2016届高考英语基础词汇解读：必修3module3theviolenceofnature

　　Module 3

　　The Violence of Nature

　　Explanations for new words and phrases

　　1．disaster:

　　n. 灾难。 event that causes great harm or damage

　　After the disaster there were many people who wanted food and shelter. 灾难过后，既没食又没住。

　　disaster指自然灾害，强调实际造成的损失和困难。口语中还可表示“彻底失败的人或事物”。如：

　　The dinner party was a disaster.

　　宴会彻底失败。

　　2．flood:

　　n. 洪水。 great quantity of water over a place usually dry

　　导学P29-1

　　The town was destroyed by the floods after the storm.

　　暴风雨后的洪水冲毁了这座城镇。

　　固定搭配： a flood of 多，大批大量a flood of words 口若悬河a flood of people 人潮如涌a flood of tears 泪如泉涌a flood of anger 一股怒气/满腔怒火in flood：（河水）泛滥。In the 19th century a flood of settlers left Europe for America. 19世纪大量移民离开欧洲涌到美洲。

　　flood ...with ...给某人大量的…大量的…涌向…被…淹挤满充满。 如：

　　The school was flooded with water. 被水淹了。 The room was flooded with light. 房间一片灯光。

　　Her eyes were flooded with tears.

　　她眼里满是泪水。

　　a tall solid upright post；纵队/直行；专栏(文章)。

　　The temple is supported by massive columns.

　　此庙由粗大的柱子支撑。

　　I always read her column in the local paper.我经常在当地报纸上看她的专栏文章。

　　经历，体验；感受体验常跟in经历的事导学P29-He experienced great difficulty in getting a visa to leave the country. 申请出国签证经历了很大困难

　　Please tell us of your experiences while in Africa. 请告诉我们你在非洲的经历。

　　She has no experience in cooking.没下厨体验。 Tom's father is a professor with much experience.from / by experience 凭经验；从经验中(得出)in one’s experience据某人经验看

　　experiment

　　n.实验、试验；experimenter

　　n.实验者；experienced

　　adj.有经验的,有阅历的熟练的； inexperienced

　　adj.没有经验的没有阅历的不熟练的to lead to; give rise to; cause to happen or occur

　　导学P-3

　　The cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气寒冷冻死了植物。

　　causen. 原因cause and effect因果There is no cause for anxiety. 不必忧虑。

　　辨析(1) cause, make和bring about 三个都有“致使，导致”的意思，但具体还有一些区别：

　　cause表示某结果某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的可与表示结果的直接宾语连用，还可指所产生的结果与所涉及的人有关后接to do结构但不用于被动语态cause sb./sth. to do sth.使得…做…。

　　What caused his illness?是什么使他生病？

　　The pepper in the food caused me to / made me sneeze. 这食物中的胡椒味儿呛得我直打喷嚏。

　　make表示某结果某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的，后面可接to do结构，to习惯上被省略。如果make意思为“迫使”时，可用于被动语态。如： Her jokes made us all laugh.她说的笑话把我们都逗乐了。

　　bring about“引起，导致”，表示某结果某情况或某事是怎样造成或发生的，所表示的因果关系不那么直接。

　　Several causes operated to bring about the war. 那场战争的起因有几个。

　　2) cause和reason：两个词作名词的时候，都可以表示原因，但还有些区别：

　　cause“原因，起因”，名词，多与of连用，表产生结果的直接原因，一般不用于人；还可作“事业”讲。如：

　　Police are investigating the causes of the explosion. 警方正在调查爆炸的原因。

　　She is devoted to the cause of women’s rights. 她致力于女权运动。

　　reason“原因，理由，动机”，名词，多与for连用，也可接to do结构，还可接why/that从句表示做某事的原因或理由，往往是事后才提出的理由。还可作“理智”讲。如：

　　We have reason to believe that he was murdered. 我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。

