分享“GET”的主要用法:
一、及物动词
及物动词get的用法很多,但在每种搭配中get的意义是不完全相同的。
1.用于get+sb(sth);意为“叫来某人(得到某物)”。例如:
Please go and get him. [请你去把他叫来。]
She got high marks in the final examination. [她在期末考试中得了高分。]
2.用于get+sb+sth/get+sth+for sb;意为“为某人弄到某物”。例如:
I'll get you a drink. [我去个你拿杯饮料来。]
Could you get a school timetable for me? [你能帮我弄张课程表吗?]
3.用于“get+名词+宾补”,该宾语补足语可以是:
1)不定式;意为“使……做……”(具有使役性)。例如:
You must get them to come here. [你必须让他们来这里。]
He couldn't get the car to start and went by bus. [他因无法发动车子,所以就乘公共汽车去。]
2)现在分词;意为“使……(开始)起来”或处于某种状态。例如:
What he said got us thinking. [他说话使我们思考起来。]
Can you get the machine running? [你能把这机器发动起来吗? ]
3)过去分词;其中的过去分词表示被动关系。例如:
We get our milk delivered. [我们订的牛奶送到了。]
You must get the work done by Friday. [你必须最迟在星期五以前把工作做完。]
值得注意的是,这种被动关系有时可能表示某种遭遇;这主要取决于过去分词的含义。例如:
He got his watch stolen. [他的手表被偷了。]
Ina got her fingers caught in the door. [艾娜的手指让门给夹住了。]
另外,“get sth done”和“have sth done”在语义及语用上都有区别;前者通常表示动作让别人完成,后者通常表示动作由自己完成。例如:
She got her hair cut yesterday. [她昨天剪了头发(别人剪的)。]
A week ago I had a hundred dollars saved. [一个星期前我节省了一百美元(自己省的)。]
4)形容词;意为“使……(变成某种状态)”。例如:
What he said got us angry. [他说的话让我们很生气。]
We've got everything ready. [我们已把一切都准备好了。]
二、不及物动词
不及物动词get的用法也很多,不同的搭配有不同的意义。
1.用于“get+形容词”;get相当于系动词,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。例如:
She got sick. [她生病了。]
Please don't get angry. [请不要生气。]
值得一提的是,英国著名语法专家斯旺(M. Swan)先生在1980年出版的专著《实用英语惯用法》中指出:get不能与表示颜色的形容词构成系表结构。例如不说:
* Leaves get brown.
但可以把get改为go:Leaves go brown.[树叶变棕色。]
另外,get用进行时态来表示状态的改变。例如:
The weather is getting cold. [天气逐渐变冷。]
I'm getting very deaf, you know. [你知道,我的耳朵越来越聋了。]
用进行时态的get还可以与形容词的比较级连用,强调渐进过程。例如:
The things are getting worse. [事情变更糟了。]
Our life is getting better and better. [我们的生活是越来越好了。]
2.用于“get+副词”,表示位置的变换;其中一些已成为成语。例如:
Where did you get on? [你上哪儿去了?]
The news soon got abroad. [这消息很快就传开了。]
3.用于“get+不定式”(构成复合谓语),表示一种状态的变化。例如:
How did you get to be captain? [你怎么当上队长的?]
I'll never get to understand him. [我永远不会理解他。]
4.用于“get+现在分词”;这种用法主要见于美国英语。例如:
We'd better get going, I suppose. [我想我们最好赶紧动身。]
They got talking and didn't notice the time. [他们谈了起来并没有注意时间。]
5.用于“get+过去分词”;这时get表示的是相当于become(即系动词)的意思,后面的过去分词属形容词范畴(即形容词化的过去分词),作主语补语。例如:
He got very worried. [他变得很担心。]
She gets easily excited. [她很容易激动。]
三、助动词
get作为助动词,它与过去分词构成被动语态(即Get-Passive)。中国著名语言学家周海中先生在1990年发表的论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出:目前,Get-Passive的使用还没有Be-Passive那么广泛,一般限于口语和非正式书面语;然而,这一被动语态却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势,这种语言现象很值得我们重视和研究。
Get-Passive除了在形式和语体上与Be-Passive有区别外,在语义及语用上也有其特点。美国著名语言学家伯恩斯坦(T. Bernstein)先生在1981年出版的专著《注意你的语言》中认为:当强调状态时,最好使用Be-Passive;当强调动作时,最好使用Get-Passive。他给了一个颇有趣的例句:She has been married, so often you might think she enjoys just getting married, not being married.
Get-Passive明确地表示做出动作的时间,而Be-Passive则表示动作造成的状态的持续时限。例如:
At that time he was not yet married, but he got married in 1920. [当时他还没有结婚,但他在1920年结婚了。]
因为Get-Passive具有这一语义特点,所以以下一句不能成立:
* He got married a long time.
但我们可以说:He was married a long time. [他结婚很长时间了。]
就感情色彩而言, Get-Passive一般都有不利、不幸、不愉快或不如意的意义色彩;而Be-Passive可以表示褒义、贬义或中性意义。例如:
John got arrested by the police. [约翰被警察逮捕了。]
Mariah got dismissed from the service. [玛丽亚被解雇了。]
某些动词用于Get-Passive时,虽然在形式上是被动的,但在意义上却是主动的。例如:
We got started at noon. = We started at noon. [我们中午开始。]
Good-bye and write me as soon as you get settled. = Good-bye and write me as soon as you settle. [再见,你安顿下来后尽快给我写信。]
这类动词还有confuse[迷惑]、divorce[离婚]、dress[穿着]、engage[订婚]、lost[迷路]、marry[结婚]、wash[洗净]等。
最后一提的是,由动词get构成的成语,如get hell[受严厉处罚]、get hot[恼怒,生气]、get nowhere[无效,徒劳]、get out[出去,离开]、get rid of[摆脱,除去]、get through with[做完,办完]等就有近百条。这些成语既有字面意义,又有引申意义或比喻意义。它们是英语宝库中的明珠,其用法同样值得学习者掌握。
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