高考英语语法专项训练：第7讲_动词的时态和语态

　　* 2.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷, 28) Every few years, the coal workers ______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health. A. are having

　　B. have

　　C. have had D. had had

　　【答案】B 【解析】本题考查时态。根据时间状语every few years,可判断本句应为一般现在时，因此答案选B。 *

　　前者强调按计划或安排而发生的事情；后者不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。

　　2．考查be going to do和will＋do构成的将来时的区别 * [典例3]　—Did you tell Julia about the result? —Oh，no. I forgot. I ________ her now. A．will be calling

　　B．will call C．am going to call

　　D．am to call [解析]　分析四个选项可知，只有B项可表示临时作出的决定或产生的想法。A项表示将来某一时刻正在发生的事；C项可表示预先安排好的要发生的事情；D项表示早就有的打算。[答案]　B * 3．考查过去时和现在完成时的区别

　　现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成 的影响；而过去时仅说明过去发生的动作，与 现在毫无关系。 * [典例4]　The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ________on the market in 1973. A．had come

　　B．has come C．came

　　D．comes [解析]　since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句通常用一般过去时，所以选C项。[答案]　C * 过去时往往有明确的过去时间状语，说明是发生在过去的动作；而过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有by，before，等词引导的时间状语。 4．考查一般过去时和过去完成时的区别 * (2011四川卷)－What a mistake ! －Yes. I________ his doing it another way, but without success. A．was suggesting

　　B．will suggest C．would suggest

　　D．had suggested [解析]　根据语境可知suggest动作应发生在犯错误之前，即“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。[答案]　D *

　　现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则是强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。 5．考查现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 * (2011年高考辽宁卷) I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I________. A．was doing

　　B．am doing C．have done

　　D．had been doing [解析]　我一完成我正在做的事情，就去图书馆。本题语境为现在时态，所以根据句意应用现在进行时态，表示现在正在做的事情。 [答案]　B * 6．考查一般过去时和过去进行时的区别 一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。 *

　　I walked slowly through the market，where people ________all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A．sell

　　B．were selling C．has sold

　　D．have sold [答案]　B *

　　现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“安排”或“打算”之意，所用动词多是非延续性动词，如marry，die，leave，join等。 7．现在进行时表将来 * [典例8]　An airbus has begun taking orders from Chinese customers on the mainland and ________more this year. A．is expecting

　　B．expected C．will expect

　　D．is expected [解析]　此处应用一般将来时，但expect一词习惯上用进行时表示将来。 [答案]　A * 被动语态 * 1．被动语态的谓语形式 (以动词give为例) 一般现在时态：am/is/are given 一般过去时态：was/were given 一般将来时态：shall/will be given 过去将来时态：should/would be given 现在进行时态：am/is/are being given 过去进行时态：was/were being given 现在完成时态：has/have been given 过去完成时态：had been given * 被动语态

　　1. 英语中被动语态常用于下列几种场合：

　　不知道动作的执行者；不必提到动作的执行者；强调或侧重动作的承受者;动作的执行者很模糊；有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。

　　It’s suggested that we put the meeting off.

　　有人建议我们延期举行会议。

　　2. “It+be+过去分词+从句”结构的被动结构

　　It is known that...众所周知

　　It is suggested that...有人建议 *

　　It is believed that...有人相信

　　It is hoped that...大家希望

　　It is thought that...大家认为

　　3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别

　　被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表示状态。

　　These things are sold quickly.（被动语态）

　　这些东西卖得很快。

　　These things are all sold out.（系表结构）

　　这些东西已经卖完了。 返回目录 *

　　常使用系表结构的词有：be seated坐着，be hidden躲藏，be lost迷路，be drunk喝醉，be dressed穿着，be devoted to致力于；献身，be determined决定，be compared比较。

　　4. 不使用被动语态的几种情况

　　（1）当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等系动词后面接形容词时。

　　（2）break out,take place,go off,run out,give out,give in,work out,come out,come into being,run out,give in,happen,take place,break out * （3）want, require, need, worth, deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。

　　These flowers want/require/need watering.

