主要向大家说明在选择做出正确决定的时候，我们应该关注的是问题的产生以及事件的过程，而不是结果。比如在减肥中，我们应该关注饮食和运动，在教育过程中，应该鼓励孩子多读书，关注学习过程，而不是考试
★1.The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because ________．
A．it is hard to achieve for most Americans
B．it is focused too much on the result
C．it is dependent on too many things
D．it is based on actionable decisions
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段Setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.和第二段的To reach our goal of losing weight—the output，we need to control what we eat—the input (输入)．That is，we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.这句即可找出答案。整篇文章都在阐述我们在做决定或寻求问题的解决方案的时候，我们不能从结果的角度入手，而应该从问题的过程或起因入手，对于减肥这个问题，我们应该关注的是我们的饮食以及运动情况，而不是关注我们要减重多少，这种只关注结果的行为是没有效果的。]
★2.In Roland Fryers research，some students did better than the others because ________．
A．they obeyed all the general rules
B．they paid more attention to exams
C．they were motivated by their classmates
D．they were rewarded for reading some books
答案 D [细节理解题。答案在第三段中，列举了这种关注过程和起因的行为分别在教育中的体现，在Roland Fryer的案例中，孩子们会因为过程中的努力，如读了某些书而受到奖励，而这些孩子所获得的成就要比那些关注结果，即考试考得好会得到奖励的孩子们的收获或成就多。具体信息源在：His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.一句中。]
★3.According to the writer，which of the following statements is a good goal?
A．“Ill give up dessert.”
B．“Ill study harder.”
C．“Ill cut down my expenses.”
D．“Ill spend more time with my family.”
答案 A [细节理解题。只有A选项是将目标放在了事物的进程中，是一个具体的目标，也是一个好目标，而其他选项都只关注了结果。]
★4.The writer strongly believes that we should ________．
A．develop good habits and focus on the outcome
B．be optimistic about final goals and stick to them
C．pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits
D．set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output
答案 C [细节理解题。A，B，D都只关注了final goal 以及outcome，根据倒数第二段可知，C 建议我们坚持细节行为：即一个特殊的目标a well－specified actionbased goal，形成好的习惯。]
Passage 15 (2017·天津)
话题：大学指南
词数：340
A Guide to the University
Food
The TWU Cafeteria is open 7 a．m.to 8 p．m..It serves snacks(小吃)，drinks，ice cream bars and meals.You can pay with cash or your ID cards.You can add meal money to your ID cards at the Front Desk.Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria，you can use the tables to eat your lunch，to have meetings and to study.
If you are on campus in the evening or late at night，you can buy snacks，fast food，and drinks in the Lower Café located in the bottom level of the Douglas Centre.This area is often used for entertainment such as concerts，games or TV watching.
Relaxation
The Globe，located in the bottom level of McMillan Hall，is available for relaxing，studying，cooking，and eating.Monthly activities are held here for all international students.Hours are 10 a．m.to 10 p．m.，closed on Sundays.
Health
Located on the top floor of Douglas Hall，the Wellness Centre is committed to physical，emotional and social health.A doctor and nurse is available if you have health questions or need immediate medical help or personal advice.The cost of this is included in your medical insurance.Hours are Monday to Friday，9 a．m.to noon and 1：00 to 4：30 p．m..
Academic Support
All students have access to the Writing Centre on the upper floor of Douglas Hall.Here，qualified volunteers will work with you on written work，grammar，vocabulary，and other academic skills.You can sign up for an appointment on the sign－up sheet outside the door：two 30－minute appointments per week maximum.This service is free.
Transportation
The TWU Express is a shuttle(班车) service.The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre，leaving from the Mattson Centre.Operation hours are between 9 a．m.and 3 p．m.，Saturdays only.Round trip fare is $1.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇应用说明文，主要是对某大学的应用指南，文章从饮食、休闲、健康、学习、交通几个方面对该
★1.What can you do in the TWU Cafeteria?
A．Do homework and watch TV.
B．Buy drinks and enjoy concerts.
C．Have meals and meet with friends.
D．Add money to your ID and play chess.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第一部分“Food”中第二句“It serves snacks，drinks，ice cream bars and meals.”和第一自然段最后一句“you can use the tables to eat your lunch，to have meetings and to study.”可知道答案。]
★2.Where and when can you cook your own food?
A．The Globe，Friday.
B．The Lower Café，Sunday.
C．The TWU Cafeteria，Friday.
D．The McMillan Hall，Sunday.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第二部分“Relaxation”可知答案。]
★3.The Guide tells us that the Wellness Centre
________．
A．is open six days a week
B．offers services free of charge
C．trains students in medical care
D．gives advice on mental health
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第三部分“Health”第一句话：“...the Wellness Centre is committed to physical，emotional and social health.”可知答案。]
★4.How can you seek help from the Writing Centre?
A．By applying online.
B．By calling the centre.
C．By filling in a sign－up form.
D．By going to the centre directly.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第四部分“Academic Support”中第三句话“You can sign up for an appointment on the sign－up sheet outside the door...”可知答案。]
5．What is the function of TWU Express?
A．To carry students to the lecture halls.
B．To provide students with campus tours.
C．To take students to the Mattson Centre.
D．To transport students to and from the stores.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第五部分“Transportation”第二句话“The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre，...”可知答案。]
Passage 16 (2017·江西)
话题：度假村活动
词数：411
HOLIDAY FUN AT THE POWERHOUSE
500 HARRIS STREET ULTIMO ·TELEPHONE (02)9217 0111
Join in the holiday fun at the Powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition，Evolution & Revolution：Chinese dress 1700s to now.DONT FORGET our other special event，the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus(马戏团)！150 years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!
◆Chinese Folk Dancing：Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney.Dances include：the Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance.A feature will be the Qin Dynasty Emperors court dance.Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing Opera performances.
Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11：30 a．m.& 1：30 p．m..
◆Australian Chinese Childrens Arts Theatre：Well－known childrens play experts from Shanghai lead this dynamic youth group.Performances include Chinese fairy tales and plays.
Thursday 3 to Sunday 6 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11：30 a．m.& 1：30 p．m..
◆Chinese Youth League: A traditional performing arts group featuring performance highlights such as the Red scarf and Spring flower dances，and a musician playing Er Hu.
Sunday 6 to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall，11：30 a．m. to 1：30 p．m..
◆Kids Activity：Make a Paper Horse: Young children make a paper horse cut－out.(The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese painting，indicating a kind of advancement.) Suitable for ages 8－12 years.
Saturday 28 June to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall，12：00 p．m.to 1：00 p．m..
◆Club Med Circus School: Learn circus skills，including the trapeze，trampolining and magic.Note only for children over 5.There are 40 places available in each 1 hour session and these must be booked at the front desk，level 4，on the day.
Tuesday 1 to Saturday 5 July at 11：30 a．m.& 1：00 p．m..
Enjoy unlimited free visits and many other benefits by becoming a Family member of the Powerhouse.Our family memberships cover two adults and all children under the age of 16 years at the one address.
Members receive Powerline，our monthly magazine，discounts in the shops and the restaurants，as well as free admission to the Museum.All this for as little as $50，00 a year！Call (02)9217 0600 for more details.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇实用文体。介绍了度假村the Powerhouse本月举办各类活动的时间、特色及有关事宜。
★1.When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?
A．On July 2.
B．On July 3.
C．On July 6.
D．On July 8.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据题干中的“dance”一词可在Chinese Folk Dancing一段中找到“Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July”这一信息。]
★2.To learn the magic tricks，you can go to
________．
A．Kids Activity
B．Chinese Youth League
C．Club Med Circus School
D．Childrens Arts Theatre
答案 C [细节理解题。由题干中的关键词“magic tricks”在文章倒数第二段找到呼应词magic，该段落对应的即是Club Med Circus School。]
3.What is required if you want to enjoy free visits to the Museum?
A．Calling (02)9217 0600.
B．Gaining family membership.
C．Coming for the holiday fun.
D．Paying Powerline $50.00 a year.
答案 B [细节理解题。本题答案源于末段首句。]
4．What is the main purpose of the text?
A．To attract visitors.
B．To present schedules.
C．To report the performances.
D．To teach kids Chinese arts.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据文首“DONT FORGET our other special event...”和最后一段“Members receive Powerline，our monthly magazine，discounts in the shops and restaurants，as well as free admission to the museum.”可以推断此文的目的是为了吸引更多的游客到度假村来。]
Passage 17 (2017·广东)
话题：洋流研究
词数：341
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流)．Most do it using satellites and other high－tech equipment.However，ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage.A scientist with many years experience，he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States.There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap__meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident.He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.As expected，the company told him that they didn’t.Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment.If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed，he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the worlds best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here，and as a result，there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area.Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed.In a year he collected reliable information on 1，600 shoes.With this data，he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents，and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work，Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts，with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand.They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文，介绍了一种研究洋流的特别方式。
1．The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________．
A．fitting rooms
B．trading fairs
C．business talks
D．group meetings
答案 B [词义猜测题。由前面的so many shoes和后面的to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear，特别是sell，可知是建立交易市场，故选B。]
★2.Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out ________．
A．what caused the shipping accident
B．when and where the shoes went missing
C．whether it was all right to use their shoes
D．how much they lost in the shipping accident
答案 C [事实细节题。由第二段二、三、四句“He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back.As expected，the company told him that they didnt.Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment”可知，选C。]
★3.How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?
A．By collecting information from beachcombers.
B．By studying the shoes found by beachcombers.
C．By searching the web for ocean currents
models.
D．By researching ocean currents data in the library.
答案 A [事实细节题。由第三段第二句Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them (serious
beachcombers) and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed及其后几句可知，选A，“通过海滩清理者收集信息”。]
★4.Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________．
A．traveling widely the coastal cities of the world
B．making records for any lost objects on the sea
C．running a global currents research association
D．phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea
答案 D [事实细节题。由第四段第一句Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean可知，选D。]
5．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A．To call peoples attention to ocean pollution.
B．To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C．To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D．To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
答案 C [主旨大意题。文章主题句在第一段，即However，ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage，由此可知选C。]
Passage 18 (2017·湖北)
话题：宽容的力量
词数：397
Before I had my son，I spent two years working with children with disabilities.I learned that shouting and threats of punishment would result in a disaster.Coming up against their behaviour could only make the job harder and their behaviour more extreme.I found something that worked，though.
There was a very naughty boy in the nursery and a teacher who was generally very confident with the children was asked to take charge of him.One day the boy joined a session in the room next to mine.His appearance created an atmosphere of tension.He spent the entire session running around，hitting and kicking，and destroying property.
I was in the craft room working with some other children when my co－worker told me that this boys teacher was in tears，and could not get control of the situation.As we were talking，the boy ran in.I told my co－worker that I would take care of him.
I closed the door.He was full of energy，throwing things around and making a huge mess.But I could see that he was doing all these to annoy me.He needed connection，and this was the only way he knew how to ask for it.So I sat back down and kept quiet.Then he slowed down and began making a rocket.I talked to him about it.We continued like this for a few minutes before I slipped into the conversation：
“So what happened today？”
It was purely a question，no blame or anger in my tone.I believe that if I had criticized him，the gate that was slowly opening would have shut firmly closed.He told me that the teacher didnt let him do what he knew well due to safety but asked him to do what he disliked.He also admitted that he had enjoyed making her run around and saw it as a game.I explained that his teacher had not seen it as a game and was very upset.This again was stated simply as a fact.I suggested that next time he had a session，he talk about what he hoped to do at the start，which might be easier for everyone.He agreed and was quiet for a moment.Then he looked at me with tears in his eyes before quietly asking if he could go to find his teacher to apologize.
【语篇导读】 作者通过和一个小男孩相处的故事，告诉我们，大声地批评和恐吓调皮的孩子只能使事情变得更糟糕，给予孩子更多的时间和宽容可以使事情变得好起来。
★1.The boy made trouble for his teacher because he __________.
A．was accused of destroying property
B．was told not to yell at other children
C．was made to do things against his will
D．was blamed for creating an air of tension
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文中最后一段“He told me that the teacher didn’t let him do what he knew well due to safety but asked him to do what he disliked.”可知，老师让他做他不喜欢的事情。]
★2.Why didnt the author do anything about the boy’s bad behavior at first?
A．She didnt want to make it worse.
B．She didnt mind the huge mess at all.
C．She was tired of shouting and threats.
D．She hadnt thought of a coping strategy.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第四2至3行But I could see that he was doing all these to annoy me.He needed connection，and this was the only way he knew how to ask for it.So I sat back down and kept quiet.可知作者一开始不去纠正这个男孩的不良行为是因为这是孩子特有的表达方式，作者要做的不是批评、要求孩子，而是耐心地等孩子平静下来。同时，作者处理这件事的方式与全文主题句I learned that shouting and threats of punishment would result in a disaster相对应。故选A。]
★3.The author managed to get the boy to talk to her by ________．
A．playing games with him
B．giving him a good suggestion
C．describing his teachers feelings
D．avoiding making critical remarks
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句I believe that if I had criticized him，the gate that was slowly opening would have shut firmly closed.答案为D。]
★4.Why did the boy have tears in his eyes in the end?
A．He was sorry about his reputation.
B．He was regretful about his behavior.
C．He was fearful of the authors warning.
