今天我们要给大家讲解的是SAT填空题中对逻辑关系的考察,SAT填空题部分虽然对逻辑关系有所考察,但由于考试本身主要面向高中学生,所以逻辑关系非常简单、直接,而且所有逻辑关系必然有明显的词汇使之得以体现。在此,留学专家仅以因果关系为例,对句子逻辑关系分析加以阐述。
因果关系是逻辑推理中最基本的关系之一,而在SAT填空部分的考察方式往往是句子给出原因或者结果,而让考生填充对应的结果或原因。比如:
例1:Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now ______ much of their food.
deliver import produce develop utilize
在例4中,Since体现出两个分句之间为因果关系,并给出原因为土壤很多年来都很贫瘠,而空格所要填的内容就是由于土地贫瘠而导致的结果,即当地人必须在土地贫瘠的情况下还要获得食物。因此,import所表达的进口就非常符合这种因果的逻辑关系,所以为正确答案。而且,我们可以看出,其他的几个选项都不能和土地贫瘠构成因果关系,因而不是正确选项。
例2:Given the ______ state of the published evidence, we do not argue here that exposure to low-level microwave energy is either hazardous or safe.
inconclusive satisfactory definitive immaculate exemplary
例5和例4有一点差别:即在例5中,句子给出的是结果,而要考生填的是原因。由于结果是我们不能断定暴露在低水平的微波能量下是有害的还是安全的,所以原因中所表达的公开证据的状态一定要能导致后面阐述的这一结果,即证据是不足够的。因此,答案inconclusive符合此推理,体现了非决定性的的含义,为正确答案。
例3:Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be ______, and therefore ______ external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.
learnedimmune to innateunaffected by intricatebelong to specificconfused with memorizedcontrolled by
例6比前两个例子更加复杂一些,它既没有给出原因,也没有给出结果,两个部分都需要考生选择填入。换句话说,我们只能通过两个空格之间的关系来进行判断,即构成因为空格一,所以空格二的逻辑关系。此外,例6还要求考生抓住主干信息来解题。句子可以简化为:
Certain animal behaviors seem to be ______, and therefore _______ external factors.
可以看出,therefore体现了分句之间的因果关系,故innateunaffected by符合因果关系,即因为某些动物的行为似乎是天生的,所以它们不受外部因素的影响,为正确答案。
实际上,通过几个例子我们不难发现,在SAT的填空题中,逻辑关系的分析是不可忽略的一个步骤。换句话说,SAT对考生逻辑分析和推理能力的考察是非常重要和明显的。因此,熟练掌握句子所包含的逻辑结构及含义的分析和推导方法,是考生在复习SAT填空部分解题方法的重要内容之一。
在SAT填空题的解答过程中,对句子中和空格相关的逻辑关系的分析也非常重要。因为SAT考试是一种能力考试而非语言考试,所以对考生逻辑关系的考察也必然成为一个重点。
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