Module 5
Great people and Great Inventions of Ancient China
Explanations for new words and phrases
1.equal:
adj. 相等的;胜任的;vt. 等于;抵得上;n. 同等/相等的人或物导学P-1
equally:
adv. 相等地;也
equality:
n. 平等
A equals B in...A在…方面比得上B
be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比
be equal to+n./doing sth.等于;与…相等;有…的能力(勇气、力量等);胜任,能干
2.ordern. 次顺序;秩序;整齐;命令;订购订单;点饭(菜);导学P-2
1) in order of:以…的顺序
give/place an order for sth. with sb.…订购…give/take orders:下达/接受命令in order:井然有序
out of order 杂乱无章的,违反规程的,故障
under the orders of 受…指挥
on order 订购
2) vt. 命令;订购;安排order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb.为某人订购…
The doctor ordered her to take a good rest.
I’ve ordered you eggs and chips.
He ordered his son a new suit.
辨析:order /command /instruct: 都含有“命令,指挥,指示”的意思。 order常用词,“非正式或个人之间下的命令”,可作动词,也可作名词,跟名词性从句中用虚拟语气。She ordered the baggage to be brought to the hotel. command:指“权威方面正式下令”,可作动词,也可作名词,其所跟名词性从句也要用虚拟语气。The general commanded his men to attack the city. instruct:含义是“指示,命令,指导”,属正式用语,强调“有系统地指导”。She instructed him(in) how to do the experiment.
3.stress n.压力,重压;强调;重音;vt. 着重;强调;重读导学P-1
stressed: adj. 焦虑的,紧张的(不位于名词前,且常修饰人) stressful: adj. 产生压力的,使紧迫的
lay/place/put stress on把重点放在…上;在…上用力
under the stress of:为…所迫
cause/reduce stress造成/减少压力
stress the importance of:强调…的重要性
4.resign v. 辞职;放弃(工作,职位等)
resignation: n. 放弃,辞职导学P-2
resign from... 辞去…职务
resign oneself to (doing) sth... 听任(某种影响);只好(做某事) resign sb. to... 把某人托交给……
resign oneself to extinction 束手待毙
contribution: n.贡献;稿件 导学P-2
make contributions to (doing) sth.: 对(做)某事做出贡献
Charlie Chaplin made a great contribution to the film industry.contribute: vt.& vi. 捐赠捐款,贡献出,有助于投稿常和to搭配contribute (sth.) to/towards sth.:向…捐赠…,向…投稿
contribute to sth.促成某事物
Cigarette smoking is a major factor which contributes to cancer.
吸烟是导致癌症的主要因素。
adj. 软的柔软的;(声音)温柔轻柔的; (颜色光线)柔和的; 柔弱娇嫩的; 温和和蔼的; 不含酒精的.Snail is a small plant-eating creature with a soft body.
蜗牛是一种软体草食动物。
The soft music put her to sleep.柔和的音乐使她睡着了。
The dog has a soft, silky coat.这条狗有一身柔滑而有光泽的皮毛。
Baby has a soft skin. 婴儿皮肤很细嫩。Kids were getting soft these days. 孩子如今变得娇嫩了。
You are too soft with him.你对他太温和了。
Coca-cola is a soft drink.可口可乐是一种不含酒精的软性饮料。
.condition n. [U]状态,状况 [C]条件the condition of affairs事态导学Pbe in good condition (=be in a good state)(人) 健康状况好;(东西)保存/保养得好 out of / in bad condition
(人) 身体不适健康状况不佳;(物)保养得不好conditions of success 成功的条件 (常用复数形式) 环境,情况,形势working/living/housing conditions 工作/生活/居住条件 economic conditions 经济形势in difficult conditions 在困难的条件下in/under favorable conditions 在有利的形势下 on condition that...(so long as;if)只要条件是…
on this/that condition 在这种/那种条件下
The car is still in good condition. You don't need to buy a new one.
