2012年高考英语二轮复习学案：名词

　　课题名称 2010年高考英语第二轮热点专题复习（2）——名词

　　高考考查内容定位名词在高考中占有重要地位。考查内容主要有：抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。

　　二、高考考查内容揭密

　　（一）抽象名词的具体化与冠词

　　1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。

　　（1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如：

　　A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；

　　A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。

　　（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。

　　如：take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。

　　[经典考题]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2005·北京卷)A. 不填；不填

　　B. 不填；a C. the； 不填

　　D. the ；a

　　[解析] B

　　根据句意：（人们）常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了，因此，第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。

　　（3）表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。

　　She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.

　　她在事业上是个成功者，但在婚姻上却是个失败者。

　　2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如：

　　A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。

　　[注意]：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时，则在名词前加the

　　[经典考题] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2005·江西卷)

　　A./;an ; the

　　B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the

　　D. a ;the ;the

　　[解析] B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _______others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。

　　（二）名词的数和所有格

　　名词的数主要包括名词的可数与不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。

　　1.可数名词的单复数

　　（1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：

　　（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时，通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。

　　[经典考题]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.（2005·辽宁卷）

　　A. companies

　　B. branches

　　C. organizations

　　D. businesses

　　[解析]B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化，又考查了名词的辨析。以辅音字母加Y结尾的名词的复数：变Y为i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等结尾的名词的复数：在其后加-es，少数直接加-s。再根据名意可知：这家银行的总部在北京，但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。

　　[经典考题]He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers.

　　A. wealth; work

　　B. wealths; works C. wealths; work

　　D. wealth; works

　　[解析]D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富，是不可数名词；works作工厂、作品讲时，单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”，是不可数名词。

　　[经典考题]The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.

　　A. women’s doctor

　　B. women doctors C. women’s doctors

　　D. women doctor

　　[解析] B man/woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时，将它们变为men/women。

　　2.名词所有格

　　名词所有格通常可分为三种：(1).-’s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：today’s newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“’”。(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。(3).of短语型与-’s型并用的双重所有格，即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片，并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。

　　[经典考题]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .

　　A. Tom’s and Jim’s

　　B. Tom’s and Jim

　　C. Tom and Jim’s

　　D. Tom and Jim

　　[解析]C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知：两人都在车上，因此，为他们共有。而Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jin’s。

　　[经典考题] My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______ . A. some pictures of his

　　B. some pictures’ of him C. some his pictures

　　D. his some of

　　pictures’

　　[解析]A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为：这是他照片中的一些（照片）。[经典考题] The railway station is _______from our school.

　　A. two hour’s drive

　　B. two hours’ drive

　　C. two hour drive

　　D. two hours drive

　　[解析]

　　B

　　考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“’”。

　　（三）名词作定语

　　[经典考题]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.

　　(2001·上海卷)

　　A. bicycle’s shop

　　B. bicycle

　　shop

　　C. bicycles shop

　　D. bicycle’ shop

　　[解析] B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。

　　[经典考题] The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of ______,so the grandpa went some________ stores.

　　A. shoes; shoes

　　B. shoes; shoe

　　C. shoe;

　　shoes

　　D. shoe; shoe

　　[解析]

　　B 多点考查题即名词的单复数及名词作定语的用法。第一空的名词被a pair of 修饰，表示 “一双“，强调复数，故选shoes,由此，可判断正确选项在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干扰，考生会误选A。其实，名词作定语须用单数形式，some修饰的中心词是stores。

　　(四)集合名词与谓语

　　1.某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数；如果作为一个个成员讲，谓语动词用复数。如：

　　His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。

　　His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看电视。

　　[经典考题]His family _______in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers.

　　A. live; is

　　B. lives; is

　　C. live; are

　　D. lives; are

　　[解析]D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。第一个His family强调群体，故谓语动词须用单数；第二个his family强调每个成员，故谓语动词须用复数。因此，正确选项为D。

　　2.某些集体名词，如：people, police, cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如：The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。

　　但people作民族讲时，用作单数。如：

　　The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。

　　[经典考题]Many cattle your father is raising now_______ kept on the farm.

　　A. is

　　B. was

　　C. are

　　D. were

　　[解析]C 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。名中your father is raising now已暗示该用一般现在时且作定语，修饰many cattle,而cattle是被看作复数概念的集体名词，谓语动词须用复数。故选C。

　　三、小试牛刀（共小题， 1分钟完成）

　　Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today

　　A. a; 不填 B. the; an C. the; the D. 不填; the

　　— Have you see ________ pen? I left it here this morning

　　— Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

　　A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a

　　Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century

　　A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填

　　Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food

　　A. the; a B. 不填; a C. the; the D. 不填; the

　　The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used

　　A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填

　　Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience .

　　A. 不填；the B. 不填；an C. an; an D. the; the

　　The sign reads “In case of ____fire，break the glass and push ___red button ”.

　　A. 不填；a

　　B. 不填；the

　　C. the；the

　　D. a；a

　　When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my flat .

　　A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填

　　It is ________world of wonders,

　　world where anything can happen .

　　A. a ;the

　　B. a; a

　　C. the ; a D. 不填；不填

　　For a long time they walked without saying

　　word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence .

　　A. the; a

　　B. a; the

　　C. a; 不填

　　D. the; 不填

　　The Wilsons live in ________ A-shaped house near the coast. It is ________ 17th century cottage .

　　A. the; 不填

　　B. an; the

　　C. 不填; the

　　D. an; a

　　If you go by ________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ________ first one. .

　　A. the; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. 不填; 不填I can't remember when exactly the Rohinsons left ________city. I only remember it was

　　________Monday .

　　A. the, the

　　B. a; the

　　C. a; a

　　D. the; a

　　After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.

　　A. the; a

　　B. a; the

　　C. 不填; a

　　D.不填; the

　　This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ________ school and worked for a newspaper in the age of 16.

　　A. the; the B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. a; 不填

　　Mrs. Taylor has ________ 8-year-old daughter who has ________ gift for painting — she has won two national prizes.

　　A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a

　　I know you don’t like ________ music very much. But what do you think of ________ music in the film we saw yesterday?

　　A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; the

　　Don’t worry. If you can’t come to ________ party, I’ll ________ cake for you.

　　A. the; some B. a; much C. the; any D. a; little

　　Of all ________ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was ________ most important one.

　　A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; the D. the; the

　　For him ________ stage is just ________ means of making a living.

　　A. a; a

　　B. the; a C. the; the; D. a; the