.h1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 22pt; MARGIN: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 240%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .h2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; MARGIN: 13pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .h3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; MARGIN: 13pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify }
雅思考试,三篇阅读都为新题。尤其是第一篇文章中讲到一个概念Citemene,很多同学很难理解,我将其破解在下:
Citemene
The Bemba have developed a unique shifting cultivation called the citemene system in the vast miombo woodlands of northern Zambia . The Bemba are also known for the military strength of their once-powerful kingdom and their matrilineal soci- ety with its high divorce rate .
Since 1983, we have conducted socio-ecological research in the Bemba vil- lages in the territory of Chief Luchembe, Mpika District, in northern Zambia. In this paper, we analyze the processes and mechanisms of agrarian changes in these Bemba villages over the 23 years from 1983-2006 in relation to changes in economic and agricultural policies.
As our research base, we chose the village of Mulenga-Kapuli, which lies about 27 km west of the town of Mpika . The village elder, Mulenga- Kapuli, founded this village in 1958, when he returned from working in the Copperbelt. Mulenga-Kapuli gathered his matri-kin, with his brothers and sisters at the core. The village of Mulenga-Kapuli has had close socio-economic rela- tionships with the neighboring village of Ndona.
In 1983, Mulenga-Kapuli was small, with 13 households of which three were headed by females. Ndona had 30 households, of which ten were female- headed. Most villagers had experienced life in the city, but they led a subsis- tence life with strong reliance on the citemene system. The basic unit of pro- duction was the household, and the level of production never greatly exceeded what was necessary for self sufficiency. The villagers maintained a distribution and consumption mechanism that promoted social leveling, while avoiding a concentration of goods. Although 1/4 to 1/3 of the households in the two vil- lages were headed by females, there was little economic disparity among the households
From about 1986, hybrid maize production using chemical fertilizers rapidly spread throughout the study area. We refer to maize production conducted in semi-permanent fields as faamu cultivation, according to the Bemba nomencla- ture. Faamu fields were prepared by felling and uprooting trees. By the mid- 1990s, most villagers had begun to build a stable system wherein citemene cul- tivation for subsistence coexisted with faamu cultivation for cash crops. How- ever, from the mid-1990s, the national economic policy shifted strongly toward market liberalization, and faamu cultivation ceased to be viable in the outly- ing rural areas. Moreover, the government Resettlement Project, which focused on the resettlement of large-scale commercial farmers, had reached full imple- mentation near the villages in 2000. Under these circumstances, the people held firmly to citemene cultivation as they engaged in trial and error, seeking better opportunities for cash income. These agrarian changes over the past 20 years can be classified into five periods: 1) subsistence economy based on citemene cultivation, 2) spread of faamu cultivation, 3) expansion of faamu cultivation, 4) return to citemene, and 5) search for a new livelihood strategy . We discuss these five periods, their characteristics, and mechanisms of change in the following sections.
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修2 Unit 1《Cultural relics》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(三十三)《Under the sea》(人教版选修7)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(三十)《The power of nature》(人教版选修6)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修8 Unit 3《Inventors and inventions》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(三十一)《Living well》(人教版选修7)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(二十六)《Art》(人教版选修6)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修2 Unit 3《Computers》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修8 Unit 4《Pygmalion》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修7 Unit 5《Travelling abroad》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修7 Unit 2《Robots》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(四十)《Meeting your ancestors》(人教版选修8)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(八)《Computers》(人教版必修2)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(二十八)《A healthy life》(人教版选修6)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(九)《Wildlife protection》(人教版必修2)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修8 Unit 5《Meeting your ancestors》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修7 Unit 1《Living well》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修7 Unit 4《Sharing》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(二十四)《Making the news》(人教版必修5)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修1 Unit 2《English around the world》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(二十九)《Global warming》(人教版选修6)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(三十七)《Cloning》(人教版选修8)
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(二)《English around the world》(人教版必修1)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修3 Unit 1《Festivals around the world》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修8 Unit 2《Cloning》
2017届高考英语一轮课时跟踪检测:(三)《Travel journal》(人教版必修1)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修1 Unit 1《Friendship》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:必修2 Unit 4《Wildlife protection》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修7 Unit 3《Under the sea》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础晨记:选修6 Unit 5《The power of nature》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修1 Unit 4《Earthquakes》
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |