A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes in the network are transcribed into mRNA. In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein . In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell-wall or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme; a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.
In single-celled organisms regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.
In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a self-sustaining feedback loop ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs. It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause. However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修1 Unit 2《English around the world》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修3 Unit 4《Astronomy the science of the stars》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修3 Unit 5《Canada—“The True North”》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修2 Unit 4《Wildlife protection》
2017届湖北专版高考英语一轮复习讲义:Unit1《Alandofdiversity》(新人教版)选修8(课前基础导练+课堂互动探究+课后知能提升)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修八 Unit 2《Cloning》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:必修五 Unit 1《Great Scientists》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修八 Unit 5《Meeting your ancestors》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:选修8 Unit 4《Pygmalion》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修1 Unit 1《Friendship》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:必修五 Unit 2《The United Kingdom》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:选修7 Unit 2《Robots》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:选修7 Unit 1《Living well》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修八 Unit 1《A land of diversity》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修4 Unit 2《Working the land》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修六 Unit 5《The power of nature》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:选修8 Unit 3《Inventors and inventions》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修六 Unit 4《Global warming》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修3 Unit 1《Festivals around the world》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:必修四 Unit 5《Theme parks》
2017届湖北专版高考英语一轮复习讲义:Unit5《Travellingabroad》(新人教版)选修7(课前基础导练+课堂互动探究+课后知能提升)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:必修四 Unit 4《Body language》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修六 Unit 2《Poems》
2017届湖北专版高考英语一轮复习讲义:Unit2《Cloning》(新人教版)选修8(课前基础导练+课堂互动探究+课后知能提升)
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修2 Unit 1《Cultural relics》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修七 Unit 4《Sharing》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修4 Unit 3《A taste of English humour》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习训练:选修六 Unit 3《A healthy life》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:选修8 Unit 2《Cloning》
2017届浙江省高考英语一轮复习基础巩固:必修2 Unit 2《The Olympic Games》
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