　　The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.这次洪水都是由于那场大雨引起的。

　　The reason why he couldn’t get that job was that his English was not very good.他没有得到那份工作的原因是他的英语不是很好。xcuse”借口”，暗指你可能并不相信那是真的；即使是真的，也不相信它足以解释所发生的事。

　　a continuously moving mass of water or air

　　The current of cool air is coming from the air conditioner. 那股冷风是从空调机里吹出来的。

　　urrent: 还可表示事情、舆论等的动向，趋势。

　　current还可作形容词，意思是“时下的，流通的”。短语current affairs意为“时事”。tables, chairs, etc.

　　put into a room for living or working in

　　导学P-1

　　The old French table is a very valuable piece of furniture. 这张旧的法国桌子是一件很贵重的家具。

　　拓展furniture是不可数名词，不可直接和不定冠词a连用，但可表示为：a piece of furniture一件家具。

　　用…覆盖to cover with soil, rocks, etc.

　　导学P-5

　　短语bury sb./ sth. in /at将…埋葬在…bury sth. under / beneath将…埋在…下面

　　bury one’s head/face in hands用手捂住头/脸

　　bury oneself in ＝be buried in埋头干…专心致力于…The house was buried under ten feet of snow.

　　那所房子被埋藏在十英尺厚的雪底下。

　　The enemy buried him alive.敌人将他活埋了。 The house was half buried under snow. 房子一半He’s been dead and buried for years. 他已死亡并且埋葬多了! 埋在雪中Her head was buried in the book she was reading. 她在埋头读书。书房埋头工作。Right after dinner he would go into his study and bury himself in his work.  他总是一吃完饭就走进表“埋头于…，全心致力于”的短语还有：

　　be absorbed in全神贯注于concentrate on全神贯注于concern oneself with/in忙于某事fix one’s attention on全神贯注于be occupied with忙于…

　　Absorbed in his workhe didn’t notice me enter the room.

　　9．feather:

　　n. 羽毛。

　　= growing from a bird’s skin and covering its body

　　Feather is very light, so that we say “as light as a feather”.

　　羽毛很轻，因此我们说“轻如鸿毛”。

　　in high/good feather得意的，兴高采烈，精神抖擞。如：

　　John seems in very high feather since his book was so successful. 约翰很得意，因为他的书很成功。

　　show the white feather示弱，怯懦

　　辨析feather指鸟类的羽毛。fur指动物的浓密的软毛，毛皮，尤指做服装等用的毛皮。

　　，出现；(想法、念头等)突然想起，浮现to take place; happen。

　　导学P-5

　　occur的过去式，过去分词要双写r加-ed。The disease occurs most frequently in rural areas. 那疾病多见于农村地区。

　　sth. occurs to sb.

　　某事浮现在某人脑海中；某人想到…A good idea occurred to me.

　　It occurs to sb. that.../to do

　　…的念头浮现于(某人)脑海某人想起想到…。如：

　　It occurred to me that we should go there more often. 我想我们应该更常到那里去。

　　If anything should occur...

　　如果发生什么事情的话，…辨析happen, take place, occur, come about和词都有“发生”的意思，都不可以用于被动语态。

　　happen “发生，碰巧”最广泛的表事情发生的词。常指具体的偶然或突发性事件发生。I happened to see him on my way home. = It happened that I saw him on my way home.

　　take place “发生，举行办”，指事情有计划的，在特定的地方或时间发生或举行。

　　Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.The meeting will take place next Friday.

　　The concert takes place next Thursday.

　　occur “发生”，与happen通用happen正规。多指突发事件或未经筹划的事。What has occurred? (= What has happened?)

　　come about “发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。

　　When Mother woke up, she didn't know what had come about.

　　break out “发生、爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生，也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。Two world wars broke out last century.

