2017届高考英语一轮复习语法讲解课件：主从复合句（新人教版）

　　6. that/which 根据先行词activities表示事情, 我们可知填上that/which，在从句中作宾语。 7. who/that 从先行词和句子结构可知正确答案，who/that作主语。 8. which 根据前面的介词into以及先行词English，我们可知答案。 9. which 根据前面的介词through，我们可知填上which, which在这里是修饰前面整个句子。 10. As 引导定语从句，意思是“正如”。 三、单句改错

　　Ⅰ.名词性从句 1. Exactly how the tomato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.

　　how→ when

　　由1565可知，不能确定的是番茄被引入中国的“时间”，故用when引导主语从句，在从句中作时间状语。 2. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That’s when I was born.”

　　when→ where

　　医院应是她出生的“地点”，故用where引导表语从句，在从句中作地点状语。 3. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is that my mother used to tell me.

　　that→ what

　　意思是“这就是我兄弟以前常常跟我说的”，在表语从句中作tell的宾语，故用连接代词what。

　　4. It makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.

　　It→ What

　　引导主语从句并在从句中作主语，用连接代词what。 5. From space, the earth looks blue. This is how about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.

　　how→ why

　　因“71%的地表为水所覆盖”是“地球看起来是蓝色”的原因，故用because引导表语从句。请比较：About seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water。This is why the earth looks blue from space. 6. It suddenly occurred to him he had left his keys in the office.

　　在he前加that

　　句中it作形式主语，that 引导主语从句。

　　7. As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whatever suits you best. whatever→ whichever

　　指在前面提到的五种课程中“任选一种”, 有选择范围，要用whichever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。 whichever与whatever的区别，类似于which与what，有范围用which，无范围才用what。 8. It doesn’t matter if you pay by cash or credit card in this store.

　　if→ whether

　　因whether...or…(不管……还是……)是固定搭配。

　　9. Our teachers always tell us to believe in that what we do and who we are if we want to succeed. 去掉that

　　因句中已有连接代词what引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语了。 10. When the news came how the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. how→ that

　　因the war broke out是the news的同位语从句，从句的结构和意义已完整了，故用that 引导。 Ⅱ.状语从句 1. He can’t come because of he is ill. 去掉because后的of

　　因because of是介词，而because才是连词，he is ill是句子，要用连词。

　　2. She studied hard so that could catch up with others. 在that后加she

　　因so that引导目的状语从句，从句要有主语。 3. Only we keep optimistic can we succeed. 在only后加when

　　因only后接的是一个状语从句，需要有连词，根据句意，用when。

　　4. When he hesitating, a man came up to him. 在he后加was

　　状语从句的谓语不完整，需加was构成过去进行时。 5. Although she was in poor health, but she continued to carry out her duties.

　　去掉but

　　在让步状语从句中，although不与but连用。

　　6. I will stick to my plan if you agree with me or not. if→ whether

　　表示“无论，不管”，用whether…or…引导让步状语从句。 7. I lived in this house since I came to this city. 在lived前加have

　　因since引导时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时。

　　8. I had hardly got home than it began to rain. than→ when

　　表示“刚……就……”，hardly…when与no sooner…than，不可混用。 9. We left in so a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. so→ such

　　因修饰名词hurry，用such。

　　10. He came in quietly in order to he wouldn’t wake his wife. to→ that

　　因in order to后接动词原形, 如后接从句，则用in order that。 Ⅲ. 定语从句 1. There was a time that he didn’t get along well with his classmates. that → when

　　先行词time 在从句中作时间状语，应该用关系副词when引导定语从句。There was a time when… 可译为“曾经有一段时间……”。 2. Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of who agreed that it was the best of this year. who→ whom

　　在引导定语从句的“介词+关系代词”中，先行词是人时，只能用whom，先行词是事物时，只能用which。 3. The earthquake was felt in Beijing, that is more than two hundred kilometres away. that→ which

　　逗号后引导非限制性定语从句，指代事物，只能用which。

　　4. This is the best method which has been used against pollution. which → that

　　先行词method 被最高级the best 修饰，只能用that 引导定语从句。 5. The school shop, which customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. which→ whose

　　定语从句中customers 与shop 是从属关系，应该用whose，whose customers相当于the customers of which。

　　6. Which is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. Which → As

　　引导定语从句放在句首，译为“正如”，用as。 7. The Great Wall was built in a time that countries were at war. that →when

