本课您将学到:许多的表达法,从句概述,名词从句、定语从句概述
嫉妒(jealousy)是一种让人觉得不太愉快的感情,特别是当它得不到控制而演化成为一场暴力事件(violence),就更是让人发指,敬而远之。可是不管怎样,它都是人类的自然情感之一,所以学着了解它总比回避它要更有意义吧。
今天,就让我们从另一个更积极的角度来探讨嫉妒:
There is a lot of evidence(证据) that jealousy is linked to long-term(长期的) love. One study(研究) looked at jealousy scores(指数) of couples(情侣) in university with their marriage status(婚姻状况) years later. It was found that couples that scored higher on the jealousy test were more likely to marry eventually(最终).
看来,适当的嫉妒是婚姻的催化剂,如果你真的一点都不嫉妒,失去这段感情对你也是无所谓,所以别浪费时间,赶快寻找下一个目标啦!
此外,嫉妒还可以作为测试你的恋爱对象的工具:
People who flirt(调情) outside of their existing(现在的) relationship often use jealousy in two main(主要的) ways. First, they test the strength of their partners feelings for them by measuring(测量) their reactions(反应). Second, they indicate(暗示) their potential(可能性) to replace partners who do not live up to their expectations(期望).
如果你已经结婚了,同样可以适当的使用嫉妒:
This is because the person who feels unloved will often feel better with the flattery(恭维的话) of a husband or wife who shows a bit of jealous interest.
讲了许多使用嫉妒的方法,并不是要你学会利用人的情感上的弱点,只是希望你在了解之后能够避免它的副作用。
Anyway, I think being jealous in reasonable doses, it seems, is just another way to say you care.(不管怎样,我觉得适量的嫉妒似乎只是表达你在乎的另一种方法。)
「读书笔记」
a lot of是口语中极常用的表示许多、大量的词组,它可以修饰任何复数名词,相当于many和much(多用于书面语)。lots of=a lot of
此外,还有许多词组可以表示不确定的数量:
plenty of丰富;充足;大量(可修饰任何复数名词)
He has plenty of humorous stories to tell.他有许多幽默故事可讲。
Make sure theres plenty of food for everyone.要确保每个人都有充足的食物。
a great/good deal of大量的(只可修饰不可数名词)
A great deal of work awaits me.许多工作等着我去做。
a great/good many很多(只可修饰复数可数名词)
There are a good many people in the hall.大厅里有很多人。(注意:people是集合名词,单数复数同形,它所表示的数量要根据实际情况推测。)
a number of的意思是一些,相当于some,如果要表示许多的意思,就要加上一个强语势形容词large(只可修饰复数可数名词)
A large number of people have left.很多人都走了。
heaps of口语中表达许多、大量的又一种方法(只可修饰不可数名词)
I have heaps of work to do.我有一大堆工作要做。
由于a lot of表达许多的意思,而后面的evidence却用单数,可以推知evidence是不可数名词。
There is a lot of evidence that jealousy is linked to long-term love.许多证据表明嫉妒和感情持久有关系。这句话的语态是被动语态,that引导的名词从句that jealousy is linked to long-term love对前面的evidence做进一步的补充和说明。
下面这个句子比较长,我们先看动词look at,原意是看,这里要理解为调查。宾语是jealousy scores(嫉妒指数),后面的of couples in university做jealousy scores的定语,连起来意思就是:大学里情侣们的嫉妒指数。人们把这种指数和几年以后他们的marriage status(婚姻状况)联系在一起,就得出了以下的结论。(注:人们的婚姻状况分为三种:单身single,已婚married和离婚divorced.)
