定律之一:清晰
文章的清晰体现在读者能够很容易理解作者讲述的内容。为保证所写文章清晰明了,写作时有两点一定要加以注意:
一是越确切具体越好。在这一方面,作者首先应明确了解自己所要传达的信息、读者的范围及特点,然后再选择相关信息,采用某种文体格式传递给读者。也就是说,写作必须要以特定读者为对象,以让读者能够明确接受作者所传递的信息为宗旨。尽量以客观陈述为主,少主观臆测推断;尽量明确无误表达,少模棱两可评论,这是使文章清晰确切的写作准则。
二是组织结构富有逻辑性。文章结构富逻辑性会让读者很轻松地读懂作者要表达的思想内容。文章的这种逻辑性可以通过采用从一般到具体、从“全景”到细节、从问题的定义到分析再到提出解决方案等多种方式来体现。
定律之二:准确
要使文章语义表达准确,首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现“大概、也许”之类模棱两可的词语,避免出现容易让人困惑和误解的词语和表达法;其次,要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义的词语和表达法。例如:Singapore is a fine country这句话中的fine一词有多种含义,如“好的、细小的、罚款”等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题,但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义的多义词。
定律之三:简洁
直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁的最好写作形式。与中文写作相比,英文写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快的写作风格。例如,在写作一个段落时,常常将概括段落主要内容的主题句(topic sentence)作为段落的首句,以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述的内容。另外,写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些,少用或不用冗长的复合句。切记:短小精练的句子表达的意思才强而有力。
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