D．He was sad for the authors misunderstanding.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句Then he looked at me with tears in his eyes before quietly asking if he could go to find his teacher to apologize可知男孩要向老师道歉，为自己之前的行为感到后悔，故选B。]
Passage 19 (2017·辽宁)
话题：自行车在中国
词数：274
China is a land of bicycles.At least it was back in 1992 when I traveled the country.Back then everyone seemed to be riding a bicycle.Millions of them，all black.Cars were rare.Yet since my arrival in Beijing last year，Ive found the opposite is true.There are millions of cars.However，people still use their bicycles to get around.For many，its the easiest and cheapest way to travel today.Bicycles also come in different colors—silver，green，red，blue，yellow，whatever you want.
Its fun watching people biking.They rush quickly through crossroads，move skillfully through traffic，and ride even on sidewalks(人行道)．Bicycles allow people the freedom to move about that cars just cant provide.
Eager to be part of this aspect of Chinese culture，I decided to buy a bicycle.Great weather accompanied my great buy.I immediately jumped up on my bicycle seat and started home.
My first ride home was orderly (守秩序的)．To be safe，I stayed with a “pack” of bikers while cars on the streets came running swiftly out of nowhere at times.I didn’t want to get hit.So I took the ride carefully.
Crossing the streets was the biggest problem.It was a lot like crossing a major highway back in the United States.The streets here were wide，so crossing took time，skill and a little bit of luck.
I finally made it home.The feeling on the bicycle was amazing.The air hitting my face and going through my hair was wonderful.I was sitting on top of the world as I passed by places and people.Biking made me feel alive.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了在中国体验骑自行车的美好感觉。
★1.According to the author，why are bicycles still popular in China today?
A．Because they are traditional and safe.
B．Because they are convenient and inexpensive.
C．Because they are colorful and available.
D．Because they are fast and environment friendly.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“For many，its the easiest and cheapest way to travel today.”可知，对于许多中国人来说，自行车是现今出行最简便最便宜的交通方式。故答案选B。]
★2.The author decided to buy a bicycle because he intended ________．
A．to ride it for fun
B．to use it for transport
C．to experience local culture
D．to improve his riding skills
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Eager to be part of this aspect of Chinese culture，I decided to buy a bicycle.”可知，作者想体验中国文化才决定买自行车的。故答案选C。]
★3.How did the author feel about his street crossing?
A．It was boring.
B．It was difficult.
C．It was lively.
D．It was wonderful.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句“Crossing the streets was the biggest problem.”可知，过马路B。]
4．Which of the following best describes the authors biking experience?
A．The author enjoyed showing off his biking skills.
B．The author was annoyed by the air while riding.
C．The author was praised by the other bikers.
D．The author took great pleasure in biking.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The feeling on the bicycle was amazing.The air hitting my face and going through my hair was wonderful...Biking made me feel alive.”可知，“我” 骑在自行车上的感觉很好，空气吹在“我”的D。]
Passage 20 (2017·四川)
话题：网上教学
词数：277
In a recent announcement，Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) said that they have joined forces to offer free online courses in an effort to attract millions of online learners worldwide.
Beginning this fall，a number of courses developed by teachers at both universities will be offered online through a new $60 million program，known as edX.“Anyone with an Internet connection anywhere in the world can use our online courses，” Harvard President Drew Faust said during a meeting to announce the plan.
MIT has offered a program called OpenCourseWare for ten years that makes materials from more than 2，000 classes free online.It has been used by more than 100 million people.In December，the school announced it also would begin offering a special certificate，known as MITx，for people who complete certain online courses.Harvard has long offered courses to a wider population through a similar program.
The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.
MIT President Susan Hockfield said more than 120，000 people signed up for the first MITx course.She said Harvard and MIT hope other universities will join them in offering courses on the open－source edX platform.
“Fasten__your__seatbelts，” Hockfield said.
Other universities，including Stanford，Yale and Carnegies－Mellon，have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online.
The Harvard－MIT program will be monitored by a not－for－profit(非盈利的)organization based in Cambridge，to be owned equally by the two universities.Both MIT and Harvard have provided $30 million to start the program.They also plan to use the edX platform to research how students learn and which teaching methods and tools are most successful.
【语篇导读】 哈佛大学和麻省理工学院开发了网上教学课程，并且已经初见成效，网上教学平台的开发，不但可以让更多的人享受到优质大学的教学资源，还可以让研究者们发现一些适合学生的教育方法。
★1.According to this text，edX is__．
A．a part of the free MIT OpenCourseWare
B．a free computer program by MIT and Harvard
C．a Harvard－MIT platform of free online courses
D．a free program online for universities worldwide
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第一段的信息可知，edX是C。]
★2.What is said about online education in the text?
A．Universities have been trying online courses.
B．About 2，000 online courses have been offered.
C．Over 100 million people have finished courses online.
D．Stanford and Yale together have courses similar to edX.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第七段“Other universities，including Stanford，Yale and Carnegies－Mellon，have been experimenting...”可知，选项A正确，D错误；选项B中的about和文中more than不一致；第三段中的“It has been used by more than 100 million people”表明有超过1亿人使用网上课程，但并没说有1亿人完成了网上课程，由此可排除C。故正确答案为A。]
3．The underlined part in the text probably means “________”．
A．Get ready for the difficulties
B．Get ready for this educational change
CGet prepared to complete the online courses
D．Get prepared to make materials for the edX courses
答案 B [句意理解题。理解四个选项的意思并结合句子所在的语境可知，此处画线句子表示为迎接这种新的教学改革做好准备。故选B。]
★4.What can be said about MITx according to the text?
A．It is first offered as part of the edX learning program.
B．It is another free MIT－Harvard online learning program.
C．It is a standard to recognize online learners achievement.
D．It is a new kind of free online course of Harvard and MIT.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第四段“The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.”可知，MIT将被作为一种学习平台的基础标准。故选C。]
考点三 推理判断题
Passage 1 (2016·浙江)
话题：孩子的玩耍
词数：424
A scientist working at her lab bench and a six－month－old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all，the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world，and the baby is，well，just playing...right？Perhaps，but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this“play”is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls to the ground—and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)；bowls of rice do not float in mid－air，but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe；nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead，babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and tools differ，the babys investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world )，overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)，and logic (are my observations what I expected？)．
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example，it may only be through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory，that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has，for example，unlike the child，Mommy actually doesnt like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore，explain，and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。
1．According to some developmental psychologists，________．
A．a babys play is nothing more than a game
B．scientific research into babies games is possible
C．the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigated
D．a babys play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句．..but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处，故选D。]
2．We learn from Paragraph 2 that ________．
A．scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently
B．scientists and babies often interact with each other
C．babies are born with the knowledge of object support
D．babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第二段的句子overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像D。]
3．Children may learn the rules of language by ________．
A．exploring the physical world
B．investigating human psychology
C．repeating their own experiments
D．observing their parents behaviors
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第三段的句子For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。]
4．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.
B．Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D．Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据最后一段的Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选B。]
★5.What is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between scientists ‘research and babies’ play?
A．Convincing.
B．Confused.
C．Confident.
D．Cautious.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some psychologists suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。]
Passage 2 (2016·浙江)
话题：母亲的教育方式
词数：424
Two things changed my life：my mother and a white plastic bike basket.I have thought long and hard about it and it’s true.I would be a different person if my mom hadn’t turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.
My mother and father were united in their way of raising children，but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out.Looking back，I honestly dont know how she did it.Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task，but she made it look effortless.If we complained about not having what another kid did，wed hear something like，“I dont care what so－and－so got for his birthday，you are not getting a TV in your room/a car for your birthday/a lavish sweet－16 party.” We had to earn our allowance(零用钱) by doing chores around the house.I can still remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table.My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house.Like the two little girls growing up at the White House，we made our own beds (no one left the house until that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings，and if something was lost，it was not replaced.
It was summer and，one day，my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed—and there it was in the window.White，shiny，plastic and decorated with flowers，the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it.
“It’s beautiful，” my mother said when I pointed it out to her，“What a neat basket.”
I tried to hold off at first.I played it cool for a short while.But then I guess I couldnt stand it any longer：“Mom，please can I please，please get it? Ill do extra chores for as long as you say.I’ll do anything，but I need that basket.I love that basket.Please，Mom.Please？”
I was desperate.
“You know，” she said，gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believed was the coolest thing ever，“If you save up you could buy this yourself.”
“By the time I make enough it’ll be gone！”
“Maybe Roger here could hold it for you，” she smiled at Roger，the bike guy.
“He cant hold it for that long，Mom.Someone else will buy it.Please，Mom，please？”
“There might be another way，”she said.
And so our paying plan unfolded.My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I couldnt find.Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there (washing the car，helping my mother make dinner，delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked__ without the basket in front)．And then，weeks later，I counted，re－counted and jumped for joy.Oh，happy day! I made it! I finally had the exact amount wed agreed upon...
Days later the unthinkable happened.A neighborhood girl I’d played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixed to her shiny，new bike that already had all the bells and whistles.I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster.This horrible turn of events.
And then came the lesson I’ve taken with me through my life：“Honey，your basket is extra－special，” Mom said，gently wiping away my hot tears.“Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself.”
【语本文为一篇记叙文。作者回忆自己母亲对孩子不寻常的教育方法。通过一个自行车篮子的事情，母亲教会作者什么事情都要自力更生，通过自己努力得到的东西才是珍贵的。
★1.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A．The children enjoyed doing housework.
B．The author came from a well－off family.
C．The mother raised her children in an unusual way.
D．The children were fond of the US presidents daughters.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第二段的句子We had to earn our allowance (零用钱) by doing chores around the house....we made our own beds (no one left the house until that was done)and picked up after ourselves.We had to keep track of our belongings, and if something was lost，it was not replaced.可知，作者的母亲用不寻常的方法教育孩子。故选C。]
2．When the author saw the basket in the window，she ________．
A．fell in love with it
B．stared at her mother
C．recognized it at once
D．went up to the bike guy
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第三段的句子and there it was in the window. White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers，the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it.可知，当作者在橱窗里面看见这个篮子就喜欢上了它。故选A。]
★3.Why did the author say many “pleases” to her mother?
A．She longed to do extra work.
B．She was eager to have the basket.
C．She felt tired after standing too long.
D．She wanted to be polite to her mother.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第五段的句子I tried to hold off at first，I played it cool for a short while. But then I guess I couldn’t stand it any longer：可知，作者说了很多“pleases”，因为她渴望拥有这个篮子。故选B。]
★4.By using“naked” Paragraph 12)，the author seems to stress that the basket was ________．
A．something she could afford
B．something important to her
C．something impossible to get
D．something she could do without
答案 B [推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的句子(washing the car，helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front)．可知，作者觉得没有这个篮子，自行车看起来光秃秃的，使用“naked”这个词，说明这个篮子对她是个重要的东西。故选B。]
★5.To the author，it seemed to be a horrible turn of events that ________．
A．something spoiled her paying plan
B．the basket cost more than she had saved
C．a neighborhood girl had bought a new bike
D．someone else had got a basket of the same kind
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第十三段的句子A neighborhood girl Id played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixed to her shiny，new bike that already had all the bells and whistles.可知作者认为其他人有和她相同的篮子是一个灾难。故选D。]
6．What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother?
A．Save money for a rainy day.
B．Good advice is beyond all price.
C．Earn your bread with your sweat.
D．God helps those who help themselves.
答案 C [主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，作者的妈妈教育作者要通过自己的Earn your bread with your sweat。故选C。]
Passage 3 (2016·江苏)
话题：从平凡走向卓越
词数：714
Not so long ago，most people didnt know who Shelly－Ann Fraser－Pryce was going to become.She was just an average high school athlete.There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future.However，one person wanted to change this.Stephen Francis observed then eighteen－year－old Shelly－Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.Her times were not exactly impressive，but even so，he sensed there was something trying to get out，something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking.He decided to offer Shelly－Ann a place in his very strict training sessions.Their cooperation quickly produced results，and a few years later at Jamaicas Olympic trials in early 2008，Shelly－Ann，who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world，beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑)．
“Where did she come from？” asked an astonished sprinting world，before concluding that she must be one of those one－hit wonders that spring up from time to time，only to disappear again without signs.But Shelly－Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one－hit wonder.At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold.She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin，becoming world champion with a time of 10.73—the fourth fastest time ever.
Shelly－Ann is a little woman with a big smile.She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance.Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless.She grew up in one of Jamaica’s toughest inner－city communities known as Waterhouse，where she lived in a one－room apartment，sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers.Waterhouse，one of the poorest communities in Jamaica，is a really violent and overpopulated place.Several of Shelly－Anns friends and family were caught up in the killings; one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived.Sometimes her family didn’t have enough to eat.She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldn’t afford shoes.Her mother Maxime，one of a family of fourteen，had been an athlete herself as a young girl but，like so many other girls in Waterhouse，had to stop after she had her first baby.Maximes early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse’s roundabout of poverty.One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly－Ann was taking her to the track，and she was ready to sacrifice everything.
It didnt take long for Shelly－Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse.On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008，all those long，hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit.The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty，surrounded by criminals and violence，had written a new chapter in the history of sports.
But Shelly－Anns victory was far greater than that.The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing，the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped.The dark cloud above one of the worlds toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days.“I__have__so__much__fire__burning__for__my__country，” Shelly said.She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse.She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons.She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.
As Muhammad Ali puts it，“Champions arent made in gyms.Champions are made from something they have deep inside them.A desire，a dream，a vision.” One of the things Shelly－Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述2008年北京奥运会上成功夺金之后，她努力用自己的影响力去改变那个曾经吞噬了无数青少年梦想的贫民窟。
1．Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly－Ann?