　　先行词是时间，在从句中作状语，用when引导定语从句。

　　8. She told her mother she would not marry anyone that she didn’t love. that →who

　　当先行词为anyone, those, he 等代词指代人时，关系代词只能用who。 9. The school which I studied was 3 kilometers away from my home.

　　which →where, 或在which 前加上at

　　先行词school 在从句中作状语，表示地点，应用关系副词where，或用“at which”引导定语从句。 10. The reason why he gave for not coming was that his mother didn’t allow him to.

　　why→ which/that

　　先行词reason在定语从句中作gave 的宾语，不用关系副词why (相当于for which), 而应该用关系代词which, that或省略不用。 ⑸ as常用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)；as we expected(不出所料)；as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)；as is known to all(众所周知)；as has been said before(如上所述)；as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)；等等。

　　熟读深思

　　It was the summer of 2017, when［1］ I came to Guangning No.1 Senior High School. Our school is a wonderful place, where［2］ I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square. Our classroom, the roof of which［3］ looks like a rocket in the distance, is located in the center of our school. The main reason why［4］ I like our school is that I can make many friends. I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom［5］ are my best friends. Jack, who［6］ comes from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active.

　　He likes various sports, among which［7］he likes running very much. He will run 5 kilometers every day, which［8］ makes him look strong. Nick, whose［9］ father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard. We often talk about the people and the things that［10］ we see in our school. Nick prefers the food that［11］ is made in our canteen. The teacher whom［12］ he likes is Mr. Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school.

　　汉语译文：我是在2017年的夏天来到广宁一中读书的。我们学校环境优美，在这里我可以看见一栋栋的高楼大厦和一个宽阔的广场。我们班位于学校的中心，远远看去我们班上面就像一枚火箭。但我真正喜欢这个学校的原因是我在这里结交了很多朋友。我跟我的同学相处得很融洽，当中我有两个要好的朋友。Jack来自潭布中学，他很活跃。他喜欢各种各样的运动,当然他最喜欢的是跑步。他每天都坚持跑5公里,让他看起来很强壮。而Nick父亲是联和中学的一名教师,他学习非常用功。我们经常在一起谈论我们学校的人和事情。Nick喜欢我们学校饭堂的饭菜。他最喜欢的老师是数学老师——张老师，而我最喜欢英语老师——陈老师。说真的，我已经慢慢地喜欢上我们的学校啦。

　　熟读深思

　　本文作者叙述了来到广宁中学读书后的所见所闻。 1. 先行词是the summer of 2017，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when (=in which, during which)引导定语从句。 2. 先行词是a wonderful place, 在从句中作地点状语, 用关系副词where (=at which)引导定语从句。 3. 先行词是Our classroom, 直接在介词of后作其宾语, 先行词是物时, 只能用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系, 意为“我们的教室的屋顶”。 4. 先行词是the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，只能用why引导。 5. 先行词是my classmates，直接在介词of后作其宾语，先行词是人时，只能用whom。two of whom 中的of表示部分与整的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。 6. 先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。 7. 先行词是various sports，直接在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。 8. 先行词是He will run 5 kilometers every day整个句子，并在从句中作主语，用which引导。 9. 先行词是Nick，在从句中作定语，表示Nick’s，用whose引导。 10. 先行词是the people and the things，既包括人又包括事物，通常只用that引导。 11. 先行词是the food，在定语从句中作主语, 故用that或which引导。 12. 先行词是the teacher，在定语从句中作likes的宾语，故用whom引导。

　　主从复合句与高考

　　1. 主从复合句是高考语法填空的必考点，也是写作中必用的表达手段。

　　解题方法：当空格前后都是句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)，且这两个句子之间没有关联词时，应填关联词；若其中一个句子是作整个句子的一个成分，如定语、状语(如时间、地点、原因、条件、让步等)，或者主语、宾语、表语、同位语等时，就要填引导从句的关联词。

　　根据一个句子在整个句子中所作句子成分确定从句类型后，就根据该类从句的关联词的使用特点确定具体的关联词。

　　2.短文改错中，常见错误有连词的多用或少用以及误用。如用that引导非限制性定语从句，after与before错用，导致逻辑错误等。 1.

