在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。 如:Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm./TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy. /Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.
注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复 数形式。 如:WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfultoyou.
2.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。 如:LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates. /Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.
注意:(1)若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:Thewriterandartisthascome. (2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形 式。如:Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom./Noboyandnogirllikesit.
3.主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有 with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including 等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。 如:Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground. /She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.
4.either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Eachofushasanewbook./Everythingaroundusismatter.
注意:(1)在口语中当either或neither后跟有of+复数名词(或代词)作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。 如:Neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.(2)若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数; 若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.
5.在定语从句时,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 如:Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.
6.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有 family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。 如:ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.
注意:people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.
7.由alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名 词构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 如:Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom./Therestofthelectureiswonderful. /50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.
注意:anumberof许多,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;thenumberof的数量,主语是number,谓语用单数。
8.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:Therecomesthebus./Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.
二、逻辑意义一致原则
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。
1.what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Whichisyourbag?/Whichareyourbags?/Allisgoingwell./AllhavegonetoBeijing.
2.表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.
3.若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:TheArabianNightsisaninterestingstory-book.
4.表数量的短语oneandahalf后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:Oneandahalfapplesis(are)leftonthetable.
5.算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.
6.一些学科名词是以ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都属于形式上是复数的名 词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 如:Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990./Ithinkphysicsisnteasytostudy.
7.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰 时,谓语动词用单数。如:Myglassesarebroken./Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.
8.定冠词the+形容词或分词,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。
三、就近一致原则
在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1.当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,whetheror,notonlybutalso连接时,谓语动词和邻 近的主语一致。 如:Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends./Neithertheynorheiswhollyright. /Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?
2.therebe句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.
注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。
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