A．He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.
B．He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.
C．She had big problems maintaining her performance.
D．She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.
答案 B [事实细节题。根据第一段中的Stephen Francis...was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.和he sensed there was something trying to get out可知，Stephen Francis教练感受到了她的巨大潜力。]
2．What did the sprinting world think of Shelly－Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?
A．She would become a promising star.
B．She badly needed to set higher goals.
C．Her sprinting career would not last long.
D．Her talent for sprinting was known to all.
答案 C [细节判断题。根据第二段中的sprinting world，before concluding that she must be one of those one－hit wonders that spring up from time to time，only to disappear again without signs.可判断出，短跑界认为她的事业不会持续很长时间。]
★3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?
A．Her success and lessons in her career.
B．Her interest in Shelly－Anns quick profit.
C．Her wish to get ShellyAnn out of poverty.
D．Her early entrance into the sprinting world.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第三段中的Maximes early...gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse’s roundabout of poverty.One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly Ann was taking her to the track...可判断出，她的母亲希望女儿摆脱贫困，所以决定女儿进行跑步训练当运动员。]
4．What can we infer from Shelly－Anns statement underlined in Paragraph 5?
A．She was highly rewarded for her efforts.
B．She was eager to do more for her country.
C．She became an athletic star in her country.
D．She was the envy of the whole community.
答案 B [句意理解题。根据后面的She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre...She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans...She intends to fight...可判断出，这句话的意思是她渴望为祖国做更多的事情。]
★5.By mentioning Muhammad Alis words，the author intends to tell us that ________．
A．players should be highly inspired by coaches
B．great athletes need to concentrate on patience
C．hard work is necessary in ones achievements
D．motivation allows great athletes to be on the top
答案 D [推理判断题。根据拳王阿里所说的这句话Champions arent made in gyms.Champions are made from something they have deep inside them.A desire，a dream，a vision意思是“冠军不是诞生在体育馆里，而是来自人的内心。成就冠军的是渴望、是梦想，是愿景！”，由此可判断出答案为D。]
6．What is the best title for the passage?
A．The Making of a Great Athlete
B．The Dream for Championship
C．The Key to High Performance
D．The Power of Full Responsibility
答案 A [标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是牙买加一个短跑名将谢莉·安从平凡走向卓越，从卓越迈向伟大的历程。故A为最佳标题。]
Passage 4 (2015·天津)
话题：书的魅力
词数：407
One day when I was 12, my mother gave me an order: I was to walk to the public library, and borrow at least one book for the summer.This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem—inability to read.
In the library, I found my way into the “Children’s Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.He was my secret sharer, but one morning, he was gone, given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him.I never forgot my beagle.
There on the book’s cover was a beagle which looked identical(相同的) to my dog.I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover.My eyes ran across the title, Amos, the Beagle with a Plan.Unknowingly, I had read the title.Without opening the book, I borrowed it from the library for the summer.
Under the shade of a bush, I started to read about Amos.I read very, very slowly with difficulty.Though pages were turned slowly, I got the main idea of the story about a dog who, like mine, had been separated from his family and who finally found his way back home.That dog was my dog, and I was the little boy in the book.At the end of the story, my mind continued the final scene of reunion, on and on, until my own lost dog and I were, in my mind, running together.
My mother’s call returned me to the real world.I suddenly realized something: I had read a book, and I had loved reading that book.Everyone knew I could not read.But I had read it.Books could be incredibly wonderful and I was going to read them.
I never told my mother about my “miraculous” (奇迹般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，作者通过自己成功的经历来说明读书可以矫正阅读困难的毛病。
1．The authors mother told him to borrow a book in order to ________．
A．encourage him to do more walking
B．let him spend a meaningful summer
C．help cure him of his reading problem
D．make him learn more about weapons
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话可知，作者的母亲让作者去借书，目的是帮助他矫正阅读困难的毛病。]
2．The book caught the authors eye because ________．
A．it contained pretty pictures of animals
B．it reminded him of his own dog
C．he found its title easy to understand
D．he liked childrens stories very much
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第二段后半部分的描述可知，这本书的封皮使作者想起了自己曾经养过的一只猎兔犬。]
3．Why could the author manage to read the book through?
A．He was forced by his mother to read it.
B．He identified with the story in the book.
C．The book told the story of his pet dog.
D．The happy ending of the story attracted him.
答案 B [细节判断题。根据第三段第一句话及后文的内容可知，作者认同封面上的狗就是他曾经拥有过的狗，所以他不知不觉地读了
★4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The author has become a successful writer.
B．The authors mother read the same book.
C．The authors mother rewarded him with books.
D．The author has had happy summers ever since.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的．..authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction可判断出，作者创作了自己的书、文章、诗歌和小说，也就是说他成为了一位成功的作家。]
5．Which one could be the best title of the passage?
A．The Charm of a Book
B．Mums Strict Order
C．Reunion with My Beagle
D．My Passion for Reading
答案 A [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是作者通过读书矫正了自己阅读困难的毛病。所以“书的魅力”最适合作本文的标题。]
Passage 5 (2015·陕西)
话题：生还的奇迹
词数：295
When the dog named Judy spotted the first sheep in her life，she did what comes naturally.The four－year－old dog set off racing after the sheep across several fields and，being a city animal，lost both her sheep and
her sense of direction.Then she ran along the edge of a cliff (悬崖) and fell 100 feet，bouncing off a rock into the sea.
Her owner Mike Holden panicked and called the coastguard of Cornwall，who turned up in seconds.Six volunteers slid down the cliff with
the help of a rope but gave up all hope of finding her alive after a 90－minute search.
Three days later，a hurricane hit the coast near Cornwall.Mr.Holden returned home from his holiday upset and convinced his pet was dead.He comforted himself with the thought she had died in the most beautiful part of the country.
For the next two weeks，the Holdens were heartbroken.Then，one day，the phone rang and Steve Tregear，the coastguard of Cornwall，asked Holden if he would like his dog back.
A birdwatcher，armed with a telescope，found the pet sitting desperately on a rock.While he sounded the alarm, a student from Leeds climbed down the cliff to collect Judy.
The dog had initially been knocked unconscious (失去知觉的) but had survived by drinking water from a fresh stream at the base of the cliff.She may have fed on the body of a sheep which had also fallen over the edge.“The dog was very thin and hungry，”Steve Tregear said.“It was a very lucky dog.She survived because of a plentiful supply of fresh water，”he added.
It was，as Mr.Holden admitted，“a minor miracle (奇迹)”．
【 小狗Judy在追赶一只绵羊的过程中掉下了悬崖，所有的人都以为它死了，可是两个星期后，主人被告知它还活着。
1．The dog Judy fell down the cliff when she was ________．
A．rescuing her owner
B．caught in a hurricane
C．blocked by a rock
D．running after a sheep
答案 D [细节事实题。根据第一段的信息可以知道，Judy在追赶它平生遇到的第一只绵羊的时候迷失了方向，掉下了悬崖。]
2．Who spotted Judy after the accident?
A．A birdwatcher.
B．A student from Leeds.
C．Six volunteers.
D．The coastguard of Cornwall.
答案 A [细节事实题。根据倒数第三段的第一句话，可以看出一位拿着望远镜的观鸟者发现了Judy。]
★3.What can we infer from the text?
A．People like to travel with their pets.
B．Judy was taken to the fields for hunting.
C．Luck plays a vital role in Judys survival.
D．Holden cared little where Judy was buried.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的信息可以知道，Judy最初失去了知觉，但是苏醒之后，他依靠悬崖下的一条小溪里的水存活，也许还吃掉了同样不慎落下悬崖的一只羊，但是能够存活两个星期，它的确是很幸运。C项正确。B项中说Judy是被带到乡下打猎的，文章中没有提及，Judy追赶绵羊，是天性使然，根据文中的第一句she did what comes naturally可知。]
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Miracle of the Coastguard.
B．Surviving a Hurricane.
C．Dangers in the Wild.
D．Coming Back from the Dead.
答案 D [标题概括题。本文描写一只小狗Judy在掉下悬崖后，奇D项 Coming Back from the Dead从死亡线上生还最为贴切。]
Passage 6 (2015·福建)
话题：父亲的教育
词数：412
Papa, as a son of a dirt－poor farmer, left school early and went to work in a factory, for education was for the rich then.So, the world became his school.With great interest, he read everything he could lay his hands on, listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown.“There’s so much to learn，” hed say.“Though we’re born stupid, only the stupid remain that way.” He was determined that none of his children would be denied (拒绝) an education.
Thus, Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.Though, as children, we thought this was crazy, it would never have occurred to us to deny Papa a request.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment, always to the point.
Then came the moment—the time to share the day’s new learning.
Papa, at the head of the table, would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine, ready to listen.
“Felice，” hed say, “tell me what you learned today.”
“I learned that the population of Nepal is....”
Silence.
Papa was thinking about what was said, as if the salvation(拯救) of the world would depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well....” hed say.“Get the map; let’s see where Nepal is.” And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.
This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.
As children, we thought very little about these educational wonders.Our family, however, was growing together, sharing experiences and participating in one another’s education.And by looking at us, listening to us, respecting our input, affirming(肯定) our value, giving us a sense of dignity, Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.
Later during my training as a future teacher，I studied with some of the most famous educators.They were imparting(传授) what Papa had known all along—the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been wasted, though I can never tell when knowing the population of Nepal might prove useful.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，作者回忆了自己的父亲，因为家境贫穷而中途辍学，但是父亲却以自己的方式对子女进行教育，不让他们失去教育的机会，对作者一生产生了深远影响。
1．What do we know from the first paragraph?
A．The authors father was born in a worker’s family.
B．Those born stupid could not change their life.
C．The town elders wanted to learn about the world.
D．The poor could hardly afford school education.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据文章第一段的描述，特别是第一段的第一句话，...for education as for the rich then.可知当时的穷人上不起学。]
2．The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”．
A．one new thing
B．a request
C．the news
D．some comment
答案 C [词义猜测题。根据上文中的We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.我们吃饭的时间就谈论当天的资讯，无论它有多么微不足道，它都不会被等闲视之。可以看出，it指的是news。]
★3.It can be learned from the passage that the author ________．
A．enjoyed talking about news
B．knew very well about Nepal
C．felt regret about those wasted days
D．appreciated his fathers educational technique
答案 D [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的描述，在父亲的坚持下，我们的家庭凝聚力更强了。通过分享，肯定我们自己的价值，给我们
4．What is the greatest value of “dinner time” to the author?
A．Continual learning.
B．Showing talents.
C．Family get－together.
D．Winning Papas approval.
答案 A [根据最后一段可以知道，作者
5．The authors father can be best described as ________．
A．an educator expert at training future teachers
B．a parent insistent on his childrens education
C．a participant willing to share his knowledge
D．a teacher strict about everything his students did
答案 B [根据最后一段的描述，作者父亲的教育方式使他终身受用，可见Papa是一位对孩子的教育影响很深的父亲。答案选B。]
Passage 7 (2015·湖南)
话题：灯塔管理员的故事
词数：356
Have your parents ever inspected your room to see if you cleaned it properly? Imagine having your entire house, garage, and yard inspected at any time—with no warning.Inspections were a regular part of lighthouse (灯塔) living, and a keepers reputation depended on the results.A few times each year, an inspector arrived to look over the entire light station.The inspections were supposed to be a surprise, but keepers sometimes had advance notice.
Once lighthouses had telephones, keepers would call each other to warn that the inspector was approaching.After boats began flying special flags noting the inspector was aboard, the keeper’s family made it a game to see who could notice the boat first.As soon as someone spotted the boat, everyone would do last－minute tidying and change into fancy clothes.The keeper then scurried to put on his dress uniform and cap.Children of keepers remember inspectors wearing white gloves to run their fingers over door frames and windowsills looking for dust.
Despite the serious nature of inspections, they resulted in some funny moments.Betty Byrnes remembered when her mother did not have time to wash all the dishes before an inspection.At the time, people did not have dishwashers in their homes.In an effort to clean up quickly, Mrs.Byrnes tossed all the dishes into a big bread pan, covered them with a cloth and stuck them in the oven.If the inspector opened the oven door, it would look like bread was baking.He never did.
One day, Glenn Furst’s mother put oil on the kitchen floor just before the inspector entered their house.Like floor wax, the oil made the floors shiny and helped protect the wood.This time, though, she used a little too much oil.When the inspector extended his hand to greet Glenn’s mother, he slipped on the freshly oiled surface.“He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight，” Glenn later wrote.After he steadied himself, he shook Glenns mother’s hand, and the inspection continued as though nothing had happened.
【语篇导灯塔管理员时刻面临着被检查的命运。这些检查是突然袭击，但是他们也找到了许多应对的办法，还发生了许多有趣的故事。
1．What does Paragraph 1 tell us about the inspection at the light station?
A．It was carried out once a year.
B．It was often announced in advance.
C．It was important for the keepers fame.
