所在位置: 查字典英语网 >高中英语 > 高考英语 > 高考高考英语 > 高考高考复习指南 > 2017江苏《夺冠之路》高三英语【牛津译林版】一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第1讲 名词与主谓一致

2017江苏《夺冠之路》高三英语【牛津译林版】一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第1讲 名词与主谓一致

发布时间:2017-02-28  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  第1讲 名词与主谓一致(要点透析)名词

  一、名词的数

  在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点:

  1. 注意以下名词数的概念

  ①以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如:

  physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States

  ②总称名词:表示一类事物的总称,不能加s,如:

  machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence

  ③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:

  fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼

  paper 纸—papers 试卷

  water 水—waters 水域

  room 空间—rooms 房间

  time 时间—times 时代

  arm 手臂—arms 武器

  ④形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:

  people, police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词

  2. 集体名词的数

  family,team,audience,class,club,committee,crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等

  集体名词注意其主谓一致,一般来说,视为整体时作单数看待,侧重其成员时则作复数看待。

  The enemy has suffered heavy losses.

  The enemy are in flight.

  3. 单复数同形的名词

  a.某些动物名称

  fish, deer, sheep 

  b.某国人的名词

  Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

  c.其他

  means, species, works, offspring

  4. 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”:

  ①合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数:

  lookers-on 参观者 sons-in-law 女婿

  editors-in-chief 主编

  shoe-makers 鞋匠

  firemen 消防员

  chairwomen 女主席

  ②如果没有主体名词,在最后一个词的词尾加s:

  go-betweens 中间人

  grown-ups 成人

  follow-ups 续集

  good-for-nothings 饭桶

  ③man, woman作定语时,定语和被修饰词都变成复数:

  man-servant—men-servants

  5.不规则名词的“数”:

  woman — women

  child — children

  ox — oxen

  tooth — teeth

  goose — geese

  foot — feet

  mouse — mice

  phenomenon — phenomena

  analysis — analyses

  6. 专有名词的“数”

  史密斯一家人 the Smiths

  两个玛丽 two Marys

  【疑难点击】

  1.

  有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种,一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。

  It was a special tea.

  She bought us three coffees.

  2. 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念,一般不可数,前面一般不加不定冠词,但表示具体或特定时,前面应有不定冠词。

  There‘s a beauty in simplicity.

  After a brief peace, war broke out again.

  二、名词所有格

  英语中许多名词可以加's来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,意为“……的”。如:a teacher's book, a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth, the moon's rays。

  名词所有格的规则如下:

  ①名词词尾加's,如the boy's bag, men's room。

  ②若名词已有复数词尾-s, 只加 ',如:the workers' struggle。

  ③of 属格:无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。

  【疑难点击】

  1. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”;只有一个's,则表示“共有”。

  John's and Mary's rooms(两间)

  John and Mary's room(一间)

  2. 省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。

  在诊所at the doctor's

  在我姐家at my sister's

  【疑难点击】

  3. 双重格:of +名词's。

  I saw a play of Shaw's.

  注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同:

  This is a picture of my friend's.

  这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。

  This is a picture of my friend.

  这是我朋友的一张照片。

  三、名词作定语

  某些名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词。

  ①表示类别、处所、材料、时间、功能、用途等名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。

  paper flower 纸花

  cotton goods 棉织品

  orange juice 橘汁

  credit card 信用卡

  ②少数名词可以用复数形式作定语。

  sports meeting 运动会

  clothes shop 服装店

  customs officer 海关人员

  sales manager 销售经理

  主谓一致

  一、意义(语法)一致原则

  只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用单数,句子的主语意义复数,则谓语用复数。具体表现如下:

  1. 不可数名词作主语,一律视为单数。某些以s结尾的单数名词作主语,仍视为单数。

  No news is good news.

  His task was to collect information.

  How much machinery has been installed?

  2. 表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  When and where to go for the on-salary holiday has not been decided yet.

  3. “ one, either, neither, each of +复数名词或代词”作主语时, 谓语用单数。

  Either of the stories is very funny.