　　11．violent:

　　adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强烈的。= acting with using great damaging physical force

　　meet a violent death 死于非命

　　Violent criminals like that are a danger to society. 那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。

　　violencen. 暴力，侵犯do violence to sth.：对……破坏；与……不符；歪曲事实

　　It would do violence to his principles to eat meat.吃肉与他的原则相违背。

　　These modern buildings do violence to the beauty of the old city. 现代建筑破坏了古城之美。

　　raised moving part on the surface of water

　　The boat rose and fell on the waves. 小船随着波浪起伏。

　　in waves “一批一批的，波浪式的”。The enemy attacked in waves. 敌人一批一批地进攻。wave：vi. 挥手摆手挥动摆动。wave to sb. 意思是“朝某人挥手”。如：

　　He waved his stick in the air.他挥舞着他的手杖。

　　(struck；struck/stricken)to make an attack

　　导学P-11

　　(1) (雷电、暴风雨等灾害疾病 突然The area was struck by a hurricane.该地区突遭飓风袭击。

　　Many people didn’t have any preparation in their minds when the earthquake struck the city.

　　(2) 突然想到(主意等) it strikes sb. = it occurs to sb.A good idea suddenly struck me.

　　(3) 打动(某人)的心，给予…印象The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.

　　(4) 划火柴，敲钟钟表报时

　　The clock has just stuck. 时钟刚刚敲过。The church clock struck eleven when I reached the village.

　　(5) 打某人某部位“strike sb.＋介词＋the＋部位”。 A snowball struck him on the head.

　　n. 罢工，攻击。 be /go on strikeWithin half an hour, all the drivers were out on strike. 公开罢工The union has voted to take strike action. 工会投票决定采取罢工行为。辨析hit：vt. “袭击”，指对人事物或某地产生不良或意外的影响。“击打中”。

　　hit sb. on / in the...打在某人的某个部位To everyone's surprise, all her shots hit the target.

　　He hit me in the stomach. 他打我的肚子。 The bullet hit him on the head.子弹打在他的头部。

　　strike“袭击”，可指灾害，疾病等灾难侵袭某地，多用被动...is/was struck by...：袭击…。作“打”讲时侧重于突然的、一次性的“击”。

　　happen“(偶然)出现，发生”，可指灾害，疾病等侵袭某地。 ...happened in...在…发生…beat：着重表示“连续性地击打”，也指在游戏或竞赛中击败对方；

　　He’ll never forget the day when his father was beaten to death.

　　knock作“敲，打”解时，常与at连用。

　　Someone knocked at the door and he, alone in the dark room, felt afraid for a moment.

　　注意：表示自然灾害袭击时，hit与strike可以换用destroy；an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction

　　导学P-1

　　The floods in the city ruined many relics. 城里的洪水冲毁了许多文物。

　　ruin还可作名词，意思是“（房屋等）倒毁，倒塌”。固定搭配in ruins意思是“严重受损,破败不堪”。

　　辨析ruin：指彻底损害以致到了不能修复的程度，因而失去了原有的价值。既可指人，也可指物。

　　damage既可作名词又可作动词，“损失，损坏，损毁”，指损坏程度较轻，还未到不能修复的程度。

　　destroy“毁坏”，指物体已彻底损毁或受到严重破坏，着重指东西被用力击毁成碎片或拆毁。

　　to explode and pour out fire, lava, etc.

　　It’s many years since Mount Vesuvius last erupted. 维苏威火山上一次爆发至今已有很多了。

　　erupt也可用作指战争爆发、斑疹出现等。其同根名词为eruption“火山的)爆发，喷发”。

　　16．previous:adj. 以前的。

　　=（used especially of persons）of the immediate past

　　Applicants for the job must have previous experience. 申请这份工作的人需先前有过这种工作经验。

　　previous to在……之前;previously adv.在前地，早先地

　　导学P-2

　　the possibility of（doing）sth.有可能…

　　The possibility of breaking the world record never occurred to him.从未想过有可能打破世界记录。There is possibility that...： 有可能…There is no possibility of his coming.

　　他不可能来。

　　Is there any possibility that we will see you this weekend? 我们本周末能见到你吗？

　　frightening

　　导学P-4

　　What a terrifying experience! 多么可怕的经历啊!