D．It was focused on the garage and yard.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第一段a keepers reputation depended on the results.可知检查结果会影响到管理员的声誉。]
2．The family began making preparations immediately after ________．
A．one of the members saw the boat
B．a warning call reached the lighthouse
C．the keeper put on the dress uniform and cap
D．the inspector flew special flags in the distance
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第二段As soon as someone spotted the boat, everyone would do last－minute tidying.可知一有人看到检查员乘坐的船，全家人都会马上开始做最后时刻的突击打扫。]
★3.Mrs.Byrnes put the dishes in the oven because this would________．
A．result in some fun
B．speed up washing them
C．make her home look tidy
D．be a demand from the inspector
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第三段可知，Mrs.Byrnes没有足够的时间洗完所有的盘子，为了提高整理房间的速度，她把盘子放在了炉子里。]
★4.If the inspector had opened the oven door, he would have seen________．
A．an empty pan
B．many clean dishes
C．pieces of baked bread
D．a cloth covering something
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第三段，炉子里的东西是没洗完的盘子，上面用一块布盖着。]
★5.The inspector waved his arms ________．
A．to try his best to keep steady
B．to show his satisfaction with the floor
C．to extend a warm greeting to Glenn’s mother
D．to express his intention to continue the inspection
答案 A [推理判断题。根据最后一段He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight.和after he steadied himself可知他为了保持平衡，挥舞着手臂划过地板，像一只开始学飞的小鸟。]
Passage 8 (2017·四川)
话题：男性和女性的差异
词数：329
Women are friendly.But men are more competitive.Why？Researchers have found its all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素)．Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently.
“Women tend to be social in their behavior.They often share with others.But men tend to be competitive.They are trying to improve their social status，”said Professor Ryan.
Generally，people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动)such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships，but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.
Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.
Half of the participants(参与者)received oxytocin.The other half received placebo(安慰剂)．
After a week，the two groups switched with participants.They went through the same procedure with the other material.
Following each treatment，they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition.And their answers should be based on gestures，body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that，after treatment with oxytocin，mens ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved，but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded：“Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise peoples abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素)that are mainly hormonal.”
【语篇导读】 这是一篇科普说明文。研究表明，男女性格的差异是由一种叫作“爱情荷尔蒙”——荷尔蒙催生素决定的。这种催生素作用于男性时会使他们识别竞争关系的能力增强，而作用于女性时则会提升她们辩识友情的能力。
1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A．Placebo.
B．Oxytocin.
C．The gesture.
D．The social status.
答案 B [事实细节题。短文开头的“...its all down to the hormone oxytocin.”这句话正是答题的依据。]
★2.What can we learn from Professor Ryans previous experiment?
A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.
B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.
C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others success.
D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand peoples behavior differences.
答案 C [推理判断题。第四段的意思是“在像忌妒这样的负面社交互动中，人体也会产生催生素。”选项C中的when we feel unhappy about others success与envy含义相近。故答案为C。]
3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?
A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.
B．To know the differences between friendship and competition.
C．To know peoples different abilities to answer questions.
D．To test peoples understanding of body language.
答案 A [事实细节题。由短文最后一段Professor Ryan说的这段话可知答案。]
4．The author develops the text by ________．
A．explaining peoples behaviors
B．describing his own experiences
C．distinguishing sexual differences
D．discussing research experiments
答案 D [归纳总结题。为了说明荷尔蒙催生素对男女的影响，作者先是谈到积极的社交互动，然后提及消极的社交互动，最后又说到通过62人做的对比实验。以上研究均以实验结果为依据，因此答案为D。]
Passage 9 (2017·天津)
话题：远距离签名
词数：368
A world－famous Canadian author，Margaret Atwood，has created the worlds first long－distance signing device(装置)，the LongPen.
After many tiring book－signing tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004.Together they designed the LongPen.Here’s how it works：The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet(手写板) using a special pen.On the receiving end，in another city，a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book.The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams(网络摄像机) and computer screens.
Work on the LongPen began in Atwoods basement(地下室)．At first，they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be.The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.The inventing finally completed，test runs were made in Ottawa，and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair.From here，Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.
The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time.It has several other potential applications.It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.
“It’s really fun，” said the owner of a bookstore，who was present for one of the test runs.“Obviously you cant shake hands with the author，but there are chances for a connection that you dont get from a regular book signing.”
The response to the invention hasn’t been all favorable.Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she’s trying to end book tours.But she said，“It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldnt
afford it.”
【语篇导读】 由于对于长期亲笔签名的疲惫，世界著名的作家，加拿大的Margaret Atwood 发明了一种可以使人不必亲自到场，远距离也可签名的the LongPen.本文介绍了它的工作原理、使用方法和各种功能，包括一些潜在的功用以及人们对该发明的评价。
1．Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen?
A．To set up her own company.
B．To win herself greater popularity.
C．To write her books in a new way.
D．To make book signings less tiring.
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第二自然段第一句话“After many tiring book－signing tours from city to city，Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them.”可知，Atwood是疲于应付各种各样的签名售书活动才有了发明该装置的想法。]
2．How does the LongPen work?
A．It copies the authors signature and prints it on a book.
B．It signs a book while
receiving the authors signature.
C．The webcam sends the authors signature to another city.
D．The fan uses it to copy the authors signature himself.
答案 B [归纳总结题。文章第二自然段第四至六句话“Heres how it works...”详细讲解了该装置的工作原理。]
★3.What do we know about the invention of the LongPen?
A．It has been completed but not put into use.
B．The basement caught fire by accident.
C．Some versions failed before its test run.
D．The designers were well－prepared for the difficulty.
答案 C [细节推断题。根据文章第三自然段第三句话“The device went through several versions，including one that actually had smoke coming out of it.”可知在该检测进行前也曾经历过失败。]
4．How could the LongPen be used in the future?
A．To draft legal documents.
B．To improve credit card security.
C．To keep a record of the authors ideas.
D．To allow author and fan to exchange videos.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据文章第四自然段第三句话“It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province.”可知该装置在将来可以提高信用卡的安全性。]
★5.What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6?
A．Atwood doesn’t mean to end book tours.
B．Critics think the LongPen is of little use.
C．Bookstore owners dont support the LongPen.
D．Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.
答案 A [推理判断题。文章第五、六自然段主要陈述该装置和本人亲自签名均有各自不同的利弊，而Atwood也因为发明该装置被一些作家认为她将结束作家们的签名旅行而受到抱怨，她特意做出解释，可知她的初衷并非完全终结作家们的签名之旅。]
Passage 10 (2017·福建)
话题：风能发电机
词数：359
As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe，few issues cause greater concern than energy policy.Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the power－producing machines of wind farms；yet they never take“direct action”，even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage.And the generous subsidies (财政补贴)，which encourage the expansion of wind power，are not favorable to the village communities and set landowners in conflict with other residents (居民)．
Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(比例) to the benefits they bring，because their energy output cannot match that of the carbon－based power stations they are supposed to replace.Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables，nuclear and carbon，and that the country is committed to meeting EU (European Union) targets for non－carbon energy generation.
Against this background，the fact that there is an argument within the government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms’ impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary.The two parties in the coalition (联合) government are in disagreement over what it should say.
We have some advice for the two parties：publish the report，and let the country be the judge.Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful，it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them.Equally，supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention.
The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an“acceptable”report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way.Given the sensitivities involved，all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions，rather than being left with the suspicion(猜疑that facts are being replaced by political beliefs.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇资讯报道，报道了风能发电机给当地村民带来的危害，然而他们却没有采取“直接行动”……
1．We can learn from the first paragraph that ________．
A．energy policy catches much attention of the public
B．the residents are in favor of the expansion of wind farms
C．many village communities are satisfied with the subsidies
D．the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents
答案 A [事实细节题。根据第一段的few issues cause greater concern than energy policy可知能源政策最能引起公众的注意，故选A项。]
2．Supporters think that the expansion of wind power ________．
A．is more rapid than that of carbon－based power
B．guarantees an increase in energy output
C．is expected to be much better than that of nuclear power
D．agrees with EU targets for non－carbon energy generation
答案 D [事实细节题。根据Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables，nuclear and carbon，and that the country is committed to meeting EU targets for non－carbon energy generation，故选D项。]
★3.It can be inferred from the passage that ________．
A．an official report will settle the energy problem
B．the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farms
C．the two parties have agreed on a further negotiation
D．political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts
答案 B [推理判断题。根据第三段可知，两个党派对于风力发电场这个事件产生分歧，故选B项。]
★4.Which of the following reflects the author’s opinion?
A．Increase political impact on energy policy.
B．Release a statement of supporters on wind farms.
C．Let the nation judge the facts about wind power.
D．Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据最后一段的后两句话可知作者的观点是让人民来判断风能的这些事实，故选C项。]
Passage 11 (2017·广东)
话题：灯塔自愿者
词数：351
Like many new graduates，I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do.My degree，with honors，in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical.I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow，but I had no idea how to do that.Thats when I learned about the
Lighthouse Project.
I started my journey as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers.I knew it would be a lot of hard work，and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time.In short，I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly.Neither did my family.
Eventually，however，I won the support of my family，and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application.After countless interviews and presentations，I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone.Several months later，I finally received a call asking me to report for duty.I would be going to a small village near Abuja，Nigeria.Where？What？Nigeria？I had no idea.But I was about to find out.
After completing my training，I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of proper accommodation.Though the local villagers were poor，they offered their homes，hearts，and food as if I were their own family.I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse.For the next year or so，I taught in that same schoolhouse.But I sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me.
Sometime during that period，I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did，though I did not get anywhere with the local language，and I returned to the United States a different man.The Lighthouse Project had changed my life forever.
【语篇导读】 本文作者叙述的是
1．What do we know about the author?
A．His university education focused on theoretical knowledge.
B．His dream at university was to become a volunteer.
C．He took pride in having contributed to the world.
D．He felt honored to study English literature.
答案 A [事实细节题。由第一段第二句“My degree，with honors，in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical”可知，作者的大学教育注重的是理论知识，选A。]
2.According to Paragraph 2，it is most likely that the author
________．
A．discussed his decision with his family
B．asked previous volunteers about voluntary work
C．attended special training to perform difficult tasks
D．felt sad about having to leave his family and friends
答案 A [推理判断题。由第二段最后一句In short，I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly.Neither did my family(总之，我并不是轻易决定申请灯塔计划的，我的家人也一样不是轻易决定的)和第三段首句Eventually，however，I won the support of my family(然而，最后我赢得了家人的支持)可以推断出，作者是同家人讨论商量过的。]
★3.In his application for the volunteer job，the author
________．
A．participated in many discussions
B．went through challenging survival tests
C．wrote quite a few papers on voluntary work
D．faced strong competition from other candidates
答案 D [推理判断题。由第二段的第二句“After countless interviews and presentations，I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone”可推知，作者面临了与其他候选人的激烈竞争。故D。]
4．On arrival at the village，the author was
________．
A．asked to lead a farming team
B．sent to teach in a schoolhouse
C．received warmly by local villagers
D．arranged to live in a separate house
答案 C [事实细节题。由第四段Though the local villagers were poor，they offered their homes，hearts，and food as if I were their own family可知，一到达那个村庄时，他受到村民的热情接待，故选C。文中信息具体，正确选项是对其概括。]
★5.What can we infer from the authors experiences in Nigeria?
A．He found some difficulty adapting to the local culture.
B．He had learned to communicate in the local language.
C．He had overcome all his weaknesses before he left for home.
D．He was chosen as the most respectable teacher by his students.
答案 A [推理判断题。由最后一段第一句all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did(他当初觉得奇怪或不寻常的所有事情现在都不再觉得奇怪了)可推断，已适应了，但当初不适应时要适应这些，是有困难的，故选A。]
Passage 12 (2017·湖北)
话
词数：424
You’ve flown halfway around the world；youve sniffed out this place that nobody in Falongland or Thailand seems to have ever heard of；so what on earth is there to do here？You consider this question as you sink into an old wooden beach chair that holds you above the sand.
It was a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee.By the time you found the bus station and got yourself sorted out，it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland.
Huaplee is located just south of Hua Hin，about two hundred kilometres from Bangkok，down the west side of the Gulf of Thailand.Not many tourists find this place，and the ones that do wonder if finding it has been their purpose all along.
Theres an apparent laziness that surrounds you here.It’s what this place offers，and its free of charge.The small waves that tap the shoreline seem to slow everything down.You settle into your beach chair in preparation for a long rest.You sit there and watch the sea.
It’s early afternoon，so the cook comes out and asks what youd like to eat this evening.Before long he’s rushed off to the market to buy the ingredients for whatever it was that you ordered—every meal fresh and to order.No menu here.
There is no poolside noise here but just that wonderfully warm，clear blue sea.Theres no street noise.The only sounds are the murmurs of nature.
For now you just count your blessings (福祉)，listing them in the sand with your toe (脚趾)．You dont have to worry about being late for work.You don’t have to do anything.
The beach to your right stretches off to the horizon (地平线)，slowly narrowing to nothingness only to re－emerge again on your left，now steadily widening until it covers the chair beneath you.Sand to your left and sand to your right；its unbroken，endless.No start，no end，just sand，sun，and peace.Step off it，and you re－enter the world of traffic，stress，work，and hurry.
Normally youre the type who can’t sit still for more than ten minutes，but youre on Huaplee Lazy Beach now and，in the right frame of mind，it stretches all the way around the world.
“How could it take me so long to find it？”you wonder.
【语篇导读】 文章描述了 Huaplee Beach的大体位置、饮食和在这里度过的美好时光。
★1.When the author first went to Huaplee Beach，________.
A．he found it unworthwhile
B．he failed to sort himself out
C．he became sensitive to smell
D．he had difficulty in finding it
答案 D [推理判断题。根据文章第二段It was a long journey...it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland，第三段第二句Not many tourists find this place.可知这个地方不好找，作者找到这个地方耗时很长，因此答案为D。]
2．What is special about the food service at Huaplee Beach?
