大学英语四级写作：应对策略与语言组织技巧

　　一、文字通顺连贯

　　英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则，一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词，否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如：

　　All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓，但并没有连接词加以连接，故是错误的，应改为：Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。

　　以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳：

　　总结关系过渡词语

　　generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude

　　比较对比关系过渡词语

　　similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless

　　列举关系过渡词语

　　for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （to that）, first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another

　　因果关系过渡词语

　　because （of）, as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （from）, consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence

　　让步关系过渡词语

　　although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that

　　强调关系过渡词语

　　anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt

　　递进关系

　　in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, whats more

　　时间顺序

　　afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while

　　方位序列

　　in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right

　　方式手段

　　as, as if, as though, the way，by

　　目的关系

　　that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that

　　二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。

　　分析修改下面的作文：

　　Traffic has became an socially problem in big cities. Of course, have a car is a good think, but every people own a car, the streets will became too crowded. Traffic Jams occurred on the rush hours and accidents happened more often.

　　One way to solving this problem is develop group transportion system. Such as, we should buy more bus and built more roads. And underground trains is also a good solution.

　　Another way is to reduce the big citys population.

　　Our country population control is the wise and necessary police. If big city people reduce, traffic will less crowded.

　　写作中常见错误归纳

　　语法错误

　　　时态错误

　　在描述过去发生的事情时要用过去时，如果是一般事实应该用现在时。这些语法规则是大家耳熟能详的，但落到笔下就容易忘记。

　　　一致性，尤其是主谓搭配

　　有些同学写下了主语，但是写谓语的时候就把主语扔到一边去了。比如写了 The people，后面的系动词却成了 is。集合名词（army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等）作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间，距离，价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。

　　　代词指代的一致

　　如下面这个句子：

　　Were going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe well overcome it.

　　　句子不完整

　　有的同学写了上半句，就忘了下半句。所以写完一个句子以后要仔细再读一遍，如果觉得不对，需要回头补全句子。如

　　People who know the harmfulness of smoking if they are careful.

　　　人称转换错误

　　这个毛病是绝大部分同学都容易犯的。我们在写作时，一篇文章里面不能出现太多的人称。另外在我们的文章中最保险的人称代词是 we，因为 we可以指你，我，她/他任何人。而且如果用 we，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所变化，也最多再用一个 I或 they就行了。

　　　比较级使用错误

　　不少同学使用形容词或副词的比较级时出现错误，主要是因为中学的基础不是很牢固。如经常会看到这样的用法：

　　more better than

　　There are many advantages than

　　I have as much twice apples than you do

　　　冠词用法错误

　　如：a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest student in his class.

　　　介词用法错误

　　介词一般都比较简单，但往往是简单的词用法最多，所以也最难掌握。这些词的用法非常灵活，需要多读，多写才能正确掌握。如下面的句子：

　　This machine is superior than （to） the old one.

　　The stamps I have are identical for his. In（On） condition that

　　　大小写错误

　　一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母大写。但有些同学容易忘记。如：

　　it is well-known that smoking is harmful to peoples health.

　　I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task.

　　拼写错误

　　这方面的错误相当普遍，而且较难根除。因为大家背单词的时候有时背得并不牢。尤其是大家经常做客观题，只要知道应该选哪一个答案就可以了，并没有仔细背住单词的拼写。要解决这个问题，大家需要背单词时不仅能识别，而且能使用，需要多背多写。下面是一些经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词：