　　V.-ed形容词表被修饰词所处的状态，多修饰人；而v.-ing形容词则表事物本身的特性，多修饰物。

　　She was very excited at the exciting news. 听到这条振奋人心的消息，她很兴奋。

　　in a hopeful way

　　Hopefully we’ll have finished the project by the end of this month.有希望于本月底结束这项工程。

　　hopefully在口语中可以相当于it is hoped that...意为“如果运气好的话，希望…”。如：

　　Hopefully, we’ll arrive before dark.我们希望天黑以前到达。

　　act of informing sb. ahead of time of what may happen

　　There is a warning that a hurricane will come.

　　有警报说飓风即将来临。

　　without warning...没有警告就…　They attacked without warning. 他们没有事先警告就攻击了。

　　take warning from...把…引以为戒We should take warning from this accident. 应从事故中吸取教训。warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人（不要）干某事

　　warn sb. of/about sth.提醒、警告某人注意某事

　　warn sb. against (doing)sth. 警告某人某事

　　able or ready to take action

　　Although he’s quite old, he’s still very active.

　　他虽然老了，可仍闲不住。

　　相关短语：lead an active life过着活跃的生活 take an active part in...：积极参加…

　　；破坏loss。多指对物造成的损害，程度不如destroy严重。导学P-7

　　do/cause damage to对…造成损失使…受到损害the damage to...对…的损害suffer damage受到损害The hurricane did great damage to the crops.飓风严重影响庄稼收成。

　　An earthquake sometimes causes great damage. 地震有时造成重大损失。

　　vt. 使…受损 damage one’s good name 损害…的名誉

　　辨析damage “损坏、破坏”。可用于表损破坏具体的物品，价值或效益降低，这种损坏是部分性损坏程度不严重，还可修复再用。也可用于表损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。还可用作可数或不可数名词。The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city．The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt．

　　destroy指“剧烈地破坏使之不存在或使之失去效能”“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，常指程度严重的“毁坏”，一般情况下不可修复再用。另外，也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。打破(希望, 计划), 使失败That town was destroyed in a big fire.

　　ruin多用于借喻之中，有时泛指一般性的破坏，指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man

　　be the ruin of成为...毁灭[堕落]的原因bring sb. to ruin使某人失败; 使倾家荡产

　　bring ruin upon oneself自取灭亡come to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉

　　fall to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉go to ruin毁灭, 灭亡; 崩溃; 破坏掉

　　in ruins成为废墟ruin oneself毁掉自己in ruins成为废墟，遭到严重破坏

　　pick up：vt. 卷起；掀起take hold of or lift。= take up拿起来；blow up吹起来导学P-6-1

　　A gust of wind picked up some plastic bags and took them into the sky.

　　一阵大风卷起一些塑料袋，把它们吹到了半空中。

　　Hurricane can pick up people, trees, and even houses on the ground.

　　龙卷风能把地上的人、树，甚至房子都卷起来。

　　拓展pick up：还有“捡起拾起；健康景象事态恢复变好；收听接收；偶然无意地学会获得信息；取物接人；收拾整理天气意好转，使好起来”等意思。Where did you pick up this book? 在哪儿得到这本书的？

　　pick sb./sth. up：中途把…带走

　　pick oneself up：(跌倒后爬起来，振作起来 Honor is more precious than gold.荣誉比黄金还珍贵。

　　take off：去掉；除掉去；脱掉remove（v.）导学P-7

　　You should take your toys off the table.

　　你应该把你桌上的玩具拿走。 You will have to take off your coat when having a PE lesson. 在上体育课时，你得脱掉大衣。拓展take off还有“脱掉衣服取下眼镜，戒指等；飞机起飞休假请假不去工作扣除突然流行起来，突然被广泛使用”等意思。

　　If you purchase more than $50,the shopkeeper will ta ke off 5% from the bill.如果你买了超过50元的物品，售货员会从你的账单上扣除5%的钱。

　　take off one’s hat to... = take one’s hat off to...向某人致敬，向…表示钦佩on average：平均起来一般说来generally speaking。一般放在句首或句尾 导学P-9-1

　　This car runs 15 kilometers per liter on average.