A．No menu.
B．Free food.
C．Self service.
D．Quick delivery.
答案 A [细节理解题。第五段文章涉No menu here 可知答案为A。]
★3.In the authors opinion，a tourist can enjoy Huaplee Beach most when he ________．
A．sits in a beach chair
B．forgets his daily routine
C．plans a detailed schedule
D．draws pictures in the sand
答案 B [推理判断题。文章第七段：For now you just count your blessings ，listing them in the sand with your toe.You don’t have to worry about being late for work.You don’t have to do anything，和第八段：No start，no end，just sand，sun，and peace.都描述了在Huaplee Lazy Beach享受的美好时光。但第八段的最后一句Step off it，and you re－enter the world of traffic，stress，work and hurry，一旦走出这里，人们又要回到日常生活中，面临工作、交通、压力和快节奏的生活，而要享受Huaplee Beach则需要暂时抛开这些，即答案为B。]
★4.What does the author imply by his question at the end of the passage?
A．He shouldnt have counted his blessings.
B．He should have understood the wonder of nature.
C．He shouldnt have spent so much time on the trip.
D．He should have come to the place earlier.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据最后一句：“How could it take me so long to find it？”结合全篇文章所讲的在Huaplee Lazy Beach旅游的舒适惬意，可知作者是在感叹自己应该早点来到这里的。因此答案为D。]
Passage 13 (2017·山东)
话题：热天的回忆
词数：316
It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore.Needless to say，it was too hot to do anything outside.But it was also scorching in our apartment.This was 1962，and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for another ten years.So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors.He suggested we could see a movie.It was a brilliant plan.
Movie theaters were one of the few places you could sit all day and—most important—sit in air conditioning.In those days，you could buy one ticket and sit through two movies.Then，the theater would show the same two movies again.If you wanted to，you could sit through them twice.Most people did not do that，but the manager at our theater, Mr.Bellow，did not mind if you did.
That particular day，my brother and I sat through both movies twice，trying to escape the heat.We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each.Then，we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.Wed already seen the second movie once before.It had been at the theater since January，because Mr.Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it.
We left the theater around 8，just before the evening shows began.But we returned the next day and saw the same two movies again，twice more.And we did it the next day too.Finally，on the fourth day，the heat wave broke.
Still，to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and recite half of John Wayne and Jimmy Stewarts dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance！Those memories are some of the few I have of the heat wave of 1962.Theyre really memories of the screen，not memories of my life.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了“我”对以前“热天”里的生活回忆。
1．In which year did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner?
A．1952.
B．1962.
C．1972.
D．1982.
答案 C [事实细节题。根据第一段“This was 1962，and...for another ten years.”可知。]
2．What does the underlined word“It”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The heat.
B．The theater.
C．The Music Man.
D．The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.
答案 D [We’d already seen the second movie once before，因此“it”指上句中的第二部电影。]
★3.What do we know about Mr.Bellow?
A．He loved children very much.
B．He was a fan of John Wayne.
C．He sold air conditioners.
D．He was a movie star.
答案 B [推理判断题。第三段中最后一句提到第二部电影，The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance自从一月份就开始在剧院上映，是因为Bellow先生喜欢关于在该电影出演的John Wayne的一切，由此可推断Bellow先生是Wayne的粉丝。]
★4.Why did the author and his/her brother see the same movies several times?
A．The two movies were really wonderful.
B．They wanted to avoid the heat outside.
C．The manager of the theater was friendly.
D．They liked the popcorn and the soda at the theater.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章第二、三段可知，作者与他的哥哥为了避暑而重复地看电影。]
★5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．The author turned out to be a great singer.
B．The author enjoyed the heat wave of 1962.
C．The authors life has been changed by the two movies.
D．The author considers the experience at the theater unforgettable.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句话可以推断出答案。]
Passage 14 (2017·湖南)
话题：能源的使用
词数：353
The behaviour of a buildings users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use，according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)．The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放)by 80 percent by 2050，part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero－carbon by 2016.But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions：the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.
The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.
Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，explains Katy Janda，a UKERC senior researcher，consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.’In other words，old habits die hard，even in the best－designed eco－home.
Another part of the problem is information.Households and bill－payers dont have the knowledge they need to change their energy－use habits.Without specific information，its hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices.Feedback (反馈) facilities，like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use；some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Social science research has added a further dimension (方面)，suggesting that individuals behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器)，for example.
Janda argues that education is the key.She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇科普说明文，讲到能源使用的问题，建筑物的使用者的行为至少和它的设计是一样的重要，文章通过列举研究发现的结论及相关研究者的评论，说明家庭对于能源的消费量直接影响我们的生活环境的质量。
★1.As to energy use，the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of ________．
A．zero－carbon homes
B．the behaviour of building users
C．sustainable building design
D．the reduction of carbon emissions
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章首句The behaviour of a buildings users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use，可知英国能源研究中心的研究表明了人们行为举止对环境的重要性，故选B。]
2．The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to “________．”
A．the ways
B．their homes
C．developments
D．existing efforts
答案 D [词义猜测题。该句是非限制性定语从句，which是引导词，其先行词是existing efforts，故选D。]
★3.What are Katy Jandas words mainly about?
A．The importance of changing building users habits.
B．The necessity of making a careful building design.
C．The variety of consumption patterns of building users.
D．The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第三自然段中的consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.一句可知专家强调改变人们的家庭生活习惯的重要性，故选A。]
4．The information gap in energy use ________．
A．can be bridged by feedback facilities
B．affects the study on energy monitors
C．brings about problems for smart meters
D．will be caused by building users old habits
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第四自然段中的Feedback (反馈) facilities，like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use；可知本题选A，此处bridge 是名词用作动词，“为……搭建桥梁，沟通”之意。]
5．What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?
A．The social science research is to be furthered.
B．The education programme is under discussion.
C．The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.
D．The behaviour preference of building users is similar.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第五自然段的首句Social science research has added a further dimension (方面)，suggesting that individuals behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted可知人们在家庭的行为活动是不可预知的，故选C。]
Passage 15 (2017·四川)
话题：冒险经历
词数：332
In 1943，when I was 4，my parents moved from Coeur dAlene，Idaho，to Fairbanks，Alaska，where adventure was never very far away.
We arrived in the summer，just in time to enjoy the midnight sun.All that sunlight was fantastic for Moms vegetable garden.Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off，so she didnt care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk.That left me in a mess.I usually managed to find some trouble to get into.Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel.I had tried to light a barrel(桶)of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going.The smoke got pretty bad，though，and when I made my exit，a crowd and the police were there to greet me.The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me，and they did！I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me.I hadnt turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten，the serious cold began to set in.Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school?
As for Leonhard Seppala，famous as a dog sledder(驾雪橇者)，I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday.At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was，but I do remember the ride well.I was wrapped(包裹)heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950，we moved back to Coeur dAlene，but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
【语篇导读】 这是一
★1.What can be inferred about the author’s family?
A．His father was a cruel man.
B．His parents didnt love him.
C．His parents used to be very busy.
D．His mother didnt have any jobs.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据第三段首句可知父母都要上班。而“That left me in a mess.”的意思是“这让我处于混乱状态。”由此可以推断父母工作繁忙，没时间照管孩子。]
2．What happened when the author was 4?
A．He learned to smoke.
B．He was locked in a basement.
C．He was arrested by the police.
D．He nearly caused a fire accident.
答案 D [事实细节题。作者在前四段讲述的就是在地下室点火的事，那是他4岁时搬到阿拉斯加之后发生的。故选D。]
3．Which of the following is true?
A．Leonhard was good at driving dog sleds.
B．The author spent his whole childhood in Alaska.
C．Leonhard often visited the authors family after 1950.
D．The author suffered a lot while taking the dog sled in Alaska.
答案 A [事实细节题。由第六段可知里昂哈德是一位以驾驶雪橇而出名的人。由此可知A项正确。]
★4.What is the authors purpose of writing the text?
A．To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B．To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C．To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D．To show off his pride in making trouble.
答案 A [推理判断题。作者回忆的在阿拉斯加的几件冒险经历都是发生在童年时期的。因此答案A。短文并没有体现出C、D两项的意思，而B项仅是短文描述的一个细节，并非作者的写作意图。]
Passage 16 (2017·陕西)
话题：儿子会双语
词数：346
About 30 years ago，I left Cuba for the United States with my son.After getting settled finally in Brunswick，New Jersey，I enrolled(注册) my son in kindergarten.Several weeks later，my sons teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher’s office，an exchange of greetings was followed by his questions: “Is your son mentally retarded(弱智的)？Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability？”
Was he talking about my wonderful Scola? No，no，it cant be.What a helpless，lonely moment! I told him that Scola was a quiet，sweet little boy，instead.I asked him why he was asking me all these questions.
My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?
He was angry：“Why hasnt your son been taught to speak English? Don’t you speak English at home？”
No，I didnt speak English at home，I replied.I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months，and I didnt want him to forget his native language.Well，wrong answer! What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all time? “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country，never wanting to be a part of this society？”
Needless to say，I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people.” Then he told me the meeting was over，and I left.
As I had expected，my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over.He went on to graduate from college and got a job，earning close to six figures.He travels widely and leads a well－adjusted，contented life.And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的)．
Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others；it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要回忆了自己在教育孩子方面和任课老师之间发生的一个小插曲，旨在说明孩子在学会当地语言的同时，也不应忘记学习自己的母语。
★1.The teacher asked the author to his office________．
A．to discuss Scolas in－class performance
B．to get Scola enrolled in kindergarten
C．to find a language partner for Scola
D．to work out a study plan for Scola
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第二段老师在办公室里问“我”的问题“Is your son mentally retarded(弱智的)．..”以及第四段第一句“My son could not...disrupting the class.”可知，A项正确。]
2．What does the underlined word disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Breaking.
B．Following.
C．Attending.
D．Disturbing.
答案 D [词义猜测题。由语境可知，“我”儿子没有遵守老师的指令，因此老师认为“我”儿子上课“捣乱”。故D项正确。]
3．The authors attitude towards being bilingual may best be described as________．
A．critical
B．casual
C．positive
D．passive
答案 C [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As I had expected，my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over...And he has benefited from being bilingual(双语的)．”可知，“我”对儿子可以学会双语持积极态度。故C项正确。]
★4.This text is likely to be selected from a book of ________．
A．medicine B．education
C．geography
D．history
答案 B [推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了“我”和老师在孩子教育问题上的不同看法。因B项正确。]
Passage 17 (2017·浙江)
话题：兔子的困境
词数：505
Easter (复活节) is still a great day for worship，candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs，but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.
And no，not because the kids like to pull their ears.The culprit is climate change，and some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.
Take the Lower Keys Marsh rabbit，for instance.An endangered species that lives in the Lower Florida Keys，this species of cottontail is a great swimmer—it lives on the islands！—but it is already severely affected by development and now by rising sea levels.According to the Center for Biological Diversity，an ocean level rise of only 0.6 meters will send these guys jumping to higher ground and a 0.9－meter rise would wipe out their habitat (栖息地) completely.
The snowshoe hare，on the other hand，has a color issue.Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer，each designed to give them better cover from predators (捕食者)．As the number of days with snow decreases all across the country，however，more and more bunnies are being left in white fur during brown dirt days of both fall and spring，making them an easier mark for predators.Researchers know that the color change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight，but whether the rabbit will be able to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question.The National Wildlife Federation has reported that hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.
American pikas or rock rabbits，a relative of rabbits and hares，might be the first of these species to go extinct due to climate change.About 7－8 inches long，pikas live high in the cool，damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains.As global temperatures rise，they would naturally migrate (迁移) to higher ground—but they already occupy the mountaintops.They cant go any higher.The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be able to stand the new temperatures as their habitat heats up.
The volcano rabbit has the same problem.These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes in Mexico，and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shifted upward about 700 meters，but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher，so they are stuck in the middle.Scientists are concerned about their populations.
Native to the US，pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West.They are believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world.Their habitats have been destroyed by development.Several populations，such as the Columbia Basin pygmy，almost went extinct and were saved by zoo breeding programs.Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnels through the snow to escape predators，but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.
All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a giant bunny costume this Easter.
【语篇导读】 复活节的兔子本应该是很喜庆的动物，但由于气候的变化，很多兔子都面临灭绝的危险。那么，它们到底有着怎样的困境呢？让我们通过读文章去了解一下吧。
★1.The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order to________．
A．show the importance of Easter Day
B．introduce the issue about bunnies
C．remind people of Easter traditions
D．discuss the relationship between Easter and bunnies
答案 B [推理判断题。由文章第一段中的“gets quite a bit worse for bunnies”和第二段中的“And no，not because the kids like to pull their ears.”可推知，第一段提到复B项。]
2．The word “culprit”
(Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to________．
A．criminal
B．judge
C．victim
D．producer
答案 A [词义猜测题。由文章第二段中的“And no，not because the kids like to pull their ears.”和“is climate change”，以及下文中多次提到兔子们遭遇的困境可知，这里的culprit应该意为“罪魁祸首，灾难制造者”，所以答案选A项。]
★3.According to the passage，some rabbits can now be easily discovered by predators because they________．
A．are exposed to more skillful hunters
B．have moved to habitats with fewer plants
C．havent adapted themselves to climate change
D．cant change their fur color into white in the fall and the spring
答案 C [推理判断题。由第二段可知，一些兔子会受气候的影响。另外，第三段提到“Lower Keys Marsh rabbit(湿地兔)”和第四段提到的“snowshoe hare(雪兔)”都反映出它们对环境变化的不适应才是造成它们被轻易发现的原因，所以答案选C项。]
4．The problem faced by volcano rabbits and rock rabbits is that________．
A．both are affected by less snow
B．both are affected by rising sea levels
C．neither can find enough food
D．neither can migrate to higher places
答案 D [细节理解题。由第五段中的“they would naturally migrate(迁移) to higher ground－but they...They cant go any higher.”和第六段中的“but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher”可知，这两种兔子濒临灭绝的原因在于它们都无法进一步向更高的地方迁徙。所以答案选D项。]
★5.Which best describes the writers tone in the passage?