  4. something, everything, anything, nothing,somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语,谓语通常是单数。

  Nothing is impossible.

  5. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。

  Ten pounds was missing from the box.

  6. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词,通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。

  This pair of glasses is very expensive.

  Two series of new stamps have been ordered.

  7. a number of +复数名词,“许多……”,复数意义;the number of +复数名词,“……的数目”,单数意义。the population of…“……的人口数量”作主语时,谓语用单数,但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时,具体指其中的多少人,复数意义,谓语则用复数。the average of…“……的平均数量”,作主语时,谓语用单数。

  The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.

  The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers.

  8. 主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时,谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词,其后跟的名词只能是介宾,不可能充当主语。)

  Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.

  9. “the +adj.”结构指一类人时,谓语动词用复数;如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念,谓语动词用单数。

  The disabled are well taken care of in this country.

  The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University.

  The new is certain to replace the old.

  10. 分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。

  The rest of the workers are still very tired.

  11. 当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。另外,当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数, 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。

  War and peace is a constant theme in history.

  Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.

  英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:

  iron and steel 钢铁

  law and order 治安

  bread and butter黄油面包

  a watch and chain 一块带链的表

  a knife and fork 一副刀叉

  a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣

  aim and end 目的

  truth and honesty 真诚

  12. what 引导的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。

  What surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.

  13. such 作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。

  Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.

  14. quantities of +名词作主语时,不论名词是复数还是不可数,谓语一律用复数。

  a quantity of +名词复数作主语时,谓语用复数。

  a quantity of +不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

  amounts of +不可数名词作主语时,谓语用复数。

  an amount of +不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

  Every day quantities of water are wasted.

  A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.

  二、形式一致原则

  1.every /each/no +名词+and every/ each/ no +名词作主语时,谓语用单数。

  Every boy and every girl is having sports now.

  2.“one +单数名词+and a half”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  One apple and a half was on the table.

  3.“more than one +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  More than one student has failed the exam.

  4.“many a +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  Many a child was playing there.

  【注意】以上四种情况,如果从意义上来讲,主语有复数意义,但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的,故谓语用单数形式,谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。

  三、就近一致原则

  1. 谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, not…but…; either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also …等。

  Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.

  Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.

  2. 在倒装句中谓语可与后面最近的一个主语一致。

  In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.

  3. 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

  There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.

  There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

  4.当一个句子是由 there 或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。

  Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.

  5.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从句中作主语,依先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式;在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是之前有the (only)等修饰语时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。

  Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.

  1讲 名词与主谓一致(考点突破)() 1. They tried to find what the difference between ______ cars is.

  A. Tom and Mary's

  B. Tom's and Mary

  C. Tom's and Mary's

  D. Tom and Mary

  () 2. — Mike, what did our monitor say just now?

  — Every boy and every girl as well as teachers who ______ to visit the museum

  ______ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.

  A. is; is

  B. are; are

  C. is; are

  D. are; is

  【解析】

  1. C 这里两个名词都应用所有格,表示Tom和Mary各自的汽车,只有C选项能表达此意;A选项表示Tom和Mary共有一辆车。

  2. D 定语从句的先行词是teachers,故第一个空用are; 第二个空的逻辑主语是every boy and every girl,谓语动词必须用单数形式,故用is。

  () 3. — What does your sister do?

  — Oh, she does nothing, for she is only an ______ girl.

  A. 8-month's-old

  B. 8-months-old

  C. 8-month-old

  D. 8-months'-old

  () 4. One of the consequences of our planet's being warming up is a(n) ______ in the number of natural disasters. (2010·江苏宿迁中学高三模拟)

  A. account

  B. reason

  C. increase

  D. occurrence

  【解析】

  3. C 有连字符的复合词作定语时,其中的名词用单数形式;名词所有格作定语时表示所属关系,故排除A、D。

  4. C account

  解释;理由;评价; reason 原因; increase 增加,增大;后常与介词in/on连用; occurrence 事件;发生; 根据句意应选C项,表示“自然灾害的数量在增加”。

