英语中最常见最简单的定语就是形容词了,如: beautiful美丽的, lovely 可爱的, handsome 英俊的等等。你一定会说,这样的翻译还不简单,形容词在名词前,翻译时直接按语序翻译不就行了?比如: beautiful girl 美丽的女孩,lovely sister 可爱的妹妹,handsome boy 英俊的男生等等。先别急,试着翻译下面这几组词:
a big rock;a big name;a big eater;warm weather;warm clothes;warm mother
糊涂了吧?告诉你,a big rock是一块大石头,a big name是显赫的名声,转指一位名人或要人,a big eater是一个食量很大的人;warm weather也很简单,就是暖和的天气,而warm clothes却是保暖的衣服,a warm mother则是一位热心肠的母亲。象这种一词多义的形容词,翻译时要根据其后面的名词选择不同的意思,才能正确表达原意并符合中文习惯。
类似的还有,an easy story一则简单易懂的故事,an easy chair一把安乐椅,easy money不费功夫得来的钱;a dead fish是一条死鱼,a dead list是一份死亡者名单(阵亡将士名单),the dead march却是哀乐。
在这种情况下,多查字典,多思考,是正确翻译的保障。
有时,做定语的英语和平时常用的意义不一样,如:a difficult friend是一个不好相处的朋友,a close contest是一场势均力敌的比赛,heavy traffic是拥挤(繁忙)的交通,a tight market是供不应求的市场,a thin argument是论据不充分的论点。这时,就得靠平时多看,多积累了。
名词也常用作定语,而且用名词修饰名词有日益发展的趋势,但是名词作定语的翻译有时也不容易。如:a state enterprise是一个国营企业,a state visit是一次正式访问(国事访问)。有的定语有习惯含义,如a milk man是一个送奶人,而a milk girl却是一个挤奶姑娘。
有的定语很难从该名词原来的常用意义猜测,如:a grace period是一段宽限期,a blind date指一对未曾见面的男女的一次约会,a parent child是一个亲生的孩子。
用名词作定语和由它所派生的形容词作定语,往往有不同的含义,如:a gold watch(一块金表),the golden hair(金色的头发);a wood cottage(一间木屋),a wooden face(一张呆板的脸);silk stockings(丝袜),silken hair(柔软光滑的头发,秀发);a flower girl(一个卖花女),a flowery girl(一个打扮得花枝招展的姑娘)。翻译时一定要注意区分清楚。
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