A．Approving.
B．Concerned.
C．Enthusiastic.
D．Doubtful.
答案 B [推理判断题。由第一段中的“gets quite a bit worse for bunnies”以及全文作者对兔子遭遇的表述可以推出，作者对一些兔子濒临灭绝的现状表示了关心和关注(concerned)，所以选B项。]
考点四 词义猜测题
Passage 1 (2016·四川)
话题：助人乃快乐之本
词数：242
If you could have one superpower, what would it be?
Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what__really__matters__in__your__life．
Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.
They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.
We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams.But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.Find an issue you are interested in and learn more.Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause.Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander.Get involved.You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older.But why not start now?
Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.
【语篇导读】 助人是一种美德。每个人都有遇到困难的时候，最需要的是别人给予的帮助。如果人人都献出一点爱，世界将变成美好的人间。
★1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Your life style.
B．Your life value.
C．Your trouble in life.
D．Your life experience.
答案 B [句意理解题。画线部分what really matters in your life的字面意思是“人生中真正重要的事情”，再结合文章主要讲述人们主动帮助需要帮助的人，积极参与志愿活动，实现人生价值，由此可知选择B项。]
2．Why does the author say they are inspired every day?
A．They possess different kinds of superpowers.
B．They have got the power to change the world.
C．Some people around them are making the world better.
D．There are many powerful people in their life and work.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第三段doing extraordinary things to improve the world可知，这些人都是为把世界变得更美好而做出非凡业绩的人。]
3．What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?
A．Learning more and contributing more to a cause.
B．Rising above self and acting to help others.
C．Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.
DTrying your best to help the poor.
答案 B [段落大意题。该段中“But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself.”是该段主题句，作者希望人们能够超越自我，主动帮助别人。]
4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.
B．Much more progress will be made in the near future.
C．The work on health is the most valuable experience.
D．Peoples efforts have been materially rewarded.
答案 A [推理判断题。付出有了回报，作者对穷人的生活会好转表示乐观。]
Passage 2 (2016·四川)
话题：圭亚那的秘密
词数：300
In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people.Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946.In theory, they should live by the French law.However, their remote locations mean that the French Law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.
The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250，000 living in its capital, Cayenne.
“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I don’t see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”
“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，” continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”
His black－and－white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self－supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.
【语篇导读】 法属圭亚那是法国领土的一部分，那里由一套单独适用该地的“法律”机制在运行，而这套规则并不是Gin的法国人记录了那里的生活状况，Gin拍摄的作品非常有张力和一种历史深邃感。
1．Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?
A．They seldom follow the French law.
B．They often ignore the Guianese law.
C．They are separated from the modern world.
D．They are both Guianese and French citizens.
答案 A [细节理解题。由文章第一段第二句“Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.”可知作者对这些土著人“无法无天”感到惊讶。]
2．Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as ________．
A．a tour guide
B．a geographer
C．a film director
D．a photographer
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第四段“ I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life”可知，Gin是作为一名摄影师来记录土著人的生活的。]
3．What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?
A．Cautious.
B．Doubtful.
C．Uninterested.
D．Appreciative.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第三段“I dont see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”可知Gin对土著人的生活的评价是积极的，他在那里长时间拍摄并对法属圭亚那人有深厚的感情。]
★4.What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．The modern French lifestyle.
B．The self－supporting world.
C．The uncivilized hunting.
D．The French Republic.
答案 A [代词指代题。代词it指代前面提到的the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，因此选A。]
Passage 3 (2015·安徽)
话题：小蚂蚁大力量
词数：288
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide.Each individual (个体的) ant hardly weighs anything, but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of mankind.They also live nearly everywhere, except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles.For animals their size, ants have been astonishingly successful, largely due to their wonderful social behavior.
In colonies (群体) that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions, they organize their lives with a clear division of labor.Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization.Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromones (外激素), chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of their colony.When an ant finds food, it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is.When an individual ant comes under attack or is dying, it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict as a defense unit.
In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal.They are completely fearless and will readily take__on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target.Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner, these little creatures have survived on Earth, for more than 140 million years, far longer than dinosaurs.Because they think as one, they have a collective (集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.
【语篇导读】 文章主要讲的是蚂蚁。单个的蚂蚁显得微不足道，但成群结队的蚂蚁却蕴含着巨大的力量。蚂蚁的数量之众，加起来可以与人类的重量相媲美。蚂蚁分布极为广泛，除了寒冷的山顶和两极地区，几乎到处都有它们的踪影。因为他们集体的智慧远远大于人们的预期。
1．We can learn from the passage that ants are________．
A．not willing to share food
B．not found around the poles
C．more successful than all other animals
D．too many to achieve any level of organization
答案 B [细节理解题。由第一段except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles可知。]
2．Ants can use pheromones for________．
A．escape
B．communication
C．warning enemies
D．arranging labor
答案 B [细节理解题。由第二段Where we use sound and sight to communicate, ants depend primarily on pheromone可知。]
★3.What does the underlined expression “take on” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Accept.
B．Employ.
C．Play with.
D．Fight against.
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据下文的 attack和defeat可知。]
4．Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants?
A．Their behavior.
B．Their size.
C．Their number.
D．Their weight
答案 A [推理判断题。由Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner可知。]
Passage 4 (2015·湖北)
话题：自给种植
词数：369
What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isnt a prerequisite for a modern grow－your－own lifestyle.On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles，Loe and her family grow，can(装罐) and preserve much of the food they consume.
Loe is a master food preserver，gardener and canning expert.She also operates a website，where she shares her tips and recipes，with the goal of demonstrating that everyone has the ability to control whats on their plate.
Loe initially went to school to become an engineer，but she quickly learned that her enthusiasm was mainly about growing and preparing her own food.“I got into cooking my own food and started growing my own herbs(香草) and foods for that fresh flavor，” she said.Engineer by day，Loe learned cooking at night school.She ultimately purchased a small piece of land with her husband and began growing their own foods.
“I teach people how to live farm－fresh without a farm.”Loc said.Through her website Loc emphasizes that “anybody can do this anywhere.”Got an apartment with a balcony(阳台)？Plant some herbs.A window？Perfect spot for growing.Start with herbs，she recommends，because “theyre very forgiving.”Just a little of the herbs “can take your regular cooking to a whole new level.”she added.“I think it’s a great place to start.”Then？Try growing something from a seed，she said，like a tomato or some tea.
Canning is a natural extension of the planting she does.With every planted food，Loe noted，theres a moment when it’s bursting with its absolute peak flavor.“I try and keep it in a time capsule in a canning jar.”Loe said.“Canning for me is about knowing what’s in your food，knowing where it comes from.”
In addition to being more in touch with the food shes eating，another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children: “Influencing them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the__bigger__picture．” she said，“that if we dont take care of the earth，no one will.”
【语篇导读】 自给自足不一定有大农场。Leo和家人种植、罐装、存储他们消费的食物。
★1.The underlined word “prerequisite”(Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．recipe
B．substitute
C．requirement
D．challenge
答案 C [词义猜测题。Theresa Leo的所作所为证实一个大农场并不是现代化的自给自足生活方式的必要条件，即要求，选C。]
2．Why does Loe suggest starting with herbs?
A．They are used daily.
B．They are easy to grow.
C．They can grow very tall.
D．They can be eaten uncooked.
答案 B [细节理解题。由第四段anybody can do this anywhere.可知，很容易种植。]
3．According to Loe，what is the benefit of canning her planted foods?
A．It can preserve their best flavor.
B．It can promote her online sales.
C．It can better her cooking skills.
D．It can improve their nutrition.
答案 A [推理判断题。由第五段There’s a moment when it is bursting with its absolute peak flavor.迸发出极佳的味道。由此可知，罐装食品能够保存极佳的味道。]
4．What is the “the bigger picture”(Para.6) that Loe wishes her children to understand?
A．The knowledge about good food.
B．The way to live a grow－our－own life.
C．The joy of getting in touch with foods.
D．The responsibility to protect our earth.
答案 D [推理判断题。that引导同位语从句，if we dont take care of the earth，no one will。解释、说明先行词the bigger picture，说明保护地球的责任。]
Passage 5 (2015·四川)
话题：父亲的蔬菜
词数：299
Nothing could stop Dad.After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family.He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.
And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．The smell really burned the inside of your nose.When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops, and he was right.For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.
As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking.One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew(炖菜)．Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots.For about half an hour，the pressure built and the vegetables cooked.Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam.If we thought Dad’s pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse.When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.
Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house.Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!
Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around.It didn’t look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn’t offend the nose so much, either.I took a taste.It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
【语篇导读】 本文主要讲述了作者的父亲买了一个小农场，在里面种满了各种蔬菜、果树甚至还养了蜜蜂。但作者的父亲收获的时候，他炖了一锅蔬菜，闻到味道时，作者和其他人觉得烧得很糟糕，但是最后全部都吃光了。
1．Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgins chicken house regularly?
A．To earn some money for the family.
B．To collect manure for his crops.
C．To get rid of the terrible smell.
D．To set a good example to us.
答案 B [细节理解题。 根据文章第二段的And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgins chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)．可知是为了收集肥料。]
2．What can we infer about Dads stew?
A．It is popular among the neighbors.
B．It contains honey and vegetables.
C．It looks very wonderful.
D．It tastes quite delicious.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据最后一段的 we drank up every last drop of soup.可知选择D。意为父亲的炖菜非常美味。]
★3.What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?
A．To attract.
B．To upset.
C．To air.
D．To shut.
答案 B [词义猜 the first wave had shut down my ability to smell可知，此处指的是鼻子闻不到那种味道，意为搅乱。]
4．What can we learn about Dad from the text?
A．He is an experienced cook.
B．He is a troublesome father.
C．He has a positive attitude to life.
D．He suffers a lot from his disability.
答案 C [推理判断题。根据文中内容可知，父亲在背部受伤后，不愿意休息，而是自己经营着小农场，而且在收获后，还自己种菜。可知父亲对生活有着积极的态度。]
Passage 6 (2015·天津)
话题：勇气的力量
词数：348
Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite__off__more__than__you__are__sure__you__can__eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，” said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.”
Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。主要谈论的是如何做才能变得勇敢。勇敢不可能突然一下子就能得到，它需要一个逐渐培养的过程。
1．Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?
A．He faced huge risks.
B．He lacked mighty forces.
C．Fear prevented him from trying.
D．Failure blocked his way to success.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.可知，作者过去不能实现自己的目标是因为恐惧使自己不敢尝试，从而导致失败。]
★2.What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A．Swallow more than you can digest.
B．Act slightly above your abilities.
C．Develop more mysterious powers.
D．Learn to make creative decisions.
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据前面的Boldness和后面的greater than most of us realize可判断出，画线部分的意思是“勇敢地采取超出自己能力的行动”。]
3．What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?
A．His physical strength.
B．His basic skill.
C．His real fear.
D．His spiritual force.
答案 D [细节判断题。第四段以蒂姆成功的例子来说明those mighty forces are spiritual ones，也就是说蒂姆在足球比赛中成功防御主要是依靠他的精神力量。故答案为D。]
4．What can be learned from Paragraph 5?
A．Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B．Trying without success is meaningless.
C．Repeated failure creates a better life.
D．Boldness can be gained little by little.
答案 D [细节判断题。根据第五段第一、二句话可知，勇敢不可能突然一下子就能得到的，它要有一个逐渐培养的过程。]
5．What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?
A．To encourage people to be courageous.
B．To advise people to build up physical power.
C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D．To recommend people to develop more abilities.
答案 A [目的意图题。第一段点明文章的主旨：Be bold and brave，后面的段落对这一中心话题详细论述
Passage 7 (2015·陕西)
话题：父母参与与孩子成绩
词数：295
Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades.Other forms of parental__involvement,__including volunteering at school and observing a childs class，also fail to help，according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting (养育子女) where schools expect them to act as partners in their childrens education.Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed，dressed and ready to learn.
Keith Robinson，the author of the study，said，“I really dont know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids’
education that leads to declines in their academic performance.One of the things that was consistently negative was parents’ help with homework.”Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.“They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now，or in some cases never learnt it themselves，but theyre still offering advice.”
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks.In general，about 20% of parental involvement was positive，about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because “children with good academic success do have involved parents”，admitted Robinson.But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success.“A big surprise was that Asian－American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved.They took a more reasonable approach，conveying to their children how success
at school could improve their lives.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。最新研究表明，父母的参与并不能提高孩子的成绩。
★1.The underlined expression parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means________．
A．parents expectation on children’s health
B．parents participation in children’s education
C．parents control over children’s life
D．parents
plan for children’s future
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据文章的第一句可知，帮助孩子做家庭作业的家长也许真的会让孩子的成绩下降。其他形式的参与也没有多大帮助。involvement涉及；卷入，对应B项中的participation一词。]
2．What is the major finding of Robinsons study?
