英语中,family、home和house是常用的单词,它们都与“家”有关,但它们的含义和用法不同。这些区别使得英语“家”的表达更具体形象、准确生动,同时也给英语学习者带来一定困难。了解并掌握它们间的差异, 这对于我们的英语学习和运用非常重要。
一、Family用作名词时意为“家庭、家属、家族”,一般指组成家庭的成员,尤其是子女;当它作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数,当“家庭成员”讲时是复数。例如:
His family is very large. [他家里人很多。]
My family are very well. [我家里人都很好。]
Tom is the eldest of the family. [汤姆是家里年龄最大的。]
Our family has lived in this house for over 100 years. [我们家族住在这所房子里已有一百多年了。]
Family可与某些名词构成词组,如family circle(家庭圈子)、family doctor(家庭医生)、family farm(家庭农场)、family life(家庭生活)、family name(姓氏)、family origin(家庭出身)、family planning(计划生育)等。
Family也可用作形容词来修饰某些名词,如family car(家里人共用的汽车)、family estate(家产)、family ties(亲属关系)等。
二、Home用作名词时意为“家、家庭、住所”,主要指一个人出生或居住的地方,房屋是其中的一部分,因而也有“家乡、故乡”的意思,它具有house所没有的感情色彩(如“团聚”、“思念”等)。例如:
My home is in Guangzhou. [我家在广州。]
There's no place like home. [没有比家更好的地方了。]
He looks on London as his home. [他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。]
East or west, home is the best. [金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝。]
Home可与某些名词构成合成词或词组,如homeland(祖国、家乡)、homesick(想家)、homework(功课、家庭作业)、home market(国内市场)、home rule(地方自治)、home screen(主屏幕、电视接收器)等。
Home也可用作副词,如go home(回家)、hit home(击中要害)、write home(写信回家)等。
Home还可用作动词,如I homed him yesterday.[昨天我带他回家。]和The plane homed to its base.[飞机飞回基地。]。
三、House用作名词时意为“房屋、住家、住宅”,一般指家人所居住的建筑物,兼指“家、家庭、家族”或“一家人”。例如:
The houses will boast the latest energy-saving technology. [这些房屋将应用最新的节能技术。]
There are many new houses in our village. [我们村里有很多新房子。]
There is a skeleton in every house. [家家都有一本难念的经。]
The whole house was out. [全家都出去了。]
House可与某些名词构成合成词或词组,如houseboy(男仆)、housecleaning(清扫房屋)、housekeeping(料理家务)、housework(家务劳动)、house agent(房地产经纪人)、house cat(家猫)、house surgeon(外科住院医师)等。
口语中,house可与home连用组成习语,如eat sb. out of house and home(把某人吃穷,吃光某人的家当)。
House也可用作动词,如A lot of money was spent to house the refugees.[许多钱花在收容难民方面。]和You and I may as well house together.[你我不妨住在一起。]
由上可知,对英语学习者而言,单词的词义辨析和习惯用法是值得注意的问题。正如著名语言学家和英语教育家王宗炎先生指出的那样:“学英语的人的一个大难题,是弄清词怎么用才合乎规矩,即所谓good usage。这里有词的本义问题,有词的附带意义问题,也有词的语法形式问题。”
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