　　___he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.

　　因he thought…与he was wrong是两个句子，且两者之间没有关联词，必定是填关联词；根据两句之间的逻辑关系，应填表示条件的If。意为“要是他想坐后排可以逃避老师注意，那他就错了”。

　　If 一、单句填空 用适当的连词填空。

　　灵活运用

　　2. Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary,

　　______made her feel like a star. 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子。 which 3. The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered ______the boy would do. 引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语, 故用连接代词。

　　what

　　4. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _____ the bus arrived. 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词, 应填关联词; 由两句之间的逻辑关系可知, 是“等到车来”, 表示“直到”用until, 引导时间状语从句。 until 5. Behind him were other people to ______ 21 he was trying to talk. 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词, 应填关联词; 后面一句应当这样理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可见,后面一句是定语从句, 先行词是people, 直接在介词后应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。 whom 6. We understand this lesson best _______ we receive gifts of love from children.

　　引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。 when 7. He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _____

　　had been his teacher.

　　引导定语从句并在从句中作主语, 先行词是表示人的an elder, 故填who。 who 8. Jane paused in front of a counter

　　_______some attractive ties were on display. 因两句之间没有连词, 必定是填连词；后句是定语从句, 要填的词在从句中作地点状语, 故填关系副词where。 where 9. One day, he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day. 引导同位语从句, 说明idea的具体内容; 从句的结构和意义完整, 用that引导。

　　that 10. The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away _____ there was a garage. 先行词是a small town, 并在定语从句中作状语, 用where (=in which)引导定语从句。注意, 先行词与定语从句之间被some 20 kilometers away隔开了。 where 二、语篇填空

　　I like reading very much. My classmates question is 1 ______I began to love reading. Actually, I love reading as a child. I grew up in

　　a college town and I spent all my summer vacations in this university. What I meant was 2______ I was surrounded by libraries and the people who loved to read. 3 ______I went to the library to read every day was one of my favorite hobbies.

　　when

　　that

　　That

　　Ⅰ.名词性从句 My love of reading was credited with the fact 4 _____my parents only let me watch an hour of TV a day. I learned to entertain myself through my mind and imagination. It’s not really surprising 5 _____literature became my vocation.

　　Recently I have been reading a lot of multicultural women’s legends. Jane Goodall went to Africa and studied chimps instead of going to university. 6 ________ there are some connections between chimps and human beings puzzles me a lot. Thanks to Jane Goodall, her research showed me the answer.

　　that

　　that

　　Whether

　　She argued 7 ______wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment. After finishing her story, I still have some doubts 8 ______ she could achieve great success on her own in the forest. Lin Qiaozhi, a doctor, became a specialist in women’s illnesses. She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children. 9 _____made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. 10 ______she didn’t choose to have a family of her own is clear to me now. that

　　how

　　What

　　Why

　　作者介绍了自己喜欢阅读的原因及最近的阅读情况。 1. when

　　表语从句。根据下一句“I love reading as a child.”可知用when引导。 2. that

　　表语从句。that不作句子成分，没有任何意思，但不能省略。 3. That

　　主语从句。 4. that

　　同位语从句。说明the fact的具体内容。 5. that

　　主语从句。it作形式主语。 6. Whether 主语从句。 7. that 宾语从句。that 在这里不作成分，没有任何意思，可以省略。 8. how 同位语从句。指“怎样成功的”，故用how。 9. What 主语从句。what在从句中作主语。 10. Why 主语从句。why在这里表原因。

　　My classmate Michael studied very hard 1____ he went to senior school. Every day he worked

　　2 _______every one left the classroom. He said he wouldn’t stop trying 3 _______ he got satisfying scores in his studies. Hard 4 ___he tried, he made little progress, but he didn’t lose heart at all 5 _________ he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. 6 ____time went by, he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Guangzhou at last.

　　after

　　until

　　unless

　　as

　　because

　　As

　　Ⅱ.状语从句 We had a get-together party 7 ______we started our new life in university. 8 ______ everyone had got offers from universities, we had a very good time. When we stood

　　9 ____we used to play and study, we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days. We believed we would never forget each other, 10 _____we would go or whatever we would do. Before we departed, 11 _____________ we seemed a little sadder 12 ____before, we still fought back the tears.