A．Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.
B．Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.
C．Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.
D．Parents are not able to help with childrens homework.
答案 C [推理判断题。从第四段中提供的Robinson调查数据表明：只有20%的父母参与是积极的，而45%的参与是消极的，还有剩下的数据表明，父母的参
3．The example of Asian－American parents implies that parents should________．
A．help children realize the importance of schooling
B．set a specific life goal for their children
C．spend more time improving their own lives
D．take a more active part in school management
答案 A [细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，一些亚洲裔美国人父母提出了更合理的方式，他们向自己的孩子传达学校里的成功能怎么样影响他们的未来生活。也就是帮助孩子意识到学校成功的重要性。]
Passage 8 (2017·天津)
话题：回归健康
词数：366
People arent walking any more—if they can figure out a way to avoid it.
I felt superior about this matter until
the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the car.And I wasn’t in any hurry，either.I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness：motorosis.
It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的)，for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs.At that time，we regarded 25 miles as a good day’s walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was lasting.When I was 45 years old I raced—and beat—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.
Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle－aged persons as bad for the heart.But a well－known British physician，Sir Adolphe Abrahams，pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exercise—the most familiar and natural of all.
It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man walking can learn the
trees，flowers，insects，birds and animals，the significance of seasons，the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.
The car is a convenient means of transport，but we have made it our way of life.Many people don’t dare to approach Nature any more；to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat.To them security is a__steel__river thundering on a concrete road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.
I say that the green of forests is the mind’s best light.And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。主要强调现代人过度依赖交通工具，而忽略了最好的锻炼方式——步行，作者呼吁大家改掉动辄坐车开车的坏毛病，返璞归真，回归自然健康的生活方式。
1．What is the national sickness?
A．Walking too much.
B．Traveling too much.
C．Driving cars too much.
D．Climbing stairs too much.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句可知。]
2．What was life like when the author was young?
A．People usually went around on foot.
B．People often walked 25 miles a day.
C．People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.
D．People considered a ten－hour walk as a hardship.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据文章第三自然段第三句话“At that time，we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.”可知。]
3．The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that ______．
A．middle－aged people like getting back to nature
B．walking in nature helps enrich ones mind
C．people need regular exercise to keep fit
D．going on foot prevents heart disease
答案 B [推理判断题。议论文中的例子是为论点服务的。前文提到步行是很好的锻炼方式，后文引用Henry Thoreau的话来说明该观点的重要性。]
★4.What is compared to“a steel river”in Paragraph 6?
A．A queue of cars.
B．A ray of traffic light.
C．A flash of lightning.
D．A stream of people.
答案 A [词义猜测题。本段第一句话提到车辆是一种便捷的交通方式，但我们却把它当成了我们的生活方式。很多人不敢接近自然，对他们而言，只有这种在水泥路面上呼啸而过的“钢铁之河”才能给他们安全感]
5．What is the authors intention of writing this passage?
A．To tell people to reflect more on life.
B．To recommend people to give up driving.
C．To advise people to do outdoor activities.
D．To encourage people to return to walking.
答案 D [主旨大意题。作者写作此议论文的目的就是呼吁人们回归最自然的锻炼方式——步行。故选D。该题易错选B，但文章不仅建议人们放弃开车，而且呼吁人们放弃坐车，摆脱对车辆的依赖，并推荐了步行的方式，故排除B。]
Passage 9 (2017·广东)
话题：善举的传播
词数：379
It was a cold winter day.A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth (收费站)．“Im paying for myself，and for the six cars behind me，”she said with a smile，handing over seven tickets.One after another，the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed，“Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.”
It turned out that the woman，Natalie Smith，had read something on a friends refrigerator：“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.”The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.
Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days，she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful，”she said，explaining why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters，“like a message from above.”Her husband，Frank，liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students，one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson，a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper，admitting that though she liked it，she didnt know where it came from or what it really meant.
Two days later，Alice got a call from Anne Herbert，a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper，after turning it around in her mind for days.
“Heres the idea，”Anne says.“Anything you think there should be more of，do it randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools，leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town，and giving money secretly to a proud old lady.Anne says，“Kindness__can__build__on__itself__as__much__as__violence__can.”
The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid，who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like all great events，kindness begins slowly，with every single act.Let it be yours!
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，记述了“随意的善举是可以传播的”的感人故事。
1．Why did Natalie Smith pay for the six cars behind her?
A．She knew the car drivers well.
B．She wanted to show kindness.
C．She hoped to please others.
D．She had seven tickets.
答案 B [事实细节题。第一段说Natalie Smith为其后面的六辆车交费，是她因看到的“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty”这句话给了她深刻印象，她是受这句话的启发，“想给他人施恩”，故选B。]
2．Judy Foreman copied down the phrase because she
________．
A．thought it was beautifully written
B．wanted to know what it really meant
C．decided to write it on a warehouse wall
D．wanted her husband to put it up in the classroom
答案 A [事实细节题。由第三段第三句“I thought it was beautiful，”she said，explaining why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters可知，选A。]
3．Who came up with the phrase according to the passage?
A．Judy Foreman.
B．Natalie Smith.
C．Alice Johnson.
D．Anne Herbert.
答案 D [事实细节题。由第四段中的“It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper”可知，是Anne Herbert想出这句话来的。]
★4.Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above?
A．Kindness and violence can change the world.
B．Kindness and violence can affect ones behavior.
C．Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves.
D．Kindness and violence can shape ones character.
答案 C [词义猜测题。本段中先是Anne Herbert解释她想出的那句话意为：你认为(生活中或世界上)应该多一些存在的事，那么你就随意去做这样的事。接着说她想象中的这类事包括“给破旧教室粉刷墙”“在穷人区的厨房里留下热饭”等善举。那么该段结尾的话“善举和暴力一样可以在它们自己的基础上建立起来”，可知“善举同暴力一样是可以自我繁衍的”，故选C。]
5．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．People should practice random kindness to those in need.
B．People who receive kindness are likely to offer it to others.
C．People should practice random kindness to strangers they meet.
D．People who receive kindness are likely to pay it back to the giver.
答案 B [推理判断题。由最后一段的第一和第二句可以推知：受到恩惠的人很可能会施惠于他人，将恩惠传播下去。]
Passage 10 (2017·湖北)
话题：狒狒的发现
词数：344
Working with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert，Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology，Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task，while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were，Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt，but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect，despite being made aware of what to do，they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals，something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them，but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals，or they are too shy to use the information once they have it，information may not travel between all group members，preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
【语篇导读】 文章通过狒狒学习抓取食物的实验告诉我们，个性对学习能力有重大影响。文化是通过人们的相互学习和交流形成的。
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The design of Dr.Carters research.
B．The results of Dr.Carters research.
C．The purpose of Dr.Carters research.
D．The significance of Dr.Carters research.
答案 A [主旨大意题。通过第一段第二句Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task，while others had to learn for themselves.和最后一句Dr.Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake等细节，第一段主要论述了Dr.Carter进行研究的设计，故答案为A。]
2．According to the research，which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?
A．Those that have more experience.
B．Those that can avoid potential risks.
C．Those that like to work independently.
D．Those that feel anxious about learning.
答案 D [细节理解题。通过第三段第二句The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching可知，答案选D。]
★3.Which best illustrates the“mismatch”mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A．Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.
B．Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.
C．Some baboons observe others but dont follow them.
D．Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate.
答案 C [词义猜测题。画线词mismatch处于第mismatch 的行为应在上文第三段已经提及，因此根据The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not，even though they spent more time watching.可知答案为C。]
4．Dr.Carters findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________．
A．storing information
B．learning from each other
C．understanding different people
D．travelling between social groups
答案 D [推理判断题。通过最后一段最后一句If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals，or they are too shy to use the information once they have it，information may not travel between all group members，preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.可知文化是在人们的相互学习、交流中形成。因此答案为 D。]
Passage 11 (2017·重庆)
话题：追踪孟加拉虎
词数：289
One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest，the next，the air was charged with tension.The elephant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed.I urged the elephant deeper into the forest.We sounded like a forest fire—crackling，snapping，trailblazing.But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry.The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell－tale call of a spotted deer.
I looked quickly around the shadows of the forest.Rays of sunlight shone through tree branches，beneath which the patchwork (交错) of green plants and shadows－within－shadows would make tiger stripes (条纹) look more attractive.Apart from an occasional noise from the elephants stomach，the forest was silent.
Gradually，the tension slipped from our bodies.The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephants neck；there was a soft part，free of wrinkles and hairs，behind her ear.
This was my fourth time to__sense__the__aura of the forest in Corbett，although I saw no tigers in the end.Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains，Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers，but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出没处)，a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity.Still，I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear.If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger，I could have gone to a zoo.After all，spotting tigers merely confirms their beauty；tracking them can make you aware of something more.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在森林里追踪寻找孟加拉虎的经历。
1．Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm?
A．The elephant stopped.
B．A spotted deer called.
C．The elephant seized a branch.
D．The forest was silent for a while.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知我们听到的尖锐的警报声来自一只梅花鹿，故选B。]
2．The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by ________．
A．describing various sounds
B．comparing different animals
C．listing different activities
D．introducing various plants
答案 A [写作手法题。根据第一段可知，作者在森林里听到了各种各样的声音，因此作者是通过描述各种声音来展开叙述的，应选A。]
★3.What does the underlined part“to sense the aura”most probably mean?
A．To see the diversity.
B．To enjoy the scenery.
C．To feel the atmosphere.
D．To experience the freedom.
答案 C [词义猜测题。根据文章可知作者听到了各种声音，之后森林回归平静，逐渐我们的紧张也消失不见了，大象也变得安静了。尽管我没有发现老虎，但是我依然感觉到了这C。]
4．How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett?
A．Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling.
B．It is very time－consuming to travel in Corbett.
C．It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett.
D．The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知，我本可以在公园里看到老虎，但是追踪孟加拉虎使我感知更多的东西，所以这个过程是非常吸引人的，故选D。]
Passage 12 (2017·辽宁)
话题：bug的含义
词数：268
“Indeed，” George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785，“some kind of fly，or bug，had begun to eat the leaves before I left home.” But the father of America was not the father of bug.When Washington wrote that，Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century，and Americans had already created lightning－bug(萤火虫)．But the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language，leaving it to the Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The American bug could also be a person，referring to someone who was crazy about a particular activity.Although fan became the usual term，sports fans used to be called racing bugs，baseball bugs，and the like.
Or the bug could be a small machine or object，for example，a bug－shaped car.The bug could also be a burglar alarm，from which comes the expression to bug，that is，“to install (安装) an alarm”．Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for listening secretly to others’ conversation.Since the 1840s，to bug has long meant “to cheat”，and since the 1940s it has been annoying.
We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design.That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as “little problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison “had been up the two previous nights discovering ‘a bug’ in his invented record player.”
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了bug一词在不同时期的不同含义和用法。
1．We learn from Paragraph 1 that ________．
A．Americans had difficulty in learning to use the word bug
B．George Washington was the first person to call an insect a bug
C．the word bug was still popularly used in England in the nineteenth century
D．both Englishmen and Americans used the word bug in the eighteenth century
答案 D [细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“..wrote in his diary in 1785...”及该段第三句 “When Washington wrote that，Englishmen had been referring to insects as bugs for more than a century，and Americans had already created lightning－bug(萤火虫)．”可知，在18世纪英国人和美国人都已使用bug这个词了。故答案选D。]
★2.What does the word “flaw” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Explanation.
B．Finding.
C．Origin.
D．Fault.
答案 D [词义猜测题。根据最后一段第三句“In 1878 he explained bugs aslittle problems and difficulties’ that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product”可知，在1878bugs解释为“小问题或者小困难”。本句中的“little problems and difficulties”即是flaw的英文解释。故答案选D。]
3．The passage is mainly concerned with________．
A．the misunderstanding of the word bug
B．the development of the word bug
C．the public views of the word bug
D．the special characteristics of the word bug
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章内容可知， 本文第一段说明bug的第一个含义为“昆虫”；第二段说明bug的第二个含义为“对特殊活动疯狂的人”；第三段说明bug的其他含义和用法为“小机器或小东西”等；第四段说明bug的另外一个含义为“故障”。简而言之，本文主要说明bug一词在不同时期的不同含义。故答案选B。]
Passage 13 (2017·天津)
话题：手写技能
词数：355
The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past.With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones，writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic (怀旧的)skill.However，while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching，many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful—both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger，professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington，says its important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks—both on a computer and by hand.The study，published in 2009，found that when writing with a pen and paper，participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study，Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.“Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary，word meaning and concepts.It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind into written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen，” the study said.Seeing the words in the “mind’s__eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words，says Berninger，but also to spot(发现) spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.
“In our computer age，some people believe that we dont have to teach spelling because we have spell checks，” she said.“But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level，they wont have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
【语篇导读】 本文讲述了随着新技术的发展，如电脑和智能手机等现代化教学技术的普遍使用，使得手写已经成为一种怀旧的东西。
1．What makes writing by hand a thing of the past?
A．The absence of blackboard in classroom.
B．The use of new technologies in teaching.
C．The lack of practice in handwriting.
D．The popular use of smartphones.