It was found that couples that scored higher on the jealousy test were more likely to marry eventually.这是我们以前讲过的it做形式主语的情况,还记得它的作用吗?当真正的主语较长时,为了避免头重脚轻就用it做形式主语,它的形式是这样的:it+不及物动词+从句。这个句子的真正主语就是that引导的名词从句that couples that scored higher on the jealousy test were more likely to marry eventually,这个从句里有两个that,第一个引导整个名词从句,第二个that引导的是定语从句that scored higher on the jealousy test,修饰that前面的先行词couples,翻译是要翻译成couples的定语,意思是:那些在测试中得分较高的情侣,这些情侣会怎么样呢?回头再看名词从句that couples were more likely to marry eventually,情侣们最终很有可能会结婚。在把情侣的定语加上去,连起来翻译一下,就是:在嫉妒测验中得分较高的情侣结婚的可能性较大。
People who flirt outside of their existing relationship often use jealousy in two main ways.这个句子里也包含一个定语从句,who flirt outside of their existing relationship修饰people,那些和自己现在情侣以外的人调情的人,这些人常会在两个方面利用嫉妒。他们是怎么做的呢?First, 他们 test 对方,the strength of their partners feelings for them 对方感受的强度,靠什么方法呢?这里用介词by来引导,后面接动名词 measuring their reactions观测他们的反映。连起来就是:第一,他们借此观察伴侣的反应来考查对方对自己感情的深浅。Second, they indicate their potential他们暗示他们的可能性,什么样的可能性呢?动词不定式 to replace partners修饰potential,即换伴侣的可能性。对谁是这种可能性呢?当然是对那些 who do not live up to their expectations的人了。live up to是实践,不辜负的意思,每个人都应该做到: You must live up to your promise.你必须实践自己的诺言。整句话的意思就是:第二,他们对伴侣暗示如果达不到他们的期望,他们就有可能被取代。
最后这句话This is because the person who feels unloved will often feel better with the flattery of a husband or wife who shows a bit of jealous interest.我们也可以用刚才的方法来分析。主语the person谓语will feel better,由who引导的定语从句who feels unloved做the person的定语,意思是感到不被爱的人,是什么使他们feel better呢?with这里的意思是由于,因此,后面解释了原因:the flattery,赞美,恭维。谁的恭维呢?with the flattery of a husband or wife丈夫或妻子的恭维,又一个定语从句:who shows a bit of jealous interest做a husband or wife的定语,意思是:那些表现出一点醋意的丈夫或妻子的恭维。整个句子的意思整理如下:因为如果丈夫或妻子能够表现出一点嫉妒,感觉不到爱的另一方会因此认为得到了对方的赞美。
「语法小教室」
今天在小教室里为大家讲解关于从句的知识:
在英文复合句中,凡具有主语和谓语的那一组字,即被称为从句.换言之,从句就是句子中的句子。依功用,从句又可分为名词从句(Noun Clause)、形容词从句(定语从句就是形容词从句)以及副词从句(状语从句就是副词从句)。而上述的从句并不能独立构成完整的意思,而必须依附于句子主要部分。与之相对,成为句子主要部分的句子,则称为主句.
主句 (Main clause)
从句(Subordinate clause/Dependent clause)
I know that she is happy.
主句 从句(名词从句)我知道她快乐。
Everybody likes a child who always speaks the truth.
主句 从句(形容词从句)每人个都喜欢说实话的孩子。
When he comes, please ask him to see me.
从句(副词从句) 主句他来到时,请叫他来见我。
也许你已经发现了其中的规律,从句和主句的区别并不在于它们的先后顺序,要看的是那些标志性的代词和副词,由它们引导的句子就是从句,如:that she is happy,When he comes,那么另一部分就是主句了。
在今天的文章中,我们接触到了名词从句和形容词从句(即定语从句),接下来把这两种从句也为大家简要介绍。
名词从句是在句中起名词的作用的主谓结构,在复杂句中可作主语、宾语、表语(或补语)以及同位语。因此名词从句按其功能分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句(或补语从句)以及同位语从句。如本课的It was found that couples that scored higher on the jealousy test were more likely to marry eventually.里的名词从句做这句话的真正主语,那么这个名词从句就可以被称为主语从句。
名词从句按其引导词的不同又可分为两大类:一类是由从属连词that引导,称为名词性THAT-从句。上面我们举的例子都是这类从句。另一类由who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 等连接代词或where, when, how, why等连接副词以及连词whether/if引导,称为名词性WH-从句。如本课的There is a lot of evidence that jealousy is linked to long-term love.就属于名词性that从句;In your own home you can do what you like.(在你自己家里你可以随心所欲。)就属于名词性wh从句。
接下来简要的介绍一下定语从句。在复句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有:that,whick,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。关系代词通常有下列三个作用:1,引导定语从句;2,代替先行词;3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如:People who flirt outside of their existing relationship often use jealousy in two main ways.此句中,who flirt outside of their existing relationship是定语从句,由who引导,修饰先行词people,在从句中代替先行词,同时做从句的主语。试试看,把who拿掉,从句是不是变得不完整了?
这也是区分名词从句和定语从句的小窍门,定语从句的引导词做从句的成份,而名词从句的引导词仅仅是一个连词,没有这个功能。所以,把引导词拿掉看从句是否依然完整,就能判断出这个从句是名词从句还是定语从句。
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