　　before

　　Since

　　where

　　wherever

　　although/though

　　than

　　1. after 根据语境“Michael上了高中后就开始努力学习”。 2. until “直到……才……”是固定用法，“延续性动词+until+句子”用肯定形式而“not+短暂性动词+until+句子”则用否定形式。 3. unless 根据句意“除非他取得满意的成绩，否则他是不会放弃的”可知。 4. as 引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词置于句首，意思是“尽管”。 5. because 根据前面可知“尽管他没有进步, 但是他毫不气馁，因为他坚信只要他坚持, 他总会成功” 。 6. As 根据句意“随着时间的流逝”，只能用as。 7. before 引导时间状语从句, 意思是“在…之前”。 8. Since 从下文we had a very good time可以推断出此从句是原因状语从句，从句在主句之前，常用since，意思是“既然”。 9. where 动词stood是不及物动词, 其后跟的是表示地点的状语从句, “站在曾经学习和玩耍的地方”。 10. wherever 从下文or whatever we would do可知前面是一样的结构，从句缺状语。 11. although/though 从下文的we still fought back the tears可知前面是让步状语从句。 12. than 从前面的a little sadder可知比较状语从句，用than。

　　There was a time 1 ______I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English. And this is the reason 2 _____my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, 3 ______I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.

　　when

　　why

　　where

　　Ⅲ.定语从句 Fortunately, my guide, 4 ______teacher was Li Yang, communicated with me face to face, from 5 ______I gained some useful instructions. He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6 _________we did. My father and the guide 7 _______encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.

　　whose

　　whom

　　that/which

　　who/that

　　Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8 ______I put my entire energy. Every day I will read my words and passages aloud. In class I will join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I will

　　recall my passages, through 9 ______I can memorize a large number of new words. 10___ our English teacher says, “As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.”

　　which

　　which

　　As

　　本文讲述作者参加一次英语学习培训的经历以及这次经历所带给他对英语的态度。 1. when 先行词是时间, 并在从句中充当时间状语。 2. why 先行词reason表示原因，并在从句中充当原因状语。 3. where 引导地点定语从句，先行词club是一个地点。 4. whose 引导定语从句，作定语，意思是“他的老师是李阳”。 5. whom 根据句子结构和前面from可知填whom。

　　主从复合句

　　1.主语从句作主语，主句谓语动词通常用 单数；为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语。

　　2.表语从句还可以用as if， as though引导。

　　3.表示“是否”，引导宾语从句时可用if或whether，但在介词后或直接与or not连用时，只能用whether引导；引导表语从句、同位语从句或位于句首的主语从句时，只 能用whether，不用if。 要点： 4. 同位语从句一般放在fact，news，idea， promise，suggestion，advice 等抽象名词之后，说明或解释这些抽象名词的具体内容。多用that引导，不能由which引导。

　　5. 当宾语从句又带有补语时，要用it作形式宾语。

　　6. 在表示“建议” “命令” “要求”，如advice，suggestion，proposal，order， demand，request等词后的名词性从句，其谓语通常 用“(should＋)动词原形”。 7. that引导名词性从句时，没有任何意义，也不作任何句子成分；但that引导定语从句时，它代表先行词，而且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如： I still remember the promise that he made.我依然记得他许下的诺言。(定语从句)

　　The naughty boy made a promise that he would never make a noise.那个淘气的孩子保证说他以后再也不吵闹了。(同位语从句) 8.what可引导名词性从句但不能引导定语从句。what引导名词性从句，有时相当于“the +名词＋that”，表示“(所)……的”。如：

　　What(=The thing that) you said was right.你所说的是正确的。

　　熟读深思

　　What worries my classmate Mary a lot these days［1］ is that she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill［2］. She has some doubts whether she eats too much fast food high in fat

　　or sugar［3］. Also, with the college entrance examination approaching, she becomes more stressful and she couldn’t sleep well these days. Maybe this is also the cause that she becomes fatter these days［4］, she thinks. How she becomes slimmer and healthier［5］ has been her main task.

　　So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But where she could get better suggestions and who will give her better advice［6］ also puzzle her. It is her parents’ suggestion that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital［7］. Professor Wang suggests that she keep a balanced diet first［8］. She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber, vitamin and protein.

　　What’s more, if she wants to lose weight, she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day. Mary asked Professor Wang when she should take exercise［9］. Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon because she will have more time to do sports. Thanks to Professor Wang, Mary has become much healthier now.