　　这些花需要浇水。

　　（4）有时尽管不定式与其逻辑主语是被动关系，但不定式仍用主动语态。不定式作状语，如果句子中存在light, heavy, difficult, easy, comfortable等词时就应该用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

　　（5）当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook,

　　lock, shut, dry, drink, wash等表示某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。 返回目录 * (2011年高考湖南卷)In the near future, more advances in the robot technology

　　________ by scientists. A．are making

　　B．are made C．will make

　　D．will be made [答案]　D * 1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,31)The church tower which ______ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.

　　A. has restored

　　B. has been restored

　　C. is restoring

　　D. is being restored

　　【答案】D 【解析】本题考查时态和语态。restore意思为修复，因此为正在修复中，并且the tower和restore之间是被动关系，所以选D。

　　返回目录 * 4．主从句谓语动词的时态一致性 主从句的时态要对应，即要保持时态的一致性。这使考生在做题中既可以根据主句的时态来确定从句的时态，也可以根据从句的时态来确定主句的时态。 * [典例6]　The church tower which ________will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished. A．has restored

　　B．has been restored C．is restoring

　　D．is being restored [解析]　因此此处强调正在修复中，且要用被动语态。故选D。[答案]　D * 2．固定句型中的固定时态 在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，请体会下列句子中时态的运用：(1)This/It is the first/second...time I have done sth. That/It was the first/second...time I had done sth. (2)It is two years since he went abroad./It was two years since he had gone abroad. (3)I was about to go out when the telephone rang. * (4)Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang. (5)No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang. (6)It won't be long before he comes back./It wasn't long before he came back. (7)I didn't manage to understand it until he had explained it again. (8)祈使句＋and(or，or else，otherwise)＋并列分句 * 1．(2011年高考新课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did not know how long she ______ there.

　　A．had been lying B．has been lying C．was lying

　　D．has lain 解析：由 she did not know how long...可知应用过去完成进行时，表示持续发生的动作。 答案：A * 2．(2011年大纲全国卷)If you don't like the drink you________， just leave it and try a different one. A．ordered

　　B．are ordering C．will order

　　D．had ordered 答案：A * 3．(2011年高考山东卷)When I got on the bus，I________I had left my wallet at home. A．was realizing

　　B．realized C．have realized

　　D．would realize 答案：B * 4．(2011年高考福建卷)Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ________ from China. A．receive

　　B．are receiving C．have received

　　D．had received 答案：D * Thank you! * * The Father and His Son Father: You know, Tom, when Lincoln ___(be) your age, he ___(be) a very good pupil. In fact, he ___(be) the best pupil in his class. Tom: Yes, Father. I ____ (know) that. But when he ____(be) your age, he____ (be) President of the United States. was was was was was know * 专题7　动词的时态和语态

　　Period 1 *

　　◆ 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两道。

　　命题思路有三种： 一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择； 二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断； 三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。

　　一、命题特点 * ◆在历年有关被动语态的考题中，共涉及了8种基本时 态的被动语态，其中以现在完成时、一般现在时、一般 过去时和现在进行时考得最多。被动语态由“助动词be+ 过去分词”构成，时态通过be动词表现出来。 * ◆

　　高考命题中更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和时态干扰。 ◆

　　考生答题时要寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”。关于被动语态题，做题时应首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系，然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。 ◆

　　还要注意的是不及物动词是不能用于被动语态当中。 二、应考策略 * 基础回归

　　* 一般现在时: am/are/is

　　/

　　do / does 一般过去时: was / were / did

　　一般将来时: will

　　+ V （动词原形） 过去将来时: would + V （动词原形） 现在进行时: am/are/is+ Ving 过去进行时: was/ were + Ving 现在完成时: have/ has+ p.p. 过去完成时:had + p.p.

　　谓语（各种时态）的主动形式 * 一般现在时: be( am/are/is) + p.p.( 过去分词) 一般过去时: be(was/ were) + p.p. 一般将来时: will be + p.p. 过去将来时: would be + p.p. 现在进行时: be( am/are/is)+ being+ p.p. 过去进行时:be(was/ were )+ being+ p.p. 现在完成时: have/ has+ been + p.p. 过去完成时:had + been + p.p.

　　谓语（各种时态）的被动形式 * 一、对一般现在时的考查 1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。

　　1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ___the Pacific, and

　　we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）

　　was called

　　B. is called

　　C. had been called

　　D. has been called * （2010高考英语重庆卷,29)The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _______now. remains

　　B. is remained

　　C. is remaining

　　D. has been remained

　　【答案】A 【解析 】考查时态。remain在这儿意思是“剩下，余留”，为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态；又因为语境是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般现在时。选 A项。 * 2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：

　　在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。

　　—What would you do if it __ tomorrow?

