阅读理解:每篇300~450词,每篇文章后有5道题,要求应试者根据文章的内容,从每题所给的4个选项中选择l个最佳答案。
Powers of Self-suggestion Most systems of medicine are based on theater. With leeches, acupuncture needles, vitamin pills or whatever stage prop is appropriate for the time and culture, the healer artfully evokes the patients powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur.
Western medicine operates on a different plane. For one thing, it has the most impressive props - expensive medicines, elaborate rituals and mysterious high-tech machines with a white-gowned cast to operate them. For another, it evokes the patients auto suggestive powers all the more forcefully by pretending to ignore them. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne label, the placebo effect, and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo and its shadowy twin the nocebo are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.
How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the bodys major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So its possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated into a bodily reaction that fulfills them.
The power of these effects is hard to overstate. A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial will experience an improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.
Doctors expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extractions, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain.
Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so. For this reason, all properly designed drug trials are double blind. But given that both groups can often guess from the side effects, even this precaution may not always crush the generation of expectancies.
1. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Western medicine?
A) It reduces the patients; self-healing powers.
B) It has the full support of high-tech machines.
C) It is very expensive.
D) It has complicated rituals.
2. What dose the term the placebo effect mean?
A) It means the mind-troubling effect.
B) It means the psychological effect.
C) It means the harmful effect.
D) It means the theatrical effect.
3. What does them refer to?
A) Clinical trials.
B) The bodys major hormones.
C) Expectations about health or disease.
D) Many subconscious ways.
动名词作主语、宾语和表语
可修饰比较级的词
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
非谓语动词
分词作状语
初一英语作文 How I Learn English
助动词should,would的用法
the + 最高级 + 比较范围
反身代词
人称代词的用法
初一英语作文 Break Between Classes
none, few, some, any, one, ones
形容词及其用法
every , no, all, both, neither, nor
“巧熟”能生巧Appropriate Practice Makes Perfect
forget doing/to do
冠词位置
和more有关的词组
零冠词的用法
形容词与副词的比较级
名词的格
副词及其基本用法
比较级形容词或副词 + than
few, little, a few, a little
指示代词
什么是助动词
不可数名词量的表示
anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
代词的指代问题
名词复数的不规则变化
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