　　汉语译文：我的同学Mary感到很焦虑是因为这一段时间胖了很多而且经常生病。她怀疑她是否吃了太多含有高脂肪或高糖的快餐。而且高考将近,她的心理压力很大，所以这几天总是睡不好。

　　她想这也有可能是造成她变胖的原因。她怎样可以变得苗条些和更健康些变成她的主要任务了。所以她想通过咨询专家来获得一些指导。但她去哪里咨询和要咨询谁又让她感到很困惑。她的父母建议她去中山医院咨询王教授。王教授建议她首先要保持均衡的饮食，应多吃富含纤维、维他命、蛋白质及新鲜的蔬菜和水果。当然，如果她想要减肥，最好还是要每天坚持运动半个小时以上。Mary问王教授哪一个时间段适合她去运动。王教授建议她下午5点后去运动，因为她这时是有充足的时间来运动的。幸亏王教授，Mary现在健康多了。

　　熟读深思

　　1.主语从句。What (=the thing that)在主语从句中作主语。 2.表语从句。从句本身意思完整，也不缺任何句子成分，所以用that引导。 3.同位语从句。补充说明doubt的具体内容，因doubt(疑惑)的意思本身是不确定的，故由whether引导。 4.同位语从句。说明the cause的具体内容。 5.主语从句。表示“如何”变得苗条些和更健康些。 6.主语从句。去哪里向谁咨询，故分别由where, who引导。

　　7.同位语从句。说明suggestion的具体内容，从句内容完整也不缺任何句子成分，故由that引导。

　　8.宾语从句。从句内容完整也不缺句子成分，故由that引导。

　　9.宾语从句。when在从句中作时间状语。 状语从句 (知识网络见书P221) 1. 在时间状语或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

　　2. 辨析：when， while， as引导时间状语从句。while必须与延续性动词连用，强调主句动作延续到从句所指的整个时间时，只能用while；表示“随着” 只能用as；表示有规律的“每当” 时或主句动作与从句动作有先后时，只能用when。 要点： 3. 辨析：because，since， as引导原因状语从句。because语气最强，表示直接的原因，是说话人认为对方不知道的原因，它引导的从句通常位于主句之后；在回答why时，或者在强调结构中，只能用because。since和as是对大家已知的事实提供理由或背景，它们引导的从句多位于主句前，有时也位于主句后。 4. as引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首；though引导让步状语从句时，这些成分可置于句首也可用正常语序；但although等其他词引导的让步状语从句不能将这些成分前置。

　　5. 表示“虽然” 的连词不能与表示“但是” 的连词but连用； 表示“原因” 的because等连词不可与表示结果的连词so等同时使用。

　　熟读深思

　　My mother was cooking in the kitchen

　　while［1］ I was doing my school assignments.

　　As soon as［2］ I finished my homework, I went to get some water to drink. Then the door bell rang. However, my sister unlocked the door before［3］I could open it. We were surprised the moment［4］we saw her because［5］ her clothes and face were terribly dirty. She looked much poorer than［6］ we expected. Since［7］ we didn’t know what had happened to her, we stood there and waited for my sister’s story .

　　We wouldn’t leave unless［8］my sister told us all about it. After［9］my sister got changed, she told us that she fell into a ditch when［10］she walked on a path on her way to my uncle’s home in the countryside . She couldn’t get out of the ditch. Although［11］ she cried for help loudly, no one could hear her. She tried to climb out of it, but, however［12］ hard she tried, she failed to escape from it. As［13］time went by, she got worried.

