语法精讲 被动语态(voice)
1.概念 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语的形式叫被动语态。
2.构成 “助动词be+过去分词”。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,也可以构成否定或疑问式。
3.用法 被动语态常用于下列场合:需要强调动作的承受者;只知道动作的承受者,不知道谁是动作的执行者;论述科技内容的文体需要强调客观性和科学性。如:
The bridge was made of stone.
这座桥是石头砌的。
A lot of people were killed in the fire.
许多人葬身于火海中。
Pollution should be done away with.污染一定要消除。
4.各种时态的被动语态及其他形式的被动语态(见下表)
时态名称 被动形式(以do为例)
一般现在时 am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were done 一般将来时 will/shall be done 过去将来时 would be done 现在进行时 am/is/are bing done 过去进行时 was/were being done 现在完成时 have/has been done 过去完成时 had been done 情态动词 can/may/must be done 不定式 to be done;to have been done 现在分词 being done;having been done 动名词 being done;having been done 5.用主动式表示被动含义的几种情况
用谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义
表示状态特征的连系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear+形容词/名词构成的系表结构。如:
The steel feels cold.这块钢摸起来凉。
The plan proved practical.这个计划证明是实用的。
表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。
如:Class begins.上课!
The shop closes at 6 every day.这家商店每天6点关门。
表示主语的某种属性特征的动词read,write,act,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等。这类动词后一般加一个修饰性的状语。如:
The coat dries easily.这上衣很容易干。
The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来滑顺。
少数动词如print,build,cook,fly,hang,build,make等用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义。如:
The textbooks are printing. 这些课本正在印刷中。
用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义
want,need,require作“需要”讲时,后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如:
The road needs/wants/requires repairing.这条公路该修修了。
形容词worth后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如:
The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。
不定式在某些形容词如difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fit,unfit,light,heavy,good,safe,dangerous等后作状语且和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,用主动形式表示被动含义,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后面省去了for sb.。如:
The book is difficult(for me)to understand.这本书很难看明白。
The boy is easy (for people) to get along with.这男孩很容易相处。
We found English difficult to learn.我们发现英语难学。
在“have sth.to do或give sb.sth.to do”的句式中,不定式作名词的后置定语,既与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如:
I have an important meeting to attend.
我有一个重要的会议要参加。
I will give the children some good books to read.
我要给孩子们一些好书读。
在“there be”句型中修饰主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式都行。在口语中多用主动形式。如:
There are many things to do/to be done.有好多事情要做。
不定式to let,to blame等表示被动含义。如:
The car is to let.汽车出租。
The parents are to blame for the spoiled child.
对这个宠坏了孩子的父母该受责备。
介词in,on,under等+n.构成的介词短语表示被动含义。如:
The shop is in the possession of Mr.James.
(=The house is possessed by Mr.James.)
这个商店是詹姆斯先生的。
The question is under discussion.
(=The question is being questioned.)这个问题正在讨论。
Lots of books are on show.
(=Lots of books are being shown.)许多书在展览。
【考例1】2006北京高考,30 —Your job _____open for your return.
—Thanks.
A.will be kept
B.will keep
C.had kept
D.had been kept
解析:本题考查将来时态的被动语态。keep the job/the position open使工作、职位等处于空缺状态,由句意“随时欢迎你回来工作”可知用将来时。
答案:A
【考例2】2006上海高考,32 When he turned professional at the age of 11,Mike _____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.
A.expected
B.was expecting
C.was expected
D.would be expected
解析:Mike与expect之间为动宾关系,故需用被动语态,由从句含义可以确定其时态为过去时。
答案:C【考例3】2006江西高考,29 After he became conscious,he remembered _____and_____ on the head with a rod.
A.to attack;hit
B.to be attacked;to be hit
C.attacking;be hit
D.having been attacked;hit
解析:根据前面“After he became conscious”,所以应该用remember doing表示记得干过某事,同时又是被动语态(被袭击),所以第一个空应该选having been attacked。另外根据and连接的两个词表示并列,hit应该和attack采用同样的语态,hit的过去分词还是hit。
答案:D
【考例4】2006全国高考Ⅰ,29 The water _____cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.
A.was felt
B.is felt
C.felt
D.feels
解析:feel是常用词,含义广泛,可表示感官、情感、想法等,主要指通过感官感知或知觉。作连系动词时,后接形容词,表示“摸上去”,不用作被动语态。根据所提供的情景“when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise”可判断出要用一般过去时,表示过去发生的事。
答案:C
【考例5】 This kind of clothwell and_______ long.
A.washes;is lasted
B.is washed;lasted
C.washes;lasts
D.is washing;lasting
解析:由句意可知“这种布料好洗且穿得时间长”,应该使用一般现在时态。wash,last表示“洗起来……”“穿起来……”都使用主动式表示被动。
答案:C
【考例6】2006天津一模 —What about the books?
—Books of this kind _____well.
A.sell
B.sells
C.are sold
D.is sold
解析:考查语态。这个句子中的sell是用主动形式表示被动含义,这些动词说明的是主语的特征或性质,常和一个副词连用,又如:write smoothly,wash easily等。
答案:A
【考例7】 My bike needs .Which one is wrong?
A.repairingB.to be repaired
C.repairs
D.repaired
解析:在need,want,require后应使用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。另,repair还可作名词使用,故repairs也是正确的。
答案:D
【考例8】 I found the German language hard .
A.to learn
B.to be learned
C.learning
D.learned]
解析:to learn在形容词hard之后作状语且与the German language构成逻辑上的动宾关系,因此不定式应用主动形式表示被动意义。本句还可变为I found the German language was hard to learn.
答案:A
【考例9】2005南京一模 —Manager,do you have something ______at this moment?
—No,thanks.I’ll call you if any.
A.to be typed
B.to type
C.typing
D.typed
解析:该句考查学生的思维品质、分析句子结构和逻辑关系的能力。此处语境表明,要做事的不是经理本人,既表示被动又表示将来。
答案:A
【考例10】2006安徽高考,35 Mr.Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one______ .
A.blamed
B.blaming
C.to blame
D.to be blamed
解析:to blame作the one的定语。blame一词常用主动形式表示被动。如:It is Tom that is to blame.
答案:C
【考例11】Mr.Smith is charge of the factory,that is to say,the factory is ______charge of Mr.Smith.
A.in;in the
B.in;in
C.in the;in the
D.in the ;in
解析:in charge of表示主动意义,而in the charge of 表示被动意义。
答案:A
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