Often, factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions. 工厂工人常在贫困拥挤的条件下生活。
He is overweight and out of condition. 他太胖了,健康状况不佳。
The car is still in good condition though it a used one.虽然是旧车但车况良好。
You can go out to play on condition that you finish you homework.完成作业才能出去玩儿。
state:常用词,指“人或物存在或所处的状态”,但不着重于“这种状态和具体原因或条件的关系”。He is in a good state.
situation:指多种具体情况造成的综合状态,常着重“这种状态的影响和处于该状态的事物的关系”。We are in a difficult situation.
position:指(影响自己的行动能力的)处境、形势。也可表示职位、地点、位置等。You've put me in a very difficult position.
1.be at war with...:与…交战
反义短语为be at peace with。 短语中均无冠词。
导学P57-3Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国是一个各诸侯不断发生战争之地。a civil war内战a cold war冷战declare war on对……宣战go to war诉诸武力、出征win a war赢得战争(在这些短语后使用介词against接敌方;for接友方,也可接敌方)
“at+n.”构成短语,表示“处于一种什么样的状态”at war 在交战中,在战争中
at peace 处于和平状态
at
在工作
at school在上学
at 在吃饭
at sea在航海 at best 在…的最佳状态
3) 比较in the war和in battle:
in the war意为“在战争中”,in battle强调“处于战斗之中”,与in the war有时可以通用,不过battle往往指局部战斗,war指全面战争。
bring up 抚养养育;培养;教育;提出;呕吐导学P He was brought up by his aunt. 他是他婶婶养大的。1) 与bring搭配的短语:bring about 引起;致使;造成;达成
bring along/on 带来bring back 使记起;归还;恢复bring down 使减低;降低;挫伤(傲气)bring forth 引起;提出;产生;造成
bring forward 提出;出示;展示bring out拿出;出版;揭露;显示,解释 bring to (oneself) 使复苏 bring in收插入引入;引进引来赚得
2) bring up也可作“呕吐”解,与throw up同义。例如:
He felt so sick that he brought up everything. 他感到很恶心,把东西全吐出来了。
3) bring up 也可作“提出(供讨论)”解。例如:
He brought up a new suggestion at the meeting. 在会上他提出了一个新的设想。
3、become interested in 对……感兴趣become(变得)+interested (有兴趣)+in(在…)
After graduation, he became interested in planting vegetables. 毕业后,对种菜了兴趣。
注意:一般来说,v.ing形容词有主动或进行的含义,而v.ed形容词通常有被动或已完成的含义,特别是在表达人的情感或心理变化时,可以用be/get/become+v.ed形式表达。
4、be proud of 为……自豪导学P
Liu Xiang is a man whom China can be proud of. 刘翔是一位让中国为之自豪的人。
1) 同义词组take pride in,意“为……自豪”。
2) 联想be proud to do 为(能)做……自豪;be proud that...自豪的是
3) 辨析be proud of 和be proud about
两个短语之后都可以接名词、代词或动名词。但有一些差别。
be proud of正当; 或表示尊重,常用于褒义。如:
We are proud of our great motherland. 我们为我们伟大的祖国而自豪。
be proud about自觉了不起,高于别人而盛气凌人;常用于贬义。如:
We've nothing to be proud about. 我们没什么值得骄傲的。
in conclusion 总之;最后,作为结束
导学PIn conclusion I think cars are very useful because travel is easy with a car.
总之,我认为车非常有用,因为有了车旅行就容易多了。reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论,下结论come to a conclusion 得出结论;结束 arrive at a conclusion得出下结论jump to conclusions草率地下结论 conclude v.结束;下结论;推断
conclude that = draw a conclusion that下结论 o conclude: adv. 总而言之,总之,最后
6、for the first time 第一次
With the Industrial Revolution, factories appeared and mass production became possible for the first time.随着工业革命的开始,工厂出现了,大规模生产第一次成为可能。
与time搭配的特殊结构,相当于连接时间状语从句的连词词组。例如:
the first / second... / last time ... 第一、二次/……上次(最后一次)……
last ( next, any) time...上次/下次/任何时候
each time, every time 每一次/次次
all the time/the whole time 一直;总在
by the time到……时候,常用过去完成时或将来完成时。
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