分词也是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用,作表语也十分普遍
一、分词的作用
分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1)前置定语
He is a promising young man.? 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child.? 不要出太大声音,有个孩子在睡觉。
We only sell used books.? 我们只卖用过的书。
(2)后置定语
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.? 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.? 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired.? 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。
All the windows broken have been repaired.
(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Those wishing to join this club should sign here.? 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。? (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)
The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.? 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。?? (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
(4)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:
我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my deskmate.
而常这样说:The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
(5)非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如:
Anyone having passed the test has got a prize.? 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London.? 在巴黎呆过多年,查理决定重返伦敦。
(6)过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能:表示被动和完成,只表完成。如:
the question discussed yesterday? 昨天讨论的问题? (既表示被动也表示完成)
the fallen leaves? 落下的树叶? (只表示完成,不表示被动)
在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词,常见的有:
the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。
2、作表语
分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如:
The shops have remained shut for a week.? 这家商店关门一周了。
What you said is really inspiring.? 你所说的真令从鼓舞。
3、作宾语补足语
I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs.?? 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。
I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers.? 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。
用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇-句子的类型》部分。
4、作状语
分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如:
(1)表示时间
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.? 到了巴黎,我迷了路。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog.? 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着,后面跟着一只狼狗。
表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时,分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词,但as没有这种用法。
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