A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearlyself-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strongfamily or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintainedthrough sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonalrelationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively littledivision of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected toperform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistenceeconomy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as aresocial classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrializedcountries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modernequivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect thatlargely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to ownautomobiles. The Amishs central religious concept of Demuthumility, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism andsocial class so typical of folk cultures and there is a correspondingstrength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of theMennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining orders.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highlyindividualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonaland a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of manyspecialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as thepolice and army take the place of religion and family inmaintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of thesecontrasts, popular may be viewed as clearly different fromfolk. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countriesand in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popularequivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaplyproduced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.
全文翻译:民间文化
民间文化是小型的、孤立的、紧密的、保守的、近乎自给自足的群体,具有同样的习俗、同样的人种和强有力的家庭或部族结构以及高度发展的宗教仪式。秩序由宗教 或家庭的约束来维持,成员间的关系非常紧密,传统至高无上,很少有变动且变动缓慢。 劳动专业分工相对较少。每个人都要做各类活计,尽管男女两性分工不同。绝大多数物品是 手工制造的,经济一般为自给自足型。个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。在象美国和加拿大这样的工业化国家里,一成不变的民间文化群体已不复存在了。在当代美洲的英语区,与民间文化最相似的群体也许算是 Amish。Amish 是美国的德裔农耕部落,他们基本上拒绝接受工业时代的大多数产品和节省劳力的设施。在 Amish 地区,轻便马车仍是当地的交通工具,信徒们不允许拥有汽车。 Amish 宗教中的核心观念 Demut 即谦卑典型地反映了在民间文化群中个人主义和阶级的不发达。而与此同时,Amish 对群体的认同性却十分强。 Amish 人很少和他们宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教,作为 Mennonite 信 仰的一种,提供了维护秩序的主要机制。 相反,大众文化是包含不同种族的大群体,通常 高度个性化而且不断在变化。人际关系冷漠,劳动分工明确,由此产生了许多专门的职业。世俗的控制机构,比如警察和军队,取代了宗教和家庭来维持秩序,而且实行的是货币经济。由于存在着这些差异,大众的与民间的可谓大相径庭。在工业化国家以及许多发展中 国家里,大众文化正在取代民间文化。民间制造的物品正让位于大众化产品,这通常是因为大众化的物品制造起来更快、更便宜,用起来更容易、更方便或者是能给其所有者带来更多的威望。
海外文化:关于升级(扑克)的英文术语
海外文化:男性下厨成新潮流
海外文化:美国的同性恋文化2
海外文化:麦当劳请妈妈们开博客为其做监督
海外文化:英语的形成——古英语时期
海外文化:买东西必会的实用英语
海外文化:英美民俗-星期五
海外文化:只会"I love you",你的表白太土气
海外文化:美国的同性恋文化2
海外文化:世界各国怎么过圣诞节
海外文化:新西兰最流行的口头语
海外文化:读懂美国人的幽默(一)
海外文化:英美民俗-神奇的数字:40
说说老外们的幽默感
海外文化:西方人的委婉——表达观点中的禁忌
海外文化:为什么"喝汤"是eat soup而不是drink so
海外文化:英美民俗-神奇的数字:7
海外文化:让人最恐怖的12个英文单词
海外文化:英美民俗-神奇的数字:9
海外文化:什么是常春藤
海外文化:法官的假发是用来吓人的
海外文化:读懂美国人的幽默(二)
海外文化:弄错会尴尬的英文
海外文化:打喷嚏时该说什么
海外文化:煮酒话英文
海外文化:美国的同性恋文化1
海外文化:心情不好的各种英语表达
海外文化:时下英美的"厕所"怎么说
海外文化:与西方人交谈时的“八不问”
海外文化:二战捧红的十大品牌
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |