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2017届高考英语二轮复习大题冲关秘籍之日常交际用语大全:高考英语非谓语动词及其用法的常考点(含解析)

发布时间:2016-12-22  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有doing;done;to do.

  (一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

  1.不定式的形式:

  否定式:not + (to) do

  (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,

  The patient asked to be operated on at once.

  The teacher ordered the work to be done.

  (2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

  The boy pretended to be working hard.

  He seems to be reading in his room.

  (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

  He is pleased to have met his friend.

  2.不定式的句法功能:

  (1)作主语:

  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

  (2)作表语:

  He appears to have caught a cold.

  (3)作宾语:

  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

  动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

  He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

  动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

  He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

  (4)作宾语补足语:

  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

  With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road.

  (5)作定语:

  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

  动宾关系: I have a meeting to attend.

  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

  He found a good house to live in.

  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

  This is the best way to work out this problem.

  如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

  Have you got anything to be sent?

  ②说明所修饰名词的内容: We have made a plan to finish the work.

  被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: He is the first to get here.

  (6)作状语:

  表目的: He worked day and night to get the money.

  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

  wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.

  right:To save money, he has tried every means.

  表结果: He arrived late to find the train gone.

  常用only放在不定式前表示强调: I visited him only to find him out.

  表原因: They were very sad to hear the news.

  表程度: It's too dark for us to see anything.

  (7)作独立成分:

  To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.

  (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

  If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.

  (9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

  He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

  (二)V-ing 形式

  1.形式

  (1)一般式:doing

  Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

  (2)被动式: being done

  He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

  (3)完成式: having done

  We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

  (4)完成被动式: having been done

  He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

  他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

  (5)否定式:not +doing

  I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

  (6)复合结构:形容词性物主代词(或名词所有格)+doing

  He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

  His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

  2.句法功能

  (1)作主语:

  Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

  当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

  It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

  (2)作表语:

  In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

  (3)作宾语:

  We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。

  此外,doing作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

  We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

  要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

  enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

  (4)作定语:单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是短语做定语放在名词后。

  The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

  正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

  doing作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

  (5)作同位语:

  The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

  His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

  他收听收音机资讯节目的习惯仍未改变。

  (6)作宾语补足语:

  如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

  see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:

  Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

  He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

  (7)作状语:

  作时间状语:

  (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

  在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

  作原因状语:

  Being a League member, he is always helping others.

  由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

  作方式状语,表示伴随:

  He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

  ④作条件状语:

  (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

  要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

  作结果状语:

  He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

  作目的状语:

  He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

  作让步状语:

  Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

  虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

  与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

  I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.

  我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

  All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

  所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

  Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.

  如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

  有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

  With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

  作独立成分:

  Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员。

  (三)过去分词

  过去分词形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。

  过去分词的句法功能:

  1.过去分词作定语

  Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.

  上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

  Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.

  当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

  注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

  2.过去分词作表语

  The window is broken. 窗户破了。

  They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

  注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

  The window is broken.(系表)

  The window was broken by the boy.(被动)

  有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:

  boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)

  newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)

  the changed world(变了的世界)

  这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

  3.过去分词作宾语补足语

  I heard the song sung several times last week.

  上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

  有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

  With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

  4.过去分词作状语

  Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

  Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

  一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

  Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

  如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

  Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

  虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

  Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.

  心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。

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