  () 5. The teacher together with the students ______ discussing Reading Skills that ______ newly published in America. (2010·云南曲靖一中高三月考)

  A. are; were

  B. is; were

  C. are; was

  D. is; was

  () 6. There is no doubt that being good at communicating is a great ______, especially when you are looking for a job.(2010·江苏盐城第八中学高三模拟)

  A. advantage

  B. privilege

  C. assistant

  D. opportunity

  【解析】

  5. D 第一个空的逻辑主语是the teacher,故用is;第二个空的逻辑主语是Reading Skills,尽管是复数形式,但是是书名,其后的谓语动词用单数形式,用was。

  6. A advantage 优势,长处; privilege 特权;殊荣; assistant

  助手;店员; opportunity 机会,根据句意应选A项,表示“擅长交流是一个很大的优势”。

  () 7. A survey of the opinions of scientists ______ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ______ good for our health. (2011·四川南充高中高三月考)

  A. show; are

  B. shows; is

  C. show; is

  D. shows; are

  () 8. Some equipment as well as a number of maps and books ______ to Zhouqu since the mud-rock flow occurred.

  (2011·四川绵阳中学高三入学考试)

  A. has been offered B. have been offered

  C. are offered

  D. is being offered

  【解析】

  7. B 第一个空的逻辑主语是survey, 故谓语动词用单数形式,选shows;第二个空的主语部分是three hours of outdoor exercise a week,谓语动词用单数形式,故选is。

  8. A 句子的主语是some equipment,不可数名词,故谓语动词用单数形式;主语部分与谓语动词之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。

  () 9. More than ______ of the classmates in my class ______ fond of pop music. (2011·江西南昌一中高三月考)

  A. two-third; is

  B. two-thirds; is

  C. second-third; are

  D. two-thirds; are

  ()10. Joining us in the studio ______ Rose from the Cannes, and Xu Li from the Shanghai International Film Festival.(2010·湖南长郡中学高二分班考试)

  A. is

  B. are

  C. has

  D. have

  【解析】

  9. D 分数的分子大于1时,分母用复数形式,排除A、C两个选项;本句中分数指代的是classmates,后面的谓语动词用复数形式,故选D项。

  10. B 此句为倒装句,谓语动词的形式由其后的主语部分决定,而主语是Rose and Xu Li,为复数形式;另动词为现在分词形式,只能选B项。

  ()11. The Education Bureau gave a warning to each school without any ______ when the virus of A/H1N1 hit our city.(2010·浙江杭州西湖高级中学高三月考)

  A. delay

  B. effort

  C. schedule

  D. consideration

  ()12. One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy ______ to places like supermarkets and hospitals.(2011·安徽皖南八校高三摸底联考)

  A. chance

  B. possession

  C. access

  D. gain

  【解析】

  11. A delay 延迟;延缓; effort 努力,尽力; schedule 计划;课程表;时刻表; consideration

  考虑;体谅。根据句意选A项,表示“当A/H1N1病毒袭击我们市时,教育局毫不迟疑地向每所学校发出警告。”

  12. C chance 机会;运气;可能性; possession 拥有,占有;财产,所有物; access 接近;进入;利用……的权利; gain 利润;利益;增加。have easy access to places like supermarkets and hospitals

  方便去像超市、医院这样的地方。

  ()13. Practical people are most likely to have a strong ______ for taking immediate actions rather than sitting and talking without doing anything.(2011·湖南岳阳一中阶段考试)

  A. opinion

  B. feeling

  C. idea

  D. preference

  ()14. Nowadays, few people form the habit of keeping a supply of candles in the house in case of power ______.