　　After several vain attempts she had to stand where［14］she was and waited until［15］a boy student passed by and gave her a hand. The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope. She did as［16］ the boy told , so that［17］ she came out. My sister also warned us to be careful when［18］walking on a path even though/if［19］we are in a great hurry. That’s true. We should mind our step so that［20］we can ensure our safety. 汉语译文：我妈妈在厨房做饭，而我在做作业。我一做完作业就去拿水喝，这时门铃响了。然而，我还没来得及打开门，我的妹妹就用钥匙打开了门。我们看见她时，非常惊讶，因为她的衣服和脸非常脏。她看起来比我们预期的更可怜。因为我们不知道发生了什么事，我们站在那，等着我妹妹的故事。除非我妹告诉我们关于这一切，否则我们是不会离开的。我妹妹换了衣服之后，就把一切都告诉了我们。她去乡下的叔叔家的路上不小心掉进了一个水沟里，而且上不来。 虽然她大声求救，但是没有人能听到。她试图爬出来，但是无论她怎么努力，都没能爬出来。时间一分一秒过去，她开始担忧起来。几个徒劳的尝试之后，她只好站在原处等。直到一个男孩经过，帮助了她。男孩把一根长绳索递给她并叫她拉着绳子爬起来，她按男孩所说的去做，结果就爬出来了。我妹妹也警告我们即使要赶时间，走小路时也要小心。确实这样，我们走路小心，这样就可以确保我们的安全。 1. 用于对比两件事，意思是“而……”用while，不能用when/as代替。 2. as soon as引导时间状语从句, 表示“一……就……”。 3. before表示“还没来得及就……”。 4. 名词词组如the moment/ the second/the day/ the first time/next time... 等可以用来引导时间状语从句。 5.引导表示原因的从句时用because, 引导原因状语从句时一般放在主句之后, 而如果只是名词性短语表示原因, 则用because of。

　　熟读深思

　　6. 在表示比较级中，用than来引导比较状语，than也可以作介词。 7. 对大家已知的事实提供理由或背景时, 常用since引导，意思是“既然”。其引导的从句多在主句之前。 8. 引导条件状语从句，unless=if ... not是“除非，如果不”之意。 9. 引导表示时间先后的状语从句时, 用after/ before来表示，根据实际表达需要选用其一。 10. when引导表示“当……时”的时间状语。 11. 引导让步状语从句时，可以用although或though，主句可以与副词still连用，但不能再与连词but连用了，一个复合句只需一个连词。 当是as引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词置于句首。 12.

　　however引导让步状语从句时, 其后常接形容词或副词用于修饰该形容词或副词, wherever, whenever也可以引导让步状语从句, 在从句中作状语, 相当于no matter how/ where/ when, 另外whatever, whoever, whichever也可以引导让步状语从句。 13. 表示“随着”时，只能用as引导。 14. 引导地点状语从句时, 用where/wherever，表示“在……的地方”。 15. 固定用法“直到……才……”可以用两种表达形式：“延续性动词+until+句子”(用肯定形式)；“not+短暂性动词+until+句子”(用否定形式)。 16. 引导方式状语从句时，可以用as，意思是“按照， 像……那样”。 17. so that引导结果状语从句，从句表示的通常是某件事的结果。 18. when引导表示“当……时”的时间状语时，如果主句的主语和从句的主语是一致时，可以省略when从句的主语和be动词，用分词来表示。 19. 表示“即使，尽管”的even though/if引导让步状语从句。 20. so that除了引导结果状语从句，还可以引导目的状语从句，常与情态动词can/could等连用。 要点： 1. 在限制性定语从句中which, who,

　　whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。

　　2. 在非限制性定语从句中，或者当先行 词是指人的those，anyone，everyone， people, he，all，few，one(s)等时，不能 用that引导。 3. 以下情况下一般用that：

　　⑴ 当先行词是指物的all， little， few， much， any， anything， everything， nothing， none， the one时，或先行词被all， little， few， much， any， every， no等修饰时。 ⑵ 先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last， next)、最高级形容词及the only， the very等修饰时。

　　⑶ 先行词包括人和物时。 4. 当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因(且只能是reason)等，且这些先行词在定语从句中作状语时，就分别用when、where、why来引导定语从句。另外，when， where,

　　why一般可用“介词+which” 替代，其中reason后的why通常用for which替代。

　　当先行词是表示时间、地点或 原因的词语时，不一定填关系副词when， where，why，只有当这些 词在定语从句中作状语时，才用关 系副词，否则要用关系代词。 特别提醒： 5.当先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分时，这类非限制性定语从句只能由which或 as来引导。两者的区别在于：

　　⑴ which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，而as引导的定语从句可位于主句前、中、后。

　　⑵

　　which常译作“这”；而as常译作“正如”，且多与see，expect，imagine，know，hope等动词连用。 ⑶ 在定语从句中作主语时，若用as，其谓语部分一般有be；若谓语是不含be的行为动词时，要用which。

　　⑷ as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，而which不受此限制。