非谓语动词做定语
直接修饰名词的成分称为定语,一般由形容词或名词担当,也可以分别由不定式、分词或动名词等非谓语动词来担当。那么如何区别并正确使用非谓语动词呢?
NON-FINITES
1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
我们知道非谓语动词都源于及物和不及物两种谓语动词,要了解现在分词与过去分词的区别就要从谓语动词的基本属性开始。
1)及物动词 (v.t.)
及物动词的主语我们称为动作的发出者(sender),宾语称为动作的承受者(receiver)。
例如:
The news surprised
动词+ing (发出者) 及物动词v.t.
the students.
动词+ed (承受者)
Surprise是及物动词, 在使用surprise这个动词的非谓语分词形式时,修饰动作发出者news用现在分词形式(动词+ing),修饰动作的承受者用过去分词形式(动词+ed)。
●They are talking about the surprising news. (surprising做定语修饰发出者news)
The news is surprising. (surprising做表语修饰发出者news)
They are talking about the surprised students. (surprised做定语修饰承受者students)
The students are surprised. (surprised做表语修饰承受者students)
再来看几个例子:
●exciting games激烈精彩的比赛, excited spectators激情振奋的观众
●disappointing results令人沮丧的结果, disappointed people大失所望的人们
●exhausting work令人疲惫不堪的工作, exhausted workers筋疲力尽的工人
●moving stories感人肺腑的故事, moved students感激涕零的学生
从以上例子可见,现在分词和过去分词都可以用作形容词来修饰名词,修饰动作发出者用现在分词,修饰动作承受者用过去分词。要特别注意的是,依据被修饰的名词是人还是物来判断现在分词和过去分词的用法是不准确的。
例如: They complicated the situation by introducing some more restriction.
他们采用了一些更多的限制把形势复杂化了。
及物动词complicate的发出者是人they, 而承受者是物。因此,“复杂恶化的形势”应译为the complicated situation,“形势是令人棘手的” 应译为The situation is complicated.
从这个例子可以清楚地看出,如果根据中文,很容易将“令人棘手的形势”错误地理解为 “complicating situation”。
再比如我们常用的:
a broken cup 一个破杯子; spoken English英语口语;exported products出口产品。
因此,准确了解所修饰的名词与及物动词的关系,是正确使用及物动词的现在分词和过去分词的关键。
2) 不及物动词(v.i.)
不及物动词只有动作的发出者,不存在动作的承受者。因此,不及物动词的现在分词源于进行时,表示动作正在进行,而过去分词则源于完成时,表示动作已完成。
例如:
●He looked at the leaves which are falling in the air.(从句用进行时修饰名词the leaves)
他看着空气中飘然下落的叶子。
=He looked at the leaves falling in the air.(现在分词短语修饰名词the leaves表示进行)
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