表示人或事物的属性或特征的词叫形容词(Adjective),主要用来描写或修饰名词或代词,常用作定语、表语、补语。
形容词虽然是是一种开放词类,但本身也有不同种类,且用法各异。
1. 就构成——单词形容词和复合形容词
单词形容词:
(1)仅有一个自由词素构成:good,bad,small,big
(2)自由词根加词缀构成:unkind,impossible
复合形容词:
(1)形容词+形容词:light-blue
(2)形容词/副词+ ing:hard-working
(3)形容词/副词+ ed:well-behaved
(4)名词+形容词:duty-free
(5)名词+ing:law-making
(6)名词+ ed:hand-made
(7)形容词+名词+ed:kind-hearted
2. 就句法功能——中心形容词和外围形容词
中心形容词:作名词修饰语、主语补语、宾语补语
Green apples are sour.(名词修饰语)
These apples are green.(主语补语)
I painted the window green.(宾语补语)
外围形容词:只能作修饰语(如utter)或补语(如asleep)
3. 就词汇意义——静态形容词和动态形容词
静态形容词:描述人或物的静态特征:tall,small,white
动态形容词:含有动作含义:careful,thoughtful
两者在用法上:
(1)动态形容词可与be动词的进行时态搭配,而静态形容词不可以。
√ He is being witty.
× He is being beautiful.
(2)动态形容词可用于be开头的祈使句,静态形容词不可以。
√ Be careful!
× Be tall.
(3)动态形容词可用于使役结构,而静态形容词不可以。
√ Our teacher asked us to be generous.
× Our teacher asked us to be pretty.
4. 就词汇意义:等级形容词和非等级形容词
等级形容词:具有比较级,能用强调词修饰:more beautiful,very beautiful
非等级形容词:没有比较级,或本身已有“极度”含义:atomic,perfect
因此,尽管整体上说形容词用法不外乎定语、表语和补语,但不同种类的形容词用法又有不同,需要我们加以区分。
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