英语学习之不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系

　　一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别

　　1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作

　　I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.

　　1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.

　　 cheating to cheat be cheated being cheated

　　2) News of success keeps in.

　　 pouring to pour poured to be pouring

　　3) Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their crops.

　　2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生

　　4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.

　　 having launched to have launched to launch launched

　　5) The applicants interviewing are required to bring all the necessary papers two days later .

　　6) Sorghum leaves occasionally contain enough hydrocyanic acid killing livestock .

　　3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语

　　Its beginning to snow you. It starts raining.

　　Im considering how to go. I considered emplying Mr.Wang but

　　decided that Mr.Chen was more suited

　　to the job.

　　4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前;如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后

　　I remember telling her that last night. He remembered to tell her that when she

　　came back.

　　Im sorry I forgot to give you the message. Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot giving the message last night.

　　5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同

　　They stopped to work.

　　They stopped working.

　　Workers went on discussing the problem.

　　Workers went on to discuss the problem.

　　He left off writing.

　　He left off to write.

　　6. used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示过去经常干另外一种情况是use的被动词态be used后跟不定式;后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词

　　7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.

　　 has worked had worked had been worked used to work

　　8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.

　　 get used to

　　 get to

　　 get over

　　 get on with

　　9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging in the crisp morning air during the winter months , but now he has stopped.

　　7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being

　　10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.

　　 to be being to have been having been

　　8. be+形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING

　　It is very difficult to manage the company.

　二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别

　　虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有一般式和完成式与 主动式和被动式之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。

　　1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态

　　The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.

　　The play is more exciting than any I have

　　ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.

　　2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .

　　 battling both people and objects

　　 both people and objects were battled

　　 he was battling both people and objects

　　 both people and objects that were battled

　　13) Having been served lunch， .

　　 the problem was discussed by the members of the committee

　　 the committee members discussed the problem

　　 it was discussed by the committee members the problem

　　 a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee

　　12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.

　　 She is noted primarily

　　 Noted primarily

　　 Primarily is noted

　　 She primarily noted

　　14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .

　　 a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez

　　 Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays

　　 a number of Sonia Sanchezs books and plays have been written

　　 there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez

　　3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性;③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动

　　15) The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.

　　16) High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.

　　17) Scientists still cannot find any convinced link between intelligence and the quantity or quality of brain cells.

　　4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于出生的意义，而后者用于负担，负荷，承担和传送之意

　　I was born in 1966.

　　His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.

　　再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示悬挂，后者表示吊死，绞死。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有打击冲击感动等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示受折磨之意。

　　来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves ， a full-blown rose , escaped prinsoners, the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.

　　三、例题解析

　　1) A为正确答案。

　　2) A为正确答案。

　　3) D错。 改为harvesting。

　　4) A为正确答案。

　　5) C错。 改为to be interviewed。

　　6) C错。改为to kill。

　　7) D为正确答案。

　　8) A为正确答案。

　　9) A错。改为jog。

　　10) A为正确答案。

　　11) A为正确答案。

　　12) B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词noted引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。

　　13) B为正确答案。

　　14) B为正确答案。-ED分词considered的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。

　　15) A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如： boiling water意思是开水，意即正在开着的水，而 boiled water虽也可译为开水，但表示已开过了的水。本句A处应改为boiling，boiling point意思是沸点。

　　16) B错。改用writing， writing paper意为写字的纸，信纸，-ING分词writing表用途。与此类似的还有swimming pool ，sleeping car 。written含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。

　　17) C错。改为 convincing。令人信服的联系应为convincing link，convincing含有主动的意味，即联系 本身具有这种性质，而convinced则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man ，a surprised man 。