2017届河北省衡水名校高考英语一轮复习撬题对点练：专题19 篇章结构题（含解析）

　　Passage 1

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：议论文　题材：科学生活类　难度：中词数：320

　　Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

　　An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly­protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

　　However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

　　In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents' involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college­age children frequently， would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn't present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today's grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

　　Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.

　　Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

　　科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面，但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变化。作者对此举例进行了说明。

　　1．The surveys inform us of________.

　　A．the development of technology

　　B．the changes of adult children's behavior

　　C．the parents' over­protection of their college children

　　D．the means and expenses of students' communication

　　答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be ‘very’ or ‘somewhat’ overly­protective even after their children move into college dormitories.”可知，这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度。]

　　2．The writer believes that________.

　　A．parents today are more protective than those in the past

　　B．the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

　　C．technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

　　D．parents' changed attitudes lead to college children's delayed independence

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知，作者认为科技的发展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教。]

　　3．What is the best title for the passage?

　　A．Technology or Attitude

　　B．Dependence or Independence

　　C．Family Influences or Social Changes

　　D．College Management or Communication Advancement

　　答案　A　[主旨大意题。文章就“家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系”这一话题进行了讨论，“科技还是态度”作文章标题最佳。]

　　★4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?

　　I：Introduction

　　　P：Point

　　Sp：Sub­point (次要点)

　　　C：Conclusion

　　答案　B　[篇章结构题。整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系。第一段提出论点；第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点；第三段用“However”一词转折，说明第二、三段是不同的两个观点；第四、五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点；最后一段作出了总结。]

　　1．mistaken adj. 错误的

　　2.dormitory n. 宿舍

　　3．indicate v. 表明；暗示

　　4.frequently adv. 频繁地

　　5．phenomenon n. 现象

　　1．bring about 引起；造成

　　2．be in touch with 和……有联系

　　3．bear in mind 记住

　　原文：This is usually interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.(where引导的定语从句，先行词point表示抽象地点)

　　译文：这经常被解读为一种信号，当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的地步。

　　仿写：The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the__point_where_he_can_walk correctly and safely.

　　治疗将持续到病人能达到正确安全地行走的地步。

　　Passage 2

　　限时：7分钟

　　体裁：说明文　题材：史地常识类　难度：中词数：291

　　There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.

　　Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.

　　The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.

　　In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.

　　Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.

　　在非洲观赏野生动物的地方很多，然而最让人兴奋的旅程莫过于博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲的马背之旅。

　　1．What does the underlined word “They” refer to?

　　A．Flooded waters.

　　B．Wildlife journeys.

　　C．Safari camps.

　　D．Unique rides.

　　答案　C　[词义猜测题。第二段介绍safari camps，第一句说明safari camps的基本行程，第二句说明了safari camps的优势，第三句中的They和前两句的主语内容相同，指代safari camps。]

　　2．What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?

　　A．Seeing and feeling the real African life.

　　B．Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.

　　C．Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.

　　D．Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.

　　答案　D　[细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，水花与彩虹相映成趣，溅落在身上的水花声音清脆，画面与声音让人兴奋不已。由第三段最后一句可知，和动物靠得越近越让人兴奋紧张。故D项正确。]

　　3．What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean?

　　A．Wild and romantic.

　　B．Slow and peaceful.

　　C．Hungry and thirsty.

　　D．Active and excited.

　　答案　B　[词义猜测题。由第四段第一句可知，夜晚的马背之旅令人放松、不匆忙，只有B项“缓慢的；宁静的”与此处基调相同，故B项符合题意。]

　　★4.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by ________.

　　A．following space order

　　B．following time order

　　C．making classifications

　　D．giving examples

　　答案　B　[篇章结构题。由第三段中的“The morning ride”，第四段中的“In the evening”以及最后一段中的“Back at the camp”可知，对奥卡万戈三角洲的旅行介绍是按照时间顺序进行的。]

　　1．professional adj. 职业的；专业的

　　2．reputation n. 名声；声望；名誉

　　1．rank as 列为；排名为

　　2．kick off 踢开

　　原文：With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting.(with复合结构)

　　译文：伴随着在身边溅起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴从你的身上和脸上落下的声音，这真的太令人兴奋了。

　　仿写：With_nothing_left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.

　　家里橱柜里没有吃的了，她出去买些吃的。

　　Passage 3

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：说明文　题材：生态环境类　难度：易词数：271

　　The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem (生态系统). Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment. As a big plant­eater, it largely shapes the forest­and­savanna (稀树草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting_the_terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat (栖息地)．

　　It is the elephant's great desire for food that makes it

　　a disturber of the environment and an important builder

　　of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds

　　of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and

　　underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results

　　in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and

　　in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.

　　In these open spaces are numerous plants in various

　　stages of growth that attract a variety

　　of other

　　plant eaters.

　　Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations，the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant eaters to move around and for small plant eaters to get their food as well.

　　What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna,

　　greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.

　　本文主要讲述的是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。

　　1．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．Disappearance

　　of African

　　elephants.

　　B．Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.

　　C．The effect of African elephants' search for food.

　　D．The eating habit of African elephants.

　　答案　C　[主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的就是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。故C正确。]

　　2．What does the underlined phrase “setting the

　　terms” most probably mean?

　　A．Fixing the time.

　　B．Worsening the state.

　　C．Improving the quality.

　　D．Deciding the conditions.

