课题名称 2010年高考英语第二轮热点专题复习(2)——名词
高考考查内容定位名词在高考中占有重要地位。考查内容主要有:抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。此外,还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。
二、高考考查内容揭密
(一)抽象名词的具体化与冠词
1.抽象名词具体或特定时,前面应有不定冠词。
(1)表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现,常用a/an+抽象名词;a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如:
A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等;
A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。
(2)状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿,常与have/take/get等词搭配。
如:take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。
[经典考题]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2005·北京卷)A. 不填;不填
B. 不填;a C. the; 不填
D. the ;a
[解析] B
根据句意:(人们)常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了,因此,第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。
(3)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。
She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.
她在事业上是个成功者,但在婚姻上却是个失败者。
2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时,前面用不定冠词,使之具体化。如:
A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。
[注意]:抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如:what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时,则在名词前加the
[经典考题] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2005·江西卷)
A./;an ; the
B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the
D. a ;the ;the
[解析] B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _______others 修饰,故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。
(二)名词的数和所有格
名词的数主要包括名词的可数与不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。
1.可数名词的单复数
(1)可数名词复数形式的基本变化:
(2)不可数名词一般没有复数形式,若计量时,通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如:There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做:去买一碗米饭,去沏三杯茶。
[经典考题]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.(2005·辽宁卷)
A. companies
B. branches
C. organizations
D. businesses
[解析]B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化,又考查了名词的辨析。以辅音字母加Y结尾的名词的复数:变Y为i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等结尾的名词的复数:在其后加-es,少数直接加-s。再根据名意可知:这家银行的总部在北京,但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思,合句意。
[经典考题]He gained his_______ by printing ______of famous writers.
A. wealth; work
B. wealths; works C. wealths; work
D. wealth; works
[解析]D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富,是不可数名词;works作工厂、作品讲时,单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”,是不可数名词。
[经典考题]The commander said that two______ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.
A. women’s doctor
B. women doctors C. women’s doctors
D. women doctor
[解析] B man/woman作定语修饰可数名词复数时,将它们变为men/women。
2.名词所有格
名词所有格通常可分为三种:(1).-’s型所有格,主要用于生物名词,也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格,如:today’s newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词,则在其后加“’”。(2).of 短语型所有格,主要用于无生命名词的所属关系,有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。(3).of短语型与-’s型并用的双重所有格,即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词,如:a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等(常不能用the )修饰时,可用“of+所有格(或名词性物主代词)”,如:This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片,并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如:This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张,属双重所有格。
[经典考题]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .
A. Tom’s and Jim’s
B. Tom’s and Jim
C. Tom and Jim’s
D. Tom and Jim
[解析]C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知:两人都在车上,因此,为他们共有。而Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jin’s。
[经典考题] My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are______ . A. some pictures of his
B. some pictures’ of him C. some his pictures
D. his some of
pictures’
[解析]A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格(或名词性物主代词)”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为:这是他照片中的一些(照片)。[经典考题] The railway station is _______from our school.
A. two hour’s drive
B. two hours’ drive
C. two hour drive
D. two hours drive
[解析]
B
考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“’”。
(三)名词作定语
[经典考题]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
(2001·上海卷)
A. bicycle’s shop
B. bicycle
shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycle’ shop
[解析] B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词,不表示所有关系而表示类别,且名词作定语须用单数形式,故bicycle shop正确。
[经典考题] The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of ______,so the grandpa went some________ stores.
A. shoes; shoes
B. shoes; shoe
C. shoe;
shoes
D. shoe; shoe
[解析]
B 多点考查题即名词的单复数及名词作定语的用法。第一空的名词被a pair of 修饰,表示 “一双“,强调复数,故选shoes,由此,可判断正确选项在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干扰,考生会误选A。其实,名词作定语须用单数形式,some修饰的中心词是stores。
(四)集合名词与谓语
1.某些集体名词,如:family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看,谓语动词用单数;如果作为一个个成员讲,谓语动词用复数。如:
His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。
His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看电视。
[经典考题]His family _______in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers.
A. live; is
B. lives; is
C. live; are
D. lives; are
[解析]D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。第一个His family强调群体,故谓语动词须用单数;第二个his family强调每个成员,故谓语动词须用复数。因此,正确选项为D。
2.某些集体名词,如:people, police, cattle等,只有复数形式,谓语动词须用复数。如:The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。
但people作民族讲时,用作单数。如:
The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。
[经典考题]Many cattle your father is raising now_______ kept on the farm.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
[解析]C 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。名中your father is raising now已暗示该用一般现在时且作定语,修饰many cattle,而cattle是被看作复数概念的集体名词,谓语动词须用复数。故选C。
三、小试牛刀(共小题, 1分钟完成)
Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today
A. a; 不填 B. the; an C. the; the D. 不填; the
— Have you see ________ pen? I left it here this morning
— Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century
A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填
Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food
A. the; a B. 不填; a C. the; the D. 不填; the
The warmth of ________ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used
A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填
Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience .
A. 不填;the B. 不填;an C. an; an D. the; the
The sign reads “In case of ____fire,break the glass and push ___red button ”.
A. 不填;a
B. 不填;the
C. the;the
D. a;a
When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my flat .
A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填
It is ________world of wonders,
world where anything can happen .
A. a ;the
B. a; a
C. the ; a D. 不填;不填
For a long time they walked without saying
word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence .
A. the; a
B. a; the
C. a; 不填
D. the; 不填
The Wilsons live in ________ A-shaped house near the coast. It is ________ 17th century cottage .
A. the; 不填
B. an; the
C. 不填; the
D. an; a
If you go by ________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ________ first one. .
A. the; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. 不填; 不填I can't remember when exactly the Rohinsons left ________city. I only remember it was
________Monday .
A. the, the
B. a; the
C. a; a
D. the; a
After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.
A. the; a
B. a; the
C. 不填; a
D.不填; the
This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ________ school and worked for a newspaper in the age of 16.
A. the; the B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. a; 不填
Mrs. Taylor has ________ 8-year-old daughter who has ________ gift for painting — she has won two national prizes.
A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a
I know you don’t like ________ music very much. But what do you think of ________ music in the film we saw yesterday?
A. 不填;不填 B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填; the
Don’t worry. If you can’t come to ________ party, I’ll ________ cake for you.
A. the; some B. a; much C. the; any D. a; little
Of all ________ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was ________ most important one.
A. the; a B. 不填; a C. 不填; the D. the; the
For him ________ stage is just ________ means of making a living.
A. a; a
B. the; a C. the; the; D. a; the
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