四十天突破英语四级词汇笔记(第2课)

　　第2课

　　非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子

　　1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。。

　　独立主格的结构1：名词+ 分词

　　现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词发出时使用现在分词，而名词是受动者时则用过去分词。

　　54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.

　　A followed B following C to follow D being followed

　　49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　A considered B be considered C considering D having considered

　　call off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。

　　独立主格的结构2：with + 名词+ 分词

　　36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.

　　A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged

　　as well as 和; be encouraged不会考。

　　动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励;

　　been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对;being encouraged 正在被鼓励

　　2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。

　　非谓语动词的结构：分词

　　句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词;如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。

　　43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.

　　A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed

　　perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏;

　　to be performed 将要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;

　　一些特殊的动词：

　　第一点：forget 忘记; remember 记得;

　　这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为;这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。

　　注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。

　　forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事;

　　remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 记得做过某事;

　　62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.

　　A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him

　　offer vt. 提出，提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.

　　him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。

　　动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。

　　动作发出者 + 动名词;当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词;当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词+ 动名词。

　　形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。

　　第二点：want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客观需要或缺乏。

　　48. Your hair wants _B_. Youd better have it done tomorrow.

　　A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut

　　注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。

　　18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.

　　A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned

　　第三点：mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲mean doing 意味着，的意思是

　　25. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.

　　A making B to make C to have made D having made