　　答案　D　[词义猜测题。根据文章“As a big plant eater, it largely shapes the forest­and­savanna(稀树草原) surroundings

　　in which it lives, therefore setting the

　　terms of existence for millions of other animals that live

　　in its habitat.”说明非洲大象塑造了草原的环境，也决定了其他动物的生存条件。故D项正确。]

　　3．What do we know about the open spaces in the

　　passage?

　　A．They result from the destruction of rain forests.

　　B．They provide food mainly for African elephants.

　　C．They are home to many endangered animals.

　　D．They are attractive to plant­eating animals of different kinds.

　　答案　D　[细节理解题。根据文章“This results in

　　numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in

　　the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In

　　these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages

　　of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.”说明开放的空间对于其他的食草动物也很重要。故D项正确。]

　　4.The passage is developed mainly by________.

　　A．showing the effect and then explaining the causes

　　B．pointing out similarities and differences

　　C．describing the changes in space order

　　D．giving examples

　　答案　A　[篇章结构题。本文主要通过描述大象的行为带来的具体影响以及对这些影响的原因的解释。故A项正确。]

　　1．existence n. 存在

　　2．desire v．/n. 欲望；要求

　　3．numerous adj. 许多的；很多的

　　4．situation n. 情况；形势

　　5．vast adj. 广阔的；巨大的

　　1．of great importance 很重要的

　　2．to a great extent 在很大程度上

　　3．result in 导致

　　原文：It is the elephant's great desire

　　for food that makes it

　　a disturber of the environment and an important builder

　　of its habitat. (强调句型)

　　译文：正是大象对食物的欲望使它成为环境的破坏者和栖息地的修建者。

　　仿写：It_was_the_culture_rather_than_the_language_that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.

　　是文化而不是语言，使他很难适应国外的新环境。

　　Passage 4

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：议论文　题材：健康类　难度：易词数：283

　　With the development of society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever

　　before. However, every coin has two sides. Many facts

　　suggest that children are overweight and the situation is

　　getting worse, according to the statistics. I feel there are a

　　number of reasons for this.

　　Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling unhealthy，fatty foods, such as fried chicken and ice cream, at low prices. This has turned out a whole generation of grown­ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves. If there were fewer of these

　　restaurants then probably children would buy less take­away food.

　　There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight. I agree to this, because good eating habits begin early in life, long

　　before children start to visit fast food shops. If children

　　are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy

　　food, or are always allowed to choose what they eat, they will go for sweet and salty foods every time, and this will carry on throughout their lives.

　　There is a third reason for this situation. Children these days take very little exercise. They do not walk to school. When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers. Not only is this an

　　unhealthy pastime (消遣), it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food. What they need is to go outside and play active games or sports.

　　The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops

　　and bad eating habits.

　　本文第一段是一个中心段，提出儿童肥胖的问题，在2,3,4段中分别给出一个原因。在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法。

　　1．What is suggested by the author to deal with “overweight”？

　　A．Blaming the shops selling unhealthy and fatty foods.

　　B．Asking young children to walk to school every day.

　　C．Living an active life and removing bad eating habits.

　　D．Not watching TV or playing computer games after school.

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The above are the main reasons for this problem, and

　　therefore we have to encourage young people to be more

　　active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops

　　and bad eating habits.”可知作者给出的建议是要过着更为积极的生活而且要把一些不好的饮食习惯去除掉。故C项正确。]

　　★2.Which of the following shows the structure of the

　　whole text?

　　答案　B　[篇章结构题。本文第一段是一个中心段，提出儿童肥胖的问题，在2,3,4段中分别给出一个原因。在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法。属于总分总的结构，故B正确。]

　　3．The author writes the passage to________.

　　A．show people a social problem

　　B．provide facts for government

　　C．advise solutions to a problem

　　D．compare opinions with people

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。本文先提出一个问题：儿童肥胖；在2,3,4段中分析出现这一问题的原因；最后一段中提出对于这个问题的解决方法。作者写本文的目的是在于对一个问题的解决方法提出建议。故C项正确。]

　　4．The underlined word“diversified”in the first paragraph most probably means________.

　　A．various

　　B．difficult

　　C．expensive

　　D．available

　　答案　A　[词义猜测题。根据本句“With the development of

　　society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more

　　diversified than ever before.”可知现在的儿童在食物的选择方面很丰富，同时也带来了很大的问题。所以本词表示的是多种多样的；亦可根据diversity来猜测该词的意思与多样化有关，故A项正确。]

　　1．overweight adj. 超重的；过重的

　　2．statistics n. 数据；统计

　　3．blame n．/v. 责备；归咎于

　　4．surround v. 包围；围绕

　　5．unhealthy adj. 不健康的

　　1．with the development of 随着……的发展

　　2．a number of 许多的；大量的

　　3．agree to 同意；接受

　　原文：Not only is this an

　　unhealthy pastime, it also gives them time to eat

　　more unhealthy food.(倒装句)

　　译文：这不仅仅是一种不健康的消遣方式，而且也给他们吃更多不健康食物的时间。

　　仿写：Not_only_has_she_been_late_three_times_in_the_past_three_days,_she has also done no work.

　　她在过去的三天不仅迟到过三次，还没干一点活。

　　易错题：缺乏对写作手法的了解

　　[例]　In the mid－1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic (充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.

　　Q：How is the last paragraph mainly developed?

　　A．By giving examples.

　　B．By making comparisons.

　　C．By following time order.

　　D．By making classifications.

　　[错解]　A

　　[错因分析]　考生对写作手法了解不清而误选答案。

　　[答案]　C　此题看似是举例说明，其实是按时间顺序由远及近而叙述的，故选C项。

　　[心得体会]