答案 B [细节理解题。根据短文第一段中“With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphones，writing by hand has become something of a nostalgic skill.However，while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching...”可知B选项符合题意。]
2．Berningers study published in 2009 ________．
A．focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer
B．indicated that students prefer to write with a pen and paper
C．found that good essays are made up of long sentences
D．discussed the importance of writing speed
答案 A [细节理解题。根据短文第三Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks－both on a computer and by hand.The study，published in 2009...”可知A选项符合文意。]
3．Which of the following best shows the role of spelling?
A．Spelling improves one’s memory of words.
B．Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability.
C．Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas.
D．Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas.
B [细节理解题。短文第四段提到“Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active，which helps us access our vocabulary，word meaning and concepts.”由此可知，拼写可以改善对词汇的记忆和理解。因此，正确答案为B选项。]
★4.What does “minds eye” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Window.
B．Soul.
C．Picture.
D．Imagination.
答案 D [词义猜测题。短文第五段画线词后面提到的“helps children not only to turn their ideas into words，says Berninger，but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.”由此结合上下文可知，画线词是指“想象”之意，D选项与此相符。]
5．What conclusion could be drawn from the passage?
A．Computers can help people with their choice of words.
B．Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching.
C．Handwriting still has a place in todays classrooms.
D．Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade.
答案 C [推理判断题。短文第一段提到“ However，while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching，many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful－both in school and in life.”由此可知，书写在当今课堂上仍然占有一定的位置，C选项内容与此相符合。]
考点五 观点态度题
Passage 1 (2016·北京)
话题：为什么大学不是家
词数：439
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity.However，now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence，during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations，college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades，however，continued connection with and dependence on family，thanks to cellphones，email and social media，have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility，universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility，college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges，we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体) differs from the family，many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern，they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover，the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled，the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out，particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore，there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values，social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self－regulation，of the necessary tension between safety and self－discovery.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。大学期间本来应该是学生自主性成长的一个重要
★1.What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?
A．Sympathetic.
B．Disapproving.
C．Supportive.
D．Neutral.
答案 B [观点态度题。根据第一段作者说现在的大学生没有承担起成人的责任，以及第二段作者说由于父母的引导延伸到了大学导致学生自主能力的缺失。由此可见，作者对父母给大学生的持续引导是不赞成的。故选B。]
2．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means ________．
A．change B．choice
C．text
D．extension
答案 A [词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话中的．..from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility...可知从家庭的庇护到自主性和成人的责任感之间过渡应该是改变，故选A项。]
3．According to the author，what role should college play?
A．To develop a shared identity among students.
B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior.
C．To provide a safe world without tension for students.
D．To foster students intellectual and personal development.
答案 D [推理判断题。根据第三段可知大学应该给学生提供在智力和人格发展方面的“安全空间”，从而使学生在严格的辩论和质疑中得到智力和人格方面发展。故选D项。]
4．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Sub－point(次要点)
C：Conclusion
答案 C [篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段分别介绍了目前大学阶段所存在问题和家长对大学生呵护所产生的影响；第三段是论点一，讲述了大学是一段思维发展和个人发展方面的尝试；第四段、第五段是论点二，分别讲述大学应该放手让学生了解社会，面对挑战和大学对学生控制的不利影响。最后两段提出了家长和大学所应采取的有效措施，进行了总结。故选C项。]
Passage 2 (2015·湖北)
话题：书评
词数：354
Science has a lot of uses.It can uncover laws of nature，cure diseases，make bombs，and help bridges to stand up.Indeed science is so good at what it does that theres always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it into problems where it may not be helpful.David Brooks，author of The Social Animal，The Hidden Sources of Love，Character，and Achievement，appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.
Brooks gained fame for several books.His latest book The Social Animal，however，is more ambitious and serious than his earlier books.It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.The book focuses on big questions：What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some people happy and successful while others aren’t?
To answer these questions，Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines (学科)．Considering this，you might expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts.But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox (非常规的)，and perhaps unfortunate，way.Instead of introducing scientific theories，he tells a story，within which he tries to make his points，perhaps in order to keep the readers attention.So as Harold and Erica，the hero and heroine in his story，live through childhood，we hear about the science of child development，and as they begin to date we hear about the theory of sexual attraction.Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.
On the whole，Brooks story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.
【语篇导读】 这是一篇书评。介绍了Brooks的最新作品The Social Animal。关于这部作品的内容，写作方法，以及作品的
1．The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to ________．
A．illustrate where science can be applied
B．demonstrate the value of Brookss new book
C．remind the readers of the importance of science
D．explain why many writers use science in their works
答案 D [推理判断题。文章一开始作者提到科学的功能目的在于引出话题，解释作者在他们的作品中，为什么使用科学作为主题，所以选D。]
2．According to the author，which of the following could be a strength of the book?
A．Its strong basis.
B．Its convincing points.
C．Its clear writing.
D．Its memorable characters.
答案 C [细节理解题。第四段第二句As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear...可知，这本书最大的优点是表述清晰，因此C是正确的。]
★3.What is the authors general attitude towards the book?
A．Contradictory.
B．Supportive.
C．Cautious.
D．Critical.
答案 D [观点态度题。第四段第四句While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie everywhere.可知，作者对作品的态度是批评性的。]
4．What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?
A．Problems with the book.
B．Brookss life experience.
C．Death of the characters.
D．Brookss translation skills.
答案 A [判断推理题。最These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.可推知，接下去作者主要论及作品存在的问题。]
Passage 3 (2017·重庆)
话题：水上行走
词数：288
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly，biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid－we simply weigh too much，and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet，resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However，several types of animals can walk on water.One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus，a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America.It can run across water for a distance of several meters，avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.For humans to do this，wed need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate“hitting”．
But fortunately there is an alternative：cornflour.By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot)，you can create a“non－Newtonian”liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water.Now，if the surface of the water is hit hard enough，particles(粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard.Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step，and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound，its still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.If you must do it，then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink—and take a shower afterward!
【语篇导读】 本文为说明文。水上行走一直是人类的梦想，但由于身体的局限性很难完成，但现在有一种折中的方法——
1．Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans ________．
A．are not interested in it
B．have biological limitations
C．have not invented proper tools
D．are afraid to make an attempt
答案 B [细节理解B。]
2．What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?
A．It is light enough to walk on water.
B．Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.
C．It can run
across water at a certain speed.
D．Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.
答案 C [细节理解题。根据第二段第二句和第三句话可知，这种蜥蜴每秒移动二十步来保持高速水上行走，故选C。]
3．What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?
A．To create a thick liquid.
B．To turn the water into solid.
C．To help the liquid behave normally.
D．To enable the water to move rapidly.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第三段可知，把足够的玉米粉撒在水面上，水中的粒子群可以使水面变得坚固一些，只要速度够快，每一步都用力均匀就能走过水面，故选A。]
★4.What is the authors attitude toward the idea of humans’ walking on water?
A．It is risky but beneficial.
B．It is interesting and worth trying.
C．It is crazy and cannot become a reality.
D．It is impractical though theoretically possible.
答案 D [观点态度题。根据第四段可知，利用玉米面在水面上行走听起来不错，但在实践时有一定危险，一定要做好防护措施，因此作者认为这种法在理论上是可能的，但不实际，故选D。]
Passage 4 (2017·陕西)
话题：运动日
词数：296
One afternoon last week，I saw three tearful children from my sons school being comforted by teachers.That morning，my 11－year－old had stomach pains，retching(干呕)into a bowl.Talking to other mothers later，I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.
What caused so much pain？Sports day.Sports day might be necessary at a highly－competitive independent school，but not at a village primary school.For the children who can fly like the wind，sports day cause no problem.For those who are overweight or just not good at sport，it is nightmare(噩梦)．Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents，it can prove a disaster.
Why do we put our children through this annual suffering？Some may say competition is character building；or its taking part，not winning，thats important；or that it is a tradition of school life.I just felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.
Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races，wild enthusiasm，lots of shouting－and were fun to watch.More importantly，the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the ball were hidden a little from everyone’s eyes.Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning side.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less competitive event.Perhaps an afternoon of team games，with a few races for those who want them，would be less stressful for the children and a lot more fun to watch.
【语篇导读】 学校的传统节日——运动日对于热爱运动且体质好的学生而言是一种享受，但对于肥胖或体质差的孩子就成了噩梦，引起各
1．What can we learn about the authors son from Paragraph 1?
A．He talked with some mothers.
B．He comforted his classmates.
C．He had difficulty in sleeping.
D．He suffered from stomachache.
答案 D [事实细节题。根据文章第一段第二句可知答案为D。]
2．Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because ________．
A．this is an independent school
B．it is a tradition of the school
C．it helps children lose weight
D．children enjoy watching sports
答案 B [事实细节题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句可知答案为B。]
3．What does the author think about team games?
A．They should include more stressful races.
B．They are acceptable to different children.
C．They should be abandoned at primary schools.
D．They are less fun for those who love running.
答案 B [推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知不同的孩子对团体运动的接受程度是不同的，有的孩子认为是享受，有的认为是噩梦，故选B。]
★4.What is the authors attitude towards sports day?
A．Critical.
B．Neutral.
C．Positive.
D．Ambiguous.
答案 A [观点态度题。根据文章最后一段可知，作者希望减少一些竞技项目，多加入一些娱乐项目以减小孩子的压力。因此作者是持批评态度的。故选A。]
Passage 5 (2017·北京)
话题：名人
词数：354
Does Fame Drive You Crazy?
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true，todays star，feeling like zoo animals，face pressures that few of us can imagine.They are at the center of much of the worlds attention.Paparazzi (狗仔队) camp outside their homes，cameras ready.Tabloids (小报) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives.Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature!
According to psychologist Christina Villareal，celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance.Eventually，they start to lose track of who they really are，seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them，not as the people they were before everyone knew their names.“Over time，” Villareal says，“they feel separated and alone.”
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages.In the 4th century B．C.，painters followed Alexander the Great into battle，hoping to picture his victories for his admirers.When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century，his sold－out readings attracted thousands of fans，leading him to complain (抱怨) about his lack of privacy.Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film－stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today，however，is a lot more difficult than it used to be.Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras.When they say something silly or do something ridiculous，there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome，why arent all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there are still ways to deal with it.Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities.They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still，even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous already.
【语篇导读】 本文是一篇议论文。作者对名人没有隐私可言、生活压力巨大的生活状况进行了剖析，对狗仔队的行为进行了批判，同时对名人表示同情。
1．It can be learned from the passage that stars today ________．
A．are often misunderstood by the public
B．can no longer have their privacy protected
C．spend too much on their public appearance
D．care little about how they have come into fame
答案 B [细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，名人就像动物园里的B。]
2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A．Great heroes of the past were generally admired.
B．The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.
C．Well－known actors are usually targets of tabloids.
D．Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.
答案 B [段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，本段首句为本段的中心句，即名人遭跟拍现象由来已久，在公元前4世纪就存在了。故答案选B。]
3．What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today?
A．Availability of modern media.
B．Inadequate social recognition.
C．Lack of favorable chances.
D．Huge population of fans.
答案 A [细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，作为公众人物，他们的一言一行都会被迅速曝光，现代化媒体的运用，使得名人的私生活过得更加困难。故答案选A。]
★4.What is the authors attitude toward modern celebrity?
A．Sincere.
B．Sceptical.
C．Disapproving.
D．Sympathetic.
答案 D [观点态度题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段可知，作者认为名人生活压力巨大，表示了对他们的同情。故答案选D。]
Passage 6 (2017·辽宁)
话题：So All May Eat餐馆
词数：214
Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe，So All May Eat (SAME) in downtown Denver，the spirit of generosity(慷慨) is instantly noticeable: A donation box stands in place of a cash register.Customers here pay only what they can afford，no questions asked.
A risky business plan，perhaps，but SAME Cafe has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at mid－day，the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy，delicious lunches six days a week.Those unable to pay for their meal can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses，and dishwashers，or look after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.
“Its based on trust，and its working all right”，says co－owner Brad Birky，who started the cafe in 2006 with his wife Libby.Previously volunteering at soup kitchens，the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.
“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable，regardless of their circumstances.” Birky says.SAMEs special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.
The cafe now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day.And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading.In early 2007，one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys.“ He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane clear－up.” says Birky.
【语篇导读】 本文介绍了一家餐馆给穷人提供健康美味的食物，饭钱由消费的人随意
1．What can we learn about the soup kitchens the Birkys previously worked for?
A．They refused to have volunteers.
B．They offered low quality food.
C．They provided customers with a good environment.
D．They closed down because of poor management.
答案 B [细节理解题。第三段最后一句：Birky夫妇对soup kitchens经常提供不健康的食物感到不满。由此可知，他们提供劣质食物。B项正确。]
2．According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?
A．The customers who cannot pay can work as volunteers instead.
B．More volunteers will go to New Orleans for the hurricane clean－up.
C．Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town.
D．The lunch menu has remained the same since the cafe was started.
答案 A [细节理解题。第二段最后一句说的是：那些付不起饭钱的人可以志愿去当服务员、洗碗工，或是维护餐馆的房屋和设备，与A项表述一致。]
★3.The authors attitude towards running such a cafe is ________．
A．unfavorable
B．approving
C．doubtful
D．cautious
答案 B [观点态度题。作者介绍餐馆使用了很多表示夸赞性的语句，如the spirit of generosity is instantly noticeable，the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy，delicious lunches, its based on trust，its working all right，offer quality food, regardless of their circumstances，the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading等，这些描述清楚地显示出作者的赞同态度。]
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