　　—We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）

　　A. rain

　　B. rains

　　C. will rain

　　D. is raining

　　“主将从现” * 二、对一般过去时的考查 一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。

　　I bought a new car three days ago.

　　More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷） A. sent

　　B. were sent

　　C. had sent

　　D. had been sent

　　now bought * (2010高考英语重庆卷,24)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it

　　______on the market in 1973. A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes

　　【答案】C 【解析】考查时态。since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句用一般过去时，所以选C项。

　　返回目录 * 三、对现在进行时的考查 由上下文语境表示时间。 1)— What’s the terrible noise？ — The neighbors ____ for a party（2004年北京卷） A. have prepared

　　B. are preparing

　　C. prepare

　　D. will prepare 2)Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题） has closed down

　　B. closed down

　　C. is closing down

　　D. had closed down * 四、对过去进行时的考查 I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When it began to rain I was walking now *

　　1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时。

　　—You were out when I dropped in at your house. —Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷） A. was waiting

　　B. had waited

　　C. am waiting

　　D. have waited

　　* 2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。

　　—Has Sam finished his homework today?

　　—I have no idea. He

　　____ it this morning. （2004年全国卷） A. did

　　B. has done

　　C. was doing

　　D. had done

　　* 五、对现在完成时的考查 1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。 2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。

　　I_________(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _______(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I ______(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _______(move) to Pinghu. I______________

　　(teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then. graduated began taught moved have taught/have been teaching 1993 now 1998 9 years 5 years * (2010高考英语浙江卷,15)For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.

　　A．had dreamed of

　　B．have dreamed of

　　C．dreamed of

　　D．dream of

　　【答案】B 【解析】考查动词的时态。从for many years可知，此处谓语动词用完成时态；排除C项和D项；又因后一句用的是现在时态，故排除A项。据此答案应该选B项“现在完成时态”。

　　返回目录 *

　　3)—The window is dirty.

　　— I know. It ____ for weeks.（2004全国卷） hasn’t cleaned

　　B. didn’t clean

　　C. wasn’t cleaned

　　D. hasn’t been cleaned

　　* The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977. 1977 now 六、对现在完成进行时的考查

　　构成: have / has been+ doing 概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。 *

　　现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：

　　现在完成时与现在完成进行时

　　I have written an article.

　　I have been writing an article. 　

　　强调：　已完成性

　　强调：持续性， 未完成性 * (2010高考英语天津卷,4)We ______on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest. are working

　　B. have been working

　　C. worked

　　D. had worked

　　【答案】 B 【解析】考查动词时态。根据句意可知语境是现在，又有for four hours这个时间状语，可以判断动作一直持续到现在并在持续进行当中，故选B。

　　返回目录 * 1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004年北京卷）

　　had considered

　　B. has been considering

　　C. considered

　　D. is going to consider

　　2) --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.

　　“--- I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.

　　A. painted

　　B. had painted

　　C. have been painting

　　D. have painted

　　* 七、对过去完成时态的考查 过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。

　　Eg.

　　When we got to the theatre, they had

　　sold all the tickets. What a pity!

　　had sold

　　got Now 过去的过去 * — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? —No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? （2004年湖北卷）

　　A. was not invited

　　B. have not been invited

　　C. hadn’t been invited

　　D. didn’t invite

　　* 常见考点有： ①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。 1) When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷） A. started; had already hidden

　　B. had started; had already hidden

　　C. had started; was hiding

　　D. was starting; hid

　　* ②把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。 By the end of last year,

　　another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing.（2003年上海春） A. would be completed

　　B. was being completed

　　C. has been completed

　　D. had been completed

　　* Period 2 * 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。 1．考查一般现在时和现在完成时的区别 * [典例1]　(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead ________no sense——so many things will have changed by next year. A．made

　　B．is making C．makes

　　D．has made [解析]　由于受so far的影响会误选D，其实这儿的so far不是表示“到目前为止”的那个短语so far，此处so是用来修饰短语far ahead的，far ahead很早。[答案]　C *