第三个C为contest(上下文)。
上下文会影响词的意义,笔者曾讨论过不同上下文中词义截然相反的情况(本报2003.10.3)。当然,广义的contest还包括场合。例如,生意兴隆通四海,财源茂盛达三江可以简单地表达为Far and wide trade booms;here and there money comes,但在正式场合译为Home and abroad business thrives;hither and thither profit arrives更好,因为这样用词较为庄重和古雅(hither and thither是here and there在古英语中的说法)。
第四个C为culture(文化)
这需要考虑使用不同语言的人的思维方式、风俗习惯和可能的心理反应等因素。例如,东西方对狗的情感态度不同,狗在西方并不像在东方一样可鄙。英语中dog-eat-dog并不像汉语中狗咬狗一样带有鄙夷甚至幸灾乐祸的感情色彩,而是强调残酷甚至有点痛惜。这一差异在英译汉的时候尤其应该重视。口译时若把as faithful as a dog译为像狗一样忠实很容易引起东方人的反感,活译为像老黄牛一样忠诚则效果会好得多。又如,海燕(storm petrel)在中、俄两国是进步和新锐力量的象征,但在西方经济界则指引起恐慌和震荡的人或事物,因此可以视具体情况用pioneer, vanguard,gazelle或bellwether等词替代。
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