  A. drop

  B. failure

  C. lack

  D. absence

  【解析】

  13. D opinion 意见,见解;评价; feeling 感觉,触觉;心情;预感; idea 想法,主意;意见;观念; preference 偏爱,喜爱;选择;优先。have a preference for doing sth. 更喜欢干某事,比较喜欢干某事。

  14. B drop 下降;下落物;

  failure 失败;不及格;不足,缺乏; lack 不足,欠缺; absence 缺席,不在;缺少,缺乏。power failure 停电。

  ()15. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any direct ______.(2011·浙江衢州市杜泽中学高三模拟)

  A. solution

  B. target

  C. measure

  D. function

  ()16. It is reported that the number of graduate students who ______ mental problems ______ on the rise.(2010·江苏扬州中学高三高考模拟)

  A. have; is

  B. has; are

  C. has; is

  D. have; are

  【解析】

  15. A solution 解决;解决问题的办法; target 靶子;目标;对象; measure 尺寸;尺度;度量器具 (measures 措施;手段;方法); function 功能,作用;职责,职务。根据句意应选A项,表示“他们没有为你提供直接的解决问题的办法”。

  16. A 定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定,故应用复数形式;第二个空的主语是the number,其后的谓语动词应用单数形式,只有A 选项是正确的。

  ()17. The mascot (吉祥物) Haibao, full of meanings from foot to head, has become the lucky symbol and cultural ______ of Shanghai Expo. (2010·江苏六合高级中学高三冲刺模拟)

  A. remark

  B. mark

  C. scene

  D. view

  ()18. Facing the economic depression, every possible means ______ this year to save the company from going bankrupt.

  (2010·上海市各区一模)

  A. has been tried

  B. has tried

  C. have been tried

  D. have tried

  【解析】

  17. B remark 意见;评论;感想;发言; mark 痕迹;污点;记号,标记;分数,成绩; scene 现场;景色;场景; view 视野;风景;眺望;看法。根据句意选B项,表示“吉祥物海宝已经成为上海世博会的文化标记”。

  18. A every means 每一种方法,为单数形式,故排除C、D两项;主语与谓语动词是被动关系,所以A项是正确的。

  ()19. Not having a good ______ of English can be a serious obstacle to achieving your goals.(2010·福建福州屏东中学高三测试)

  A. demand

  B. appreciation

  C. experience

  D. command

  ()20. — Did you get ______ to the party?

  — Yes, I replied to it this morning.

  A. an answer 

  B. an invitation

  C. a question 

  D. a letter

  【解析】

  19. D demand 要求,需要; appreciation 欣赏,感激; experience 经验,经历; command 命令,指控,掌握。根据句意选D,表示“没有很好地掌握英语”。

  20. B 注意其后的 to the party 和 replied to it。

  ()21. In order to learn the ______ of the family business, Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.

  A. ins and outs 

  B. dos and don'ts

  C. heads or tails

  D. p's and q's

  ()22.

  — I've got an “A” in the examination.

  — That's a good ______.

  You will surely win a second.

  A. result 

  B. news

  C. start 

  D. idea

  【解析】

  21. A ins and outs 意为“细节”,dos and don'ts 意为“注意事项”,heads or tails 为掷钱币打赌时用语,意为“你赌正面还是赌反面”,p's and q's主要用于 mind one's p's and q's,意为“留意自己的言行”。结合句意,选A最合适。

  22. C 从语法上看,news 不可选,因为它不可数;从意义上看,D不可选,因为选D意思不通;比较A和C,选C最合适,因为 start与下文的 a second 相吻合。

  ()23. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women ______ a very shy girl with two bright eyes.

  A. was

  B. are

  C. were

  D. there was

  ()24. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.

  A. Two fifth; is

  B. Two fifths; are

  C. Two fifth; are

  D. Two fifths; is

  【解析】

  23. A 本句为倒装句。主语是a very shy girl with two bright eyes,核心主语是a very shy girl,为单数,全句为过去时。

  24. D 本句核心主语是land,为单数形式,同时注意分数的表达形式。

  ()25. Every possible means ______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

  A. is used

  B. are used

  C. has been used

  D. have been used

  【解析】

  25. C means,意为“手段,方式”,单复数同形。在本题中代表单数。

查看全部
推荐文章
猜你喜欢
附近的人在看
推荐阅读
拓展阅读

分类
  • 年级
  • 类别
  • 版本
  • 上下册
年级
不限
类别
英语教案
英语课件
英语试题
不限
版本
不限
上下册
上册
下册
不限