　　这辆车平均每公升（汽油）跑15千米。

　　The price of apples is about four yuan per kilogram on average. 苹果的价格是平均四元一公斤。

　　On average the hottest place is the Red Sea and the coldest probably the South Pole. 一般说来，最热的地方是红海，最冷的地方也许是南极。此短语还可写作on an average 和on the average。

　　4．end up：结束；最后；终于 come to an end；finish by

　　I ended up by telling him everything although I tried not to.

　　虽然我不想告诉他，但最后我还是向他和盘托出了。

　　Despite his great effortshe ended up unsuccessfully after all.尽管付出了艰苦努力可最后还是没成功。

　　拓展1）end up in+表地点的名词，意思为“以…而告终结果为…”。

　　If you go on driving like that, you’ll end up in a hospital sooner or later.

　　如果你仍继续那样开车，你迟早会进医院的。

　　Don't drive your car like that，or you'll end up in hospital. 不要那样开车，否则你会受伤住院的。

　　2）end up with+名词，with表示“具有、带有”，意思是“以…而结束”。

　　We each will end up with disability. 我们每个人都将会以残疾而告终。

　　She ended up her speech with a short poem.她朗诵了一首短诗结束了她的演讲。

　　5．set fire to：放火焚烧…。

　　= set sth. on fire: 点燃使燃烧导学P-3

　　He was arrested because of setting fire to his neighbor’s house. 因放火烧邻居房被拘留了。

　　A match will set fire to a large building.星星之火，可以燎原。

　　拓展set the Thames on fire = set the world on fire做出惊人的事业，成为杰出的人物，取得显赫的成就catch fire：着火；烧着表动作on fire (表状态

　　She was standing too close to the fireplace and her dress caught fire. 站得离壁炉太近，衣服烧着了。

　　catch fire还有“激动，感到兴趣，表现出热情；突然流行起来，突然获得成功”等意思。

　　put out：扑灭火；熄灭 go out

　　反义词set fire to sth.= set sth. on fire 使…着火

　　The fire had been put out when firefighters came. 消防队员到来时，火早就被扑灭了。

　　If you don't put the fire out, it will soon set the whole forest on fire. 如不熄灭这些火，会使森林着火。

　　put out是及物动词，表示“把火扑灭”。 go out是不及物动词，“火自己熄灭”。

　　The firemen put out the fire soon.

　　很快消防员就把火扑灭了。The fire had gone out when firefighters came. 消防队员到来时，火早就灭了。

　　put out还可表示“生产或产生某物；出版；指植物生长出叶芽等；关掉某物(灯)；摆放好预备好”。take place：发生；举行happen（发生)hold（举行)

　　When will the party take place?宴会何时举行？

　　take one’s place代替…　She couldn’t attend the meeting so her assistant took her place. 她不能出席会议，由助手代。

　　take the place of...代替…Nothing could take the place of the family he had lost. 他失去了家庭，这一损失是无法弥补的。

　　in all：全部总共；总计合计in total / altogether

　　导学P-6

　　There were twelve of us in all for dinner.

　　我们一共十二个人吃饭。

　　We have collected 30 000 yuan in all for the Hope Project. 我们已为希望工程筹集了三万元。in all：表“总的来说”。In all we did very well. 总的来说，我们干得很出色。

　　辨析

　　in all：表示“总共”，或表示“总的来说”，一般放在句首或句尾。

　　above all表示“首先最重要的是the most important)”，强调重要性，置于句首、句中或句末。

　　after all表示“毕竟，终究”，表示结果与预想不同，常置于句末；置于句首时，意思是“别忘了”，用于引出听话人似乎忘记的某个情况，提醒对方。

　　at all在肯定句、疑问句中表示“竟然，终于”；在否定句中表示“一点也不，根本就不”；用于if引导的条件句，表示“既然”。

　　first of all表示